World War II evacuation and expulsion: Difference between revisions

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Forced deportation, mass evacuation and displacement of peoples took place in many of the countries involved in World War II. These were caused both by the direct hostilities between Axis and Allied powers, and the border changes enacted in the post-war settlement.

The crisis in former Axis-occupied territories after liberation provided the context for much of the new international refugee and human rights architecture that survives today.

World War II related deportations, expulsions and similar displacements

'39 to '45 The Expulsion of Poles by Germany. During World War II, Nazis planned to ethnically cleanse the whole Polish population. Eventually during Nazi occupation up to 1.6 to 2 million Poles were expelled, not counting millions of slave labourers deported from Poland.^[1]
'40 to '41 The Soviets deported hundreds of thousands of Polish citizens, most in four mass waves. The accepted figure was over 1.5 million^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]. The most conservative figures^[9]^[10]^[11] use recently found NKVD documents showing 309,000^[12]^[13]^[14] to 381,220^[14]^[15]. The Soviets didn’t recognise ethnic minorities as Polish citizens^[13]^[16], some of the figures are based on those given an amnesty rather than deported^[3]^[13] and not everyone was eligible for the amnesty^[17] therefore the new figures are considered too low^[11]^[13]^[18]^[19]. The original figures were: February, 1940^[20]^[21] over 220,000^[7]^[22]; April around 315,000^[7]^[22]^[23]; June-July between 240,000^[7] to 400,000^[22]; June, 1941, 200,000^[24] to 300,000^[7].
'40 to '41 The deportation of Volga Germans by Soviet Union to Kazakhstan, Altai Krai, Siberia, and other remote areas.
'41 to '44 During the Finnish occupation of East Karelia during World War II the Russian speaking population of the city of Petrozavodsk was held in an concentration camp.
'41 to '44 in Kosovo & Metohija, some 10,000 Serbs lost their lives^[25]^[26], and about 80^[25] to 100,000^[25]^[27] or more^[26] were ethnically cleansed.
'41 to '45 More than 250,000 Serbs were expelled from Croatia and Bosnia by the extreme nationalist Ustashe regime during the Serbian Genocide^[28].
'41 to '49 During WWII, Japanese-Americans and Japanese-Canadians were interned in camps due to fears that Japanese immigrants might be a fifth column supporting the enemy.
'43 to '44 The Deportation of Crimean Tatars, Kalmyks, Chechens, Ingush, Balkars, Karachays, and Meskhetian Turks by Soviet Union to Central Asia and Siberia^[29].
'43 to '44 The ethnic cleansing and massacres of Poles in Volhynia by nationalist UPA with the bulk of victims reportly in summer and autumn 1944.
'43 to '60 The Istrian exodus involved the diaspora of 350,000 ethnic Italians from Istria, Fiume and dalmatian Zara lands, after the collapse of Italian fascist regime.
'44 The displacement of the majority ethnic Estonian population from the Estonian city of Narva by Soviet occupation authorites.
'44 The Evacuation of Finnish Karelia was the resettlement of the population of Finnish Karelia and other territories ceded by Finland to the Soviet Union into the remaining parts of Finland.
'44 to '45 The ethnic cleansing of Hungarians, or the massacres in Bačka by titoist partisans during the winter of 1944-45, about 40.000 massacred.^[30] Afterwards, between 45-48, internation camps were set which led directly to the death of 70.000 more, of famine, frost, plagues, tortures and executions.
'44 to '45 The ethnic cleansing of Cham Albanians from Southern Epirus by Greeks which took place, circa 18,000-35000^[31] fled to Albania, and from several hundred to 2,800 killed.
'44 to '47 & '51 The mass deportation of Ukrainian speaking ethnic minorities from the territory of Poland after World War II, culminating in 1947 with the start of Operation Wisla.
'44 to '47 & '51 1.5 million Poles were deported from the eastern territories annexed by the Soviet Union into the western territories, which Soviets transferred from Germany to Poland. By 1950, 1.6 million Poles from the eastern territories annexed by the Soviet Union had been settled in what the government called the Regained Territories.
'44 to '48 Expulsion of Germans after World War II. Between 13.5 and 16.5 million Germans were expelled, evacuated or fled from Central and Eastern Europe, making this the largest single instance of ethnic cleansing in recorded history. Estimated number of those who died in the process is being debated by historians and estimated between 500,000 and 3,000,000.^[32]
After WWII in Manchuria under Soviet occupation soon become a battlefield between the Chinese communist forces and the Nationalist forces was home to hundreds of thousands of Japanese citizens. Korea and Taiwan, now free from Japanese rule, and Sakhalin, under Soviet military occupation, were Japanese territories before World War II and had millions of Japanese residents. All these were now to be expelled.
After WWII the Communist regime in Romania begins evictions of the Greek community, approx. 75,000^{[citation needed]}.
Unknown but more than 30,000 Serbs were expelled from Bulgarian occupied Macedonia and south-eastern Serbia^{[citation needed]}.

