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The existence of homosexual bishops in the Roman Catholic, Anglican, and other traditions is a matter of historical record.^[1] The mores of the past, however, meant that homosexual activity was engaged in secretly. When it was made public, official response ranged from inaction to expulsion from Holy Orders.^[2] As far back as the eleventh century, Ralph, Archbishop of Tours had his lover installed as Bishop of Orléans, yet neither Pope Urban II, nor his successor Paschal II took action to depose either man.^[3]

It was customary in the past for individuals - whether clergy or not - to remain secretive (in the closet) about their sexual orientation and activity. The higher prominence given today to the presence of homosexual clergy, including bishops, in the life of the church reflects broader issues, both socially and ecclesiologically (see List of Christian denominational positions on homosexuality), concerning issues of social tolerance and the relationship between social change and doctrinal development. This has precipitated crises in various Christian denominations, resulting from divergent construals of Christian ethical doctrines (see Homosexuality and Christianity), which in turn are associated with the interpretation of the Bible (exegesis and hermeneutics). Traditionally, Christian doctrine has categorised homosexual activity as sinful. It was not until the late twentieth century, with the growing tolerance in Europe and North America towards homosexual activity and gays and lesbians, that bishops and other clergy have begun coming out.

In modern Anglicanism

It is in contemporary Anglicanism that the issue of homosexuality and its relationship to people in the episcopate has been confronted openly. Indeed, the only large mainstream church to ever consecrate an openly gay bishop who was not celibate has been the Episcopal Church in the United States of America, a member of the Anglican Communion, who consecrated Gene Robinson diocesan bishop of Diocese of New Hampshire in 2003.^[4] There have been documented cases of other openly gay Anglican bishops, however. For instance, Episcopal Bishop Otis Charles came out as gay after his retirement.^[5] He had been a Bishop in Utah from 1971 to 1993. Bishop Mervyn Castle was consecrated Bishop of False Bay (a suffragan of the diocese of Cape Town) in 1994, but because most Anglicans outside South Africa were unaware of his homosexuality, and because he was celibate, no comparable controversy took place. Bishop Arthur Mervyn Stockwood, who was gay, was bishop of the Anglican Diocese of Southwark, but also celibate. He even gently rebuked a parish vicar for initiating blessing of same-sex unions in the late 1970s. Bishop Terry Brown, of Malaita in the Solomon Islands, attended the 1998 Lambeth Conference (which declared same-sex relationships "incompatible with Scripture") as an openly gay man (he also attended the 2008 Lambeth Conference). [1] In 1995, Bishop Derek Rawcliffe, retired Bishop of Glasgow and Galloway in the Scottish Episcopal Church, disclosed his homosexuality. [2] Like Brown, Rawcliffe had also served as a bishop in Melanesia.

When Peter Tatchell threatened Archbishop David Hope with "outing" in 1995 as part of the much criticized outrage! campaign, Hope acknowledged that his sexuality is "a grey area", and that he had "sought to lead a celibate life" and is "perfectly happy and content". In 2003, Jeffrey John was chosen to be the Bishop of Reading (a suffragan of the Bishop of Oxford).^[4] As a result of the ensuing controversy, however, John was not consecrated as a bishop, allegedly due to pressure from the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Most Reverend Rowan Williams.^{[citation needed]} He is in a long-term relationship with another male priest and says that he has been celibate for several years.

Despite the number of homosexual bishops and other members of clergy, two-thirds of weekly church-goers believe that it is inappropriate for gays and lesbians to serve in such a capacity.^[6]

Sources

^ Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality, by John Boswell (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), pp. 211 f.
^ Ibid., 214-15
^ Boswell, 214-15
^ ^a ^b The Guardian, 2003. "The Guardian profile: Gene Robinson", Stephen Bates, October 31, 2003. Retrieved on September 1, 2006.
^ LGBT Religious Archives Network, Profiles. Retrieved on September 12, 2006.
^ http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/current_events/general_current_events/churchgoers_disapprove_of_gay_and_lesbian_pastors

The First Gay Pope and Other Records, Lynne Yamaguchi Fletcher, Alyson Publications, Boston, 1992.
Episcopal Church, USA
Episcopal News Service
Bishops follow deputies in dropping last resolve of sexuality resolution
New Hampshire priest is first openly gay man elected bishop

[1] Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality, by John Boswell (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), pp. 211 f.

[2] Ibid., 214-15

[3] Boswell, 214-15

[bates1-4] The Guardian, 2003. "The Guardian profile: Gene Robinson", Stephen Bates, October 31, 2003. Retrieved on September 1, 2006.

[5] LGBT Religious Archives Network, Profiles. Retrieved on September 12, 2006.

[6] ttp://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/current_events/general_current_events/churchgoers_disapprove_of_gay_and_lesbian_pastors

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 ==In modern Anglicanism==
+{{npov}}
 [[Image:Gene Robinson.jpg|thumb|Gene Robinson, Bishop of New Hampshire]]
 It is in contemporary Anglicanism that the issue of homosexuality and its relationship to people in the episcopate has been confronted openly. Indeed, the only large mainstream church to ever consecrate an openly gay bishop who was not celibate has been the [[Episcopal Church in the United States of America]], a member of the [[Anglican Communion]], who [[consecration|consecrated]] [[Gene Robinson]] [[diocese|diocesan]] bishop of [[Episcopal Diocese of New Hampshire|Diocese of New Hampshire]] in 2003.<ref name="bates1">The Guardian, 2003. "The Guardian profile: Gene Robinson", Stephen Bates, October 31, 2003. Retrieved on September 1, 2006.</ref>  There have been documented cases of other openly gay Anglican bishops, however.  For instance, Episcopal Bishop [[Otis Charles]] came out as [[gay]] after his retirement.<ref>LGBT Religious Archives Network, [http://www.lgbtran.org/Profile.asp?A=C&ID=129 Profiles].  Retrieved on September 12, 2006.</ref> He had been a Bishop in [[Utah]] from 1971 to 1993.  Bishop [[Mervyn Castle]] was consecrated Bishop of False Bay (a suffragan of the diocese of [[Cape Town]]) in 1994, but because most Anglicans outside South Africa were unaware of his homosexuality, and because he was celibate, no comparable controversy took place. Bishop [[Arthur Mervyn Stockwood]], who was gay, was bishop of the [[Anglican Diocese of Southwark]], but also celibate. He even gently rebuked a parish vicar for initiating [[blessing of same-sex unions]] in the late 1970s. Bishop [[Terry Brown (bishop)|Terry Brown]], of [[Malaita]] in the [[Solomon Islands]], attended the 1998 Lambeth Conference (which declared same-sex relationships "incompatible with Scripture") as an openly gay man (he also attended the 2008 Lambeth Conference). [http://www.episcopalcafe.com/lead/bishops/another_gay_bishop_1.html] In 1995, Bishop Derek Rawcliffe, retired [[Bishop of Glasgow and Galloway]] in the [[Scottish Episcopal Church]], disclosed his homosexuality. [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,461793,00.html] Like Brown, Rawcliffe had also served as a bishop in Melanesia.