Pistacia lentiscus: Difference between revisions

Mastic
	Mastic foliage and flowers
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Rosids
Order:	Sapindales
Family:	Anacardiaceae
Genus:	Pistacia
Species:	P. lentiscus
Binomial name
	Pistacia lentiscus; L.

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Mastic (Greek:μαστίχα)(Pistacia lentiscus) is an evergreen shrub or small tree of the Pistacio family growing up to 4 m (13 ft) tall which is cultivated for its aromatic resin, mainly on the Greek island of Chios.^[1] It is native throughout the Mediterranean region, from Morocco and Iberia in the west through southern France and Turkey to Syria and Israel in the east. It is also native to the Canary Islands.^[2] The word mastic derives either from the Greek verb mastichein ("to gnash the teeth", origin of the English word masticate) or massein ("to chew").^[3]

Within the European Union, Mastic spice production in Chios is granted protected designation of origin (PDO) and a protected geographical indication (PGI) name.^[4]. These are granted because, although the tree is native to the Mediterranean region, the famed Masticha resin can only be produced from the Chios Mastic tree ^[5]. The island's mastic production is controlled by a co-operative of medieval villages, collectively known as the 'Mastichochoria' (Μαστιχοχώρια), which are also located in the southern part of Chios.

Resin

The aromatic, ivory coloured resin, also known as mastic (or mastix), is harvested as a spice from the cultivated mastic trees grown in the south of the Greek island of Chios in the Aegean Sea, where it is also known by the name "Chios Tears". Originally liquid, it is sun dried into drops of hard, brittle, translucent resin. When chewed, the resin softens and becomes a bright white and opaque gum.

Cultivation history

The resin is collected by bleeding the trees from small cuts made in the bark of the main branches, and allowing the sap to drip onto the specially prepared ground below. The harvesting is done during the summer months between June and September. After the mastic is collected it is washed manually and spread in the sun to dry.

Mastic resin is a relatively expensive kind of spice, that has been used, principally, as a chewing gum, for at least 2,400 years^[6]. The flavour can be described as a strong slightly smoky, resiny aroma and can be an acquired taste.

Some scholars identify the bakha בכא mentioned in the Bible - as in the Valley of Baca (Hebrew: עמק הבכא) of Psalm 84 - with the mastic plant. The word bakha appears to be derived from the Hebrew word for crying or weeping, and is thought to refer to the "tears" of resin secreted by the mastic plant, along with a sad weeping noise which occurs when the plant is walked on and branches are broken. The Valley of Baca is thought to be a valley near Jerusalem that was covered with low mastic shrubbery, much like some hillsides in northern Israel today. In an additional biblical reference, King David receives divine counsel to place himself opposite the Philistines coming up the Valley of Rephaim, southwest of Jerusalem, such that the sound of the "sound of walking on the tops of the bakha shrubs" (קול צעדה בראשי הבכאים) signals the moment to attack. (II Samuel V: 22-24)

Mastic is known to have been popular in Roman times when children chewed it, and in Medieval times it was highly prized for the Sultan's harem both as a breath freshener and for cosmetics. It was the Sultan's privilege to chew mastic, and it was considered to have healing properties. The spice's use was widened when Chios became part of the Ottoman Empire, and it remains popular in North Africa and the Near East.

Within the European Union, Chios Mastic production is granted protected designation of origin (PDO) and a protected geographical indication (PGI) name.^[4] The 'Mastichohoria' (mastic-producing villages) are located in the southern part of Chios.

Culinary uses

Mastic gum is principally used either as a flavouring or for its gum properties, as in mastic chewing gum.

As a spice, it continues to be used in Greece to flavour spirits and liquors (such as Chios's native drinks of Mastichato & mastica), chewing gum and a number of cakes, pastries, spoon sweets and desserts. Sometimes it is even used in making cheese^[7]. Mastic resin is a key ingredient in Dondurma (Turkish ice cream), and Turkish puddings granting those confections its unusual texture and bright whiteness. In Lebanon and Egypt, the spice is used to flavour many sauces, ranging from soups to meats to desserts, while in Morocco smoke from the resin is used to flavour water. In Turkey, Mastic is used as a flavor of Turkish delight. Recently, a Mastic flavoured fizzy drink has also been launched.

Mastic resin is a key ingredient in Greek festival breads, for example the sweet bread tsoureki and the traditional New Year's Vasilopita. Furthermore, masticha also is essential to myro, used ceremonially in Greek Orthodox Churches.^[8]

As well as its culinary uses, Mastic continues to be used for its gum and medicinal properties. The resin is used as a primary ingredient in the production of cosmetics such as toothpaste, lotions for the hair and skin, and perfumes.