Establishment of refugee organisations

The United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration was set up in 1943, to provide humanitarian relief to the vast numbers of potential and existing refugees in areas facing Allied liberation. UNRRA provided billions of US dollars of rehabilitation aid, and helped about 8 million refugees. It ceased operations in Europe in 1947, and in Asia in 1949, upon which it ceased to exist. It was replaced in 1947 by the International Refugee Organization (IRO), which in turn evolved into United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in 1950.

External links

References

^ Poles: Victims of the Nazi Era
^ Davies, N. (1986) God's Playground A History of Poland Volume II Clarendon ISBN 0-19-821944-X Page 451
^ ^a ^b Polian, P. (2004) Against their Will CEU Press ISBN 963-9241-73-3 Page 119
^ Hope, M. (2005) Polish Deportees in the Soviet Union, Veritas ISBN 0 948202 76 9 Pages 29
^ http://www.remember.org/forgotten/
^ Malcher, G.C. (1993) Blank Pages Pyrford ISBN 1 897984 00 6 Pages 8-9
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Piesakowski, T. (1990) The Fate of Poles in the USSR 1939~1989 Gryf ISBN 0 901342 24 6 Pages 50-51
^ Mikolajczyk, S. (1948) The Pattern of Soviet Domination Sampsons, low, Marston & Co
^ http://www.electronicmuseum.ca/Poland-WW2/ethnic_minorities_occupation/jews_1.html
^ http://www.minelinks.com/war/vangance.html
^ ^a ^b Piotrowski, T. (2004) The Polish Deportees of World War II McFarland ISBN 978-0-7864-3258-5
^ Gross, JT (2002) Revolution from Abroad Princeton ISBN 0-691-09603-1 Page xiv
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Cienciala, M. (2007) Katyn A Crime Without Punishment Yale University ISBN 978-0-300-10851-4 Page 139
^ ^a ^b Polian, P. (2004) Against their Will CEU Press ISBN 963-9241-73-3 Page 118
^ http://people.brandeis.edu/~nika/schoolwork/Poland%20Lectures/Lecture%252017.pdf
^ Applebaum, A. (2004) GULAG A History Penguin ISBN 0-140-28310-2 Page 407
^ Krupa, M. (2004) Shallow Graves in Siberia, Birlinn ISBN 1 84341 012 5
^ Rees, L. (2008) World War Two Behind Closed Doors BBC Books ISBN 978-0-56-349335-8 Page 64
^ Jolluck, K. (2002) Exile & Identity University of Pittsburgh ISBN 0-8229-4185-6 Pages 10-11
^ Hope, M. (2005) Polish Deportees in the Soviet Union, Veritas ISBN 0 948202 76 9 Pages 23
^ Ferguson, N. (2006) The War of the World Allen Lane ISBN 0-713-99708-7 Page 419
^ ^a ^b ^c Malcher, G.C (1993) Blank Pages Pyrford ISBN 1 897984 00 6 Page 9
^ Hope, M. (2005) Polish Deportees in the Soviet Union, Veritas ISBN 0 948202 76 9 Pages 25
^ Hope, M. (2005) Polish Deportees in the Soviet Union, Veritas ISBN 0 948202 76 9 Pages 27
^ ^a ^b ^c Serge Krizman, Maps of Yugoslavia at War, Washington 1943.
^ ^a ^b ISBN 86-17-09287-4: Kosta Nikolić, Nikola Žutić, Momčilo Pavlović, Zorica Špadijer: Историја за трећи разред гимназије природно-математичког смера и четврти разред гимназије општег и друштвено-језичког смера, Belgrade, 2002, pg. 182
^ Annexe I, by the Serbian Information Centre-London to a report of the Select Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
^ Ustasa, Croatian nationalist, fascist, terrorist movement created in 1930.
^ 60 Years After: For Victims Of Stalin's Deportations, War Lives On
^ Tibor Cseres: Serbian vendetta in Bacska
^ Victor Roudometof, Collective Memory, National Identity, and Ethnic Conflict Greece, Bulgaria, and the Macedonian Question, p.181-182 The figure of 30,000 is adopted from the Cham associations without checking the other sources used in the discussion in this chapter.
^ The Expulsion of 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War, European University Institute, Florense. EUI Working Paper HEC No. 2004/1, Edited by Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees pp. 4

