Six Nations Championship: Difference between revisions
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The 6 Nations Championship, with its predecessors the Five Nations and the Home Nations Championship, is the first international [[rugby union]] tournament in the Northern Hemisphere. The winners of the 6 Nations are seen as being the European Champions.<ref>{{cite news|title=Scotland: European champions|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sport/rugby_union/six_nations/612204.stm|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=2000-01-31|accessdate=2008-03-09}}</ref> The event is currently sponsored by the [[Royal Bank of Scotland]]. |
The 6 Nations Championship, with its predecessors the Five Nations and the Home Nations Championship, is the first international [[rugby union]] tournament in the Northern Hemisphere. The winners of the 6 Nations are seen as being the European Champions.<ref>{{cite news|title=Scotland: European champions|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sport/rugby_union/six_nations/612204.stm|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=2000-01-31|accessdate=2008-03-09}}</ref> The event is currently sponsored by the [[Royal Bank of Scotland]]. |
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In what has been 61 years of waiting,[[Ireland national rugby union team|Ireland]] are the current [[Grand Slam (rugby union)|Grand Slam]] champions, having won the competition in [[2009 Six Nations Championship|2009]] by beating all other teams, and winning the [[Triple Crown (rugby union)|Triple Crown]] after beating the other teams in the British Isles. |
In what has been 61 years of waiting, [[Ireland national rugby union team|Ireland]] are the current [[Grand Slam (rugby union)|Grand Slam]] champions, having won the competition in [[2009 Six Nations Championship|2009]] by beating all other teams, and winning the [[Triple Crown (rugby union)|Triple Crown]] after beating the other teams in the British Isles. Ireland win ended a 24 years old hiatus since their last win in the Five / Six Nations Championship. |
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==History== |
==History== |
||
Revision as of 23:58, 21 March 2009
Current season, competition or edition: 2009 Six Nations Championship | |
| Sport | Rugby union |
|---|---|
| Founded | 1883 |
| No. of teams | 6 |
| Country |  England FranceIreland  Italy Scotland Wales
|
| Most recent champion(s) | Ireland |
The Six Nations Championship[a] (referred to as RBS 6 Nations for sponsorship reasons), known before 2000 as the Five Nations Championship, is an annual international rugby union competition involving six European sides: England, France, Ireland, Italy, Scotland and Wales.
The 6 Nations Championship, with its predecessors the Five Nations and the Home Nations Championship, is the first international rugby union tournament in the Northern Hemisphere. The winners of the 6 Nations are seen as being the European Champions.[1] The event is currently sponsored by the Royal Bank of Scotland.
In what has been 61 years of waiting, Ireland are the current Grand Slam champions, having won the competition in 2009 by beating all other teams, and winning the Triple Crown after beating the other teams in the British Isles. Ireland win ended a 24 years old hiatus since their last win in the Five / Six Nations Championship.
History
In 1871, England and Scotland played the first rugby union international.[2] After 12 years of occasional friendly matches between the teams, the inaugural Home International Championship, comprising England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales was played in 1883.[2] England won the first series, along with a Triple Crown. Up until 1893, England and Scotland were the only champions, with Wales winning their first title that season. Ireland won their first title the following season.
In 1910 the French, who had played in four of the tournaments up to that point, officially joined the competition and coined the phrase "Five Nations".[2] England won the first championship of the new era, with the Welsh achieving the first Grand Slam the following year. The competition was suspended during World War I (1914-18). In 1931, France were ejected from the tournament (see below), which reverted to being the "Home Nations" from 1932 through to 1939. The competition was suspended again during World War II (1939-1945). With France back in the competition, the Five Nations resumed in 1947, with a shared victory for England and Wales. France won their first shared title in 1954, and their first outright title in 1959.
By the 1970s the Five Nations Championship had become the pre-eminent series in Northern hemisphere rugby union with matches becoming all-ticket affairs, gaining huge popularity and a large television audience.[2] The 1972 tournament was not finished after Scotland and Wales refused to play in Dublin.[3] The season after was unique for a five-way tie, with every nation having won and lost two games. The 1970s marked the golden age for Welsh rugby; winning three Grand Slams and one Triple Crown during the decade.[3] Until 1993, there was no tangible reward for winning the Five Nations championship: there was neither flag nor cup or any other kind of trophy. However, for season 1992-93, there was presented, for competition, the Five Nations Championship Trophy.
France were the first winners of the new trophy, followed by Wales and then England. Scotland's first success came in season 1998-99; Ireland first won it in 2009. Scotland was the last nation to win the Five Nations Trophy as such because Italy joined the competition in 2000 and the tournament became known as the "Six Nations Championship". England were the first nation to win the trophy under the new format, winning the 2000 competition. The importance of the competition has decreased slightly since the introduction of the Rugby World Cup, but the long-standing rivalries between teams mean that it remains a passionate and fiercely contested prize.
Controversies
England were barred from the championship in 1888 and 1889 because of their stand over representation on the newly-formed International Rugby Board. In 1897 and 1898 the Welsh were made pariahs over a testimonial fund given to their captain and star player Arthur Gould. The neighbouring Unions regarded the presentation to Gould as an act of professionalism[citation needed] and Gould's retirement from international rugby eventually resolved the issue.