Medicinal uses

Mastic resin is also chewed as a gum to soothe the stomach. People in the Mediterranean region have used mastic as a medicine for gastrointestinal ailments for several thousand years. The first century Greek physician and botanist, Dioscorides, wrote about the medicinal properties of mastic in his classic treatise De Materia Medica ("About Medical Substances"). Some centuries later Markellos Empeirikos and Pavlos Eginitis^[3] also noticed the effect of mastic on the digestive system.

Regular consumption of mastic has been proven to absorb cholesterol, thus easing high blood pressure and reduce the risk of heart attacks. Mastic oil also has anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties, and as such is widely used in the preparation of ointments for skin disorders and afflictions. It is also used in the manufacture of plasters^[9].

In ancient Jewish halachic sources, it is indicated that chewing mastic was a treatment for bad breath. "Mastic is not chewed on shabbat. When (is it permissible to chew mastic on shabbat)? When the intention is medicinal. If it is against a bad odor, it is permissible." (תוספתא שבת פי"ב (יג) ח, כי"ע). Mastic resin has been proven to reduce bacterial plaque, which explains why many toothpastes and mouthwashes have mastic as one of their main ingredients^[10].

In recent years, university researchers have provided the scientific evidence for the medicinal properties of mastic. A 1985 study by the University of Thessaloniki and by the Meikai University discovered that mastic can reduce bacterial plaque in the mouth by 41.5 percent. A 1998 study by the University of Athens found that mastic oil has antibacterial and anti-fungal properties. Another 1998 University of Nottingham study, published in the New England Journal of Medicine, claims that mastic can heal peptic ulcers by killing Helicobacter pylori, which causes peptic ulcers, gastritis, and duodenitis. Some in vivo studies have shown that mastic gum has no effect on Helicobacter pylori when taken for short periods of time^[11]^[12]. However a recent and more extensive study showed that mastic gum reduced Helicobacter pylori populations after an insoluble and sticky polymer (poly-β-myrcene) constituent of mastic gum was removed and taken for a longer period of time. Further analysis showed the acid fraction was the most active antibacterial extract, and the most active pure compound was isomasticadienolic acid.^[13].

Other uses

Apart from its medicinal properties, cosmetics and culinary uses, Mastic gum is also used in the production of high grade varnish.

The Mastic tree has been introduced into Mexico as an ornamental plant, where it is very prized and fully naturalized. The trees are grown mainly in suburban areas in semi-arid zones and remain undamaged although the regime of summer rainfall is contrary to its original Mediterranean climate.

References

^ Pistacia lentiscus L. at Mansfeld's Database Taxonomy
^ Pistacia lentiscus distribution at Germplasm Resources Information Network
^ ^a ^b Mastic at e-xios.gr Chios Portal
^ ^a ^b EU PDO/PGI registration
^ "The Magic Tree - Marvelous Masticha", Epikouria Magazine, Fall/Winter 2005
^ BBC - Radio 4 - Woman's Hour -Mastic
^ "The Magic Tree - Marvelous Masticha", Epikouria Magazine, Fall/Winter 2005
^ "The Magic Tree - Marvelous Masticha", Epikouria Magazine, Fall/Winter 2005
^ "The Magic Tree - Marvelous Masticha", Epikouria Magazine, Fall/Winter 2005
^ "The Magic Tree - Marvelous Masticha", Epikouria Magazine, Fall/Winter 2005
^ Monotherapy with mastic does not eradicate Helicobacter pylori infection from mice by Michael F. Loughlin, Dlawer A. Ala’Aldeen, and Peter J. Jenks
^ Mastic gum has no effect on Helicobacter pylori load in vivo by James R. Bebb, Nathalie Bailey-Flitter1, Dlawer Ala’Aldeen and John C. Atherton
^ In Vitro and In Vivo Activities of Chios Mastic Gum Extracts and Constituents against Helicobacter pylori by Sotirios Paraschos, Prokopios Magiatis, Sofia Mitakou, Kalliopi Petraki, Antonios Kalliaropoulos, Petros Maragkoudakis, Andreas Mentis, Dionyssios Sgouras, and Alexios-Leandros Skaltsounis

External links

Chios mastic Growers Association (in Greek)