[1] Poles: Victims of the Nazi Era

[Davies451"-2] Davies, N. (1986) God's Playground A History of Poland Volume II Clarendon ISBN 0-19-821944-X Page 451

[Polian119-3] Polian, P. (2004) Against their Will CEU Press ISBN 963-9241-73-3 Page 119

[Hope3-4] Hope, M. (2005) Polish Deportees in the Soviet Union, Veritas ISBN 0 948202 76 9 Pages 29

[5MillionForgotten0-5] ttp://www.remember.org/forgotten/

[Malcher8-6] Malcher, G.C. (1993) Blank Pages Pyrford ISBN 1 897984 00 6 Pages 8-9

[Piesakowski50-7] Piesakowski, T. (1990) The Fate of Poles in the USSR 1939~1989 Gryf ISBN 0 901342 24 6 Pages 50-51

[Mikolajczyk15-8] Mikolajczyk, S. (1948) The Pattern of Soviet Domination Sampsons, low, Marston & Co

[electronic-9] ttp://www.electronicmuseum.ca/Poland-WW2/ethnic_minorities_occupation/jews_1.html

[minelink-10] ttp://www.minelinks.com/war/vangance.html

[Piotrowski4-11] Piotrowski, T. (2004) The Polish Deportees of World War II McFarland ISBN 978-0-7864-3258-5

[Grossxiv-12] Gross, JT (2002) Revolution from Abroad Princeton ISBN 0-691-09603-1 Page xiv

[Cienciala139-13] Cienciala, M. (2007) Katyn A Crime Without Punishment Yale University ISBN 978-0-300-10851-4 Page 139

[Polian118-14] Polian, P. (2004) Against their Will CEU Press ISBN 963-9241-73-3 Page 118

[brandeis0-15] ttp://people.brandeis.edu/~nika/schoolwork/Poland%20Lectures/Lecture%252017.pdf

[Applebaum407-16] Applebaum, A. (2004) GULAG A History Penguin ISBN 0-140-28310-2 Page 407

[Krupa0-17] Krupa, M. (2004) Shallow Graves in Siberia, Birlinn ISBN 1 84341 012 5

[Rees64-18] Rees, L. (2008) World War Two Behind Closed Doors BBC Books ISBN 978-0-56-349335-8 Page 64

[Jolluck10-19] Jolluck, K. (2002) Exile & Identity University of Pittsburgh ISBN 0-8229-4185-6 Pages 10-11

[Hope1-20] Hope, M. (2005) Polish Deportees in the Soviet Union, Veritas ISBN 0 948202 76 9 Pages 23

[Ferguson1-21] Ferguson, N. (2006) The War of the World Allen Lane ISBN 0-713-99708-7 Page 419

[Malcher2-22] Malcher, G.C (1993) Blank Pages Pyrford ISBN 1 897984 00 6 Page 9

[Hope2-23] Hope, M. (2005) Polish Deportees in the Soviet Union, Veritas ISBN 0 948202 76 9 Pages 25

[Hope4-24] Hope, M. (2005) Polish Deportees in the Soviet Union, Veritas ISBN 0 948202 76 9 Pages 27

[Krizman-25] Serge Krizman, Maps of Yugoslavia at War, Washington 1943.