[1] Pistacia lentiscus L. at Mansfeld's Database Taxonomy

[2] Pistacia lentiscus distribution at Germplasm Resources Information Network

[e-xios-3] Mastic at e-xios.gr Chios Portal

[EU_PDO/PGI_registration-4] EU PDO/PGI registration

[5] "The Magic Tree - Marvelous Masticha", Epikouria Magazine, Fall/Winter 2005

[6] BBC - Radio 4 - Woman's Hour -Mastic

[7] "The Magic Tree - Marvelous Masticha", Epikouria Magazine, Fall/Winter 2005

[8] "The Magic Tree - Marvelous Masticha", Epikouria Magazine, Fall/Winter 2005

[9] "The Magic Tree - Marvelous Masticha", Epikouria Magazine, Fall/Winter 2005

[10] "The Magic Tree - Marvelous Masticha", Epikouria Magazine, Fall/Winter 2005

[11] Monotherapy with mastic does not eradicate Helicobacter pylori infection from mice by Michael F. Loughlin, Dlawer A. Ala’Aldeen, and Peter J. Jenks

[12] Mastic gum has no effect on Helicobacter pylori load in vivo by James R. Bebb, Nathalie Bailey-Flitter1, Dlawer Ala’Aldeen and John C. Atherton

[13] In Vitro and In Vivo Activities of Chios Mastic Gum Extracts and Constituents against Helicobacter pylori by Sotirios Paraschos, Prokopios Magiatis, Sofia Mitakou, Kalliopi Petraki, Antonios Kalliaropoulos, Petros Maragkoudakis, Andreas Mentis, Dionyssios Sgouras, and Alexios-Leandros Skaltsounis

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@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 '''Mastic''' ([[Modern Greek|Greek]]:μαστίχα)(''Pistacia lentiscus'') is an [[evergreen]] [[shrub]] or small [[tree]] of the [[Pistacia|Pistacio]] family growing up to {{convert|4|m|abbr=on}} tall which is [[cultivate]]d for its [[aroma]]tic [[resin]], mainly on the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Chios]].<ref>[http://mansfeld.ipk-gatersleben.de/Mansfeld/Taxonomy/datenvoll.afp?module=mf&source=botnam&taxid=28380&akzanz=0&rehm=0 Pistacia lentiscus L.] at [http://mansfeld.ipk-gatersleben.de/Mansfeld/ Mansfeld's Database Taxonomy]</ref>  It is native throughout the [[Mediterranean region]], from [[Morocco]] and [[Iberian peninsula|Iberia]] in the west through southern [[France]] and [[Turkey]] to [[Syria]] and [[Israel]] in the east.  It is also native to the [[Canary Islands]].<ref>[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?28647 ''Pistacia lentiscus'' distribution] at [[Germplasm Resources Information Network]]</ref> The word mastic derives either from the [[Greek language|Greek]] [[verb]] ''mastichein'' ("to gnash the teeth", origin of the English word [[Mastication|masticate]]) or ''massein'' ("to chew").<ref name="e-xios">[http://www.e-xios.gr/chios/4/41.html Mastic] at [http://www.e-xios.gr e-xios.gr Chios Portal]</ref>
-Within the [[European Union]], Mastic spice production in Chios is granted [[protected designation of origin]] (PDO) and a [[protected designation of origin|protected geographical indication]] (PGI) name.<ref name="EU PDO/PGI registration">[http://europa.eu.int/comm/agriculture/qual/en/431_en.htm EU PDO/PGI registration]</ref> The island's mastic production is controlled by a [[co-operative]] of [[medieval]] [[village]]s, collectively known as the 'Mastichochoria' (Μαστιχοχώρια), which are also located in the southern part of Chios. Though the tree grows far and wide, the famed Masticha resin can only be produced from the Chios Mastic tree <ref>"The Magic Tree - Marvelous Masticha", Epikouria Magazine, Fall/Winter 2005</ref>.
+Within the [[European Union]], Mastic spice production in Chios is granted [[protected designation of origin]] (PDO) and a [[protected designation of origin|protected geographical indication]] (PGI) name.<ref name="EU PDO/PGI registration">[http://europa.eu.int/comm/agriculture/qual/en/431_en.htm EU PDO/PGI registration]</ref>. These are granted because, although the tree is native to the Mediterranean region, the famed Masticha resin can only be produced from the Chios Mastic tree <ref>"The Magic Tree - Marvelous Masticha", Epikouria Magazine, Fall/Winter 2005</ref>. The island's mastic production is controlled by a [[co-operative]] of [[medieval]] [[village]]s, collectively known as the 'Mastichochoria' (Μαστιχοχώρια), which are also located in the southern part of Chios.
 ==Resin==