[Istorija-26] ISBN 86-17-09287-4: Kosta Nikolić, Nikola Žutić, Momčilo Pavlović, Zorica Špadijer: Историја за трећи разред гимназије природно-математичког смера и четврти разред гимназије општег и друштвено-језичког смера, Belgrade, 2002, pg. 182

[Annexe-27] Annexe I, by the Serbian Information Centre-London to a report of the Select Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

[28] Ustasa, Croatian nationalist, fascist, terrorist movement created in 1930.

[29] 60 Years After: For Victims Of Stalin's Deportations, War Lives On

[30] Tibor Cseres: Serbian vendetta in Bacska

[31] Victor Roudometof, Collective Memory, National Identity, and Ethnic Conflict Greece, Bulgaria, and the Macedonian Question, p.181-182 The figure of 30,000 is adopted from the Cham associations without checking the other sources used in the discussion in this chapter.

[32] The Expulsion of 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War, European University Institute, Florense. EUI Working Paper HEC No. 2004/1, Edited by Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees pp. 4

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 * '40 to '41 The deportation of [[Volga German]]s by [[Soviet Union]] to [[Kazakhstan]], [[Altai Krai]], [[Siberia]], and other remote areas.
 * '41 to '44 During the [[Finland|Finnish]] occupation of [[East Karelia]] during [[World War II]] the Russian speaking population of the city of [[Petrozavodsk]] was held in an [[concentration camp]].
-*'41 to '44 in [[Kosovo & Metohija]], some 10,000 Serbs lost their lives<ref name=Krizman>Serge Krizman, Maps of Yugoslavia at War, Washington 1943.</ref><ref name=Istorija>ISBN 86-17-09287-4: Kosta Nikolić, Nikola Žutić, Momčilo Pavlović, Zorica Špadijer: Историја за трећи разред гимназије природно-математичког смера и четврти разред гимназије општег и друштвено-језичког смера, Belgrade, 2002, pg. 182</ref>, and about 80<ref name=Krizman/> to 100,000<ref name=Krizman/><ref name=Annexe>[http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm199900/cmselect/cmfaff/28/28ap42.htm Annexe I], by the Serbian Information Centre-London to a report of the Select Committee on Foreign Affairs of the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]].</ref> or more<ref name=Istorija/> were ethnically cleansed. Hundreds of thousands more Serbs would be ethnically cleansed from Kosovo by coercion in the decades from 1945 to 1991{{Fact|date=January 2009}}.
+*'41 to '44 in [[Kosovo & Metohija]], some 10,000 Serbs lost their lives<ref name=Krizman>Serge Krizman, Maps of Yugoslavia at War, Washington 1943.</ref><ref name=Istorija>ISBN 86-17-09287-4: Kosta Nikolić, Nikola Žutić, Momčilo Pavlović, Zorica Špadijer: Историја за трећи разред гимназије природно-математичког смера и четврти разред гимназије општег и друштвено-језичког смера, Belgrade, 2002, pg. 182</ref>, and about 80<ref name=Krizman/> to 100,000<ref name=Krizman/><ref name=Annexe>[http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm199900/cmselect/cmfaff/28/28ap42.htm Annexe I], by the Serbian Information Centre-London to a report of the Select Committee on Foreign Affairs of the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]].</ref> or more<ref name=Istorija/> were ethnically cleansed.
 * '41 to '45 More than 250,000 [[Serbs]] were expelled from [[Croatia]] and [[Bosnia]] by the extreme nationalist [[Ustashe]] regime during the [[Serbian Genocide]]<ref>[http://www1.yadvashem.org/about_yad/press_room/press_releases/croatian_president.html Ustasa, Croatian nationalist, fascist, terrorist movement created in 1930.]</ref>.
 * '41 to '49 During WWII, [[Japanese American internment|Japanese-Americans]] and [[Japanese Canadian internment|Japanese-Canadians were interned]] in camps due to fears that Japanese immigrants might be a [[fifth column]] supporting the [[Japanese Empire|enemy]].