Following the 1931 competition, France was expelled amid allegations of professionalism, the inadequacies of the French administration and concerns over on-field violence. France was readmitted following the 1939 competition, but World War II caused the suspension of the Five Nations until 1947. After the competition resumed, it remained the Five Nations for over a half-century. In 1972, the championship was abandoned as Wales and Scotland refused to play in Ireland after receiving threatening letters purportedly from the IRA, even though the Gardai (Irish police) had guaranteed their safety and that the letters were a hoax plus Dublin was completely at peace. However France travelled to Dublin to play a fixture in April of '72.
In 1996, a deal between British Sky Broadcasting and the Rugby Football Union meant that England home games were exclusively shown on Sky. This deal caused great controversy at the time and England were threatened with being expelled from the competition and being replaced by Italy. This threat was never carried out with the understanding that all future television deals would be negotiated collectively. Consequently, when the television rights became available once more, the rights to show all six nations matches in Britain went to the BBC.
An outbreak of foot and mouth disease in Britain disrupted the 2001 championship; Ireland's matches against Wales, Scotland and England were postponed until the autumn.
Format
Played annually, the format of the Championship is simple: each team plays every other team once, with home field advantage alternating from one year to the next. Two points are awarded for a win, one for a draw and none for a loss. Unlike most other rugby union competitions the bonus point system is not used.
Victory in every game results in a 'Grand Slam'. Back to back Grand Slams have been achieved on five occasions, by Wales in 1908/1909, by England in 1913/1914, 1923/1924 and 1991/1992 and France in 1997/1998. England holds the record for the number of Grand Slams won with 12, followed by Wales with 10, France with 8, Scotland with 3 and Ireland with 2.
Victory by any Home Nation over the other three Home Nations is a 'Triple Crown'. The Triple Crown has twice been won on four consecutive occasions, once by Wales in 1976, 1977, 1978, and 1979 and once by England in 1995, 1996, 1997, and 1998. England hold the record for the number of Triple Crowns won with 23, followed by Wales with 20, Scotland with 10 and Ireland with 10. Although this achievement has long been a feature of the tournament, it was not until 2006 that a physical trophy, commissioned by the Royal Bank of Scotland, was awarded.
At the end of the tournament the team having lost every game is said to have the Wooden Spoon.
Several individual competitions take place under the umbrella of the tournament. The oldest such regular competition is for the Calcutta Cup, contested annually between England and Scotland since 1879. Since 1988, the Millennium Trophy has been awarded to the winner of the game between England and Ireland. Since 2007, France and Italy also have their own trophy: the Giuseppe Garibaldi Trophy; it was created for the 200th anniversary of the Italian hero who helped unify Italy, Giuseppe Garibaldi, who was born in Nizza in 1807; the city became subsequently French with the current name of Nice in 1859.
Prior to 1994, teams equal on points shared the championship. After that date, ties were broken by considering the points difference of the teams. The rules of the championship further provide that should teams tie on both match points and points difference, the team having scored the most tries wins the championship. If even this decider is tied, the tying teams share the championship[4]. To date, however, match points and points difference have been sufficient to decide the championship.
In 2005 Wales won the Grand Slam, becoming the first team ever to win a Grand Slam playing more games away than at home.
In 2006, France won the competition on points difference over Ireland. Ireland received the consolation prize of the Triple Crown Trophy, presented for the first time that year. Italy once more collected the Wooden Spoon, but showed considerable improvement over past years, earning a first-ever competition point away from home in a draw against Wales. For the first time since 2000, Scotland won the Calcutta Cup.
In 2007, France again won on points difference, after four teams had at least a mathematical chance of topping the table going into the final week. The Italians had their first away win of the tournament beating Scotland in Edinburgh. It was also the first time they won two of their matches as they went on to beat Wales in Rome. Scotland won the wooden spoon and Ireland won the Triple Crown for the second straight year and third time in four years.
In 2008 Wales won the Grand Slam with a 29-12 win against France in Cardiff, having only conceded two tries in the championship, beating England's previous record of four tries conceded.
In 2009 Ireland won their first Grand Slam in 61 Years with a score of 15-17. The game was won when Irish fly-half Ronan O'Gara scored a drop-goal in the final minute of the game.
Trophies
Championship Trophy
The winners of the 6 Nations are presented with the Championship Trophy.[5] This was originally conceived by the Earl of Westmorland, and was first presented to the winners of the 1993 championship, France. It is a sterling silver trophy, designed by James Brent-Ward and made by a team of eight silversmiths from the London firm William Comyns; it is valued at £55,000. Although originally silver on the inside, the trophy became so corroded through celebratory champagne fillings that it is now plated with 22 carat gold for protection.
It has 15 side panels representing the 15 members of the team and with three handles to represent the three officials (referee and two touch judges). The cup has a capacity of 3.75 litres – sufficient for five bottles of champagne. Within the mahogany base is a concealed drawer which contains six alternate finials, each a silver replica of one of the team emblems, which can be screwed on the detachable lid.
Triple Crown Trophy
As no trophy was historically awarded for winning the Triple Crown, it was often called 'the invisible cup'. In 2006 the primary sponsor of the competition, the Royal Bank of Scotland, commissioned a trophy to be awarded to Triple Crown winners.
The award, a silver dish known as the Triple Crown Trophy, was contested for the first time in the 2006 Six Nations. Ireland captain Brian O'Driscoll claimed the trophy for Ireland at Twickenham on March 18 after a last-minute try from Shane Horgan gave Ireland a 28-24 win over England.
Ireland currently hold the Triple Crown after beating Wales 17-15 at the Millenium Stadium on 21 March 2009.
Other trophies
Several other trophies are contested within the main competition, mostly as long-standing fixtures between pairs of teams.
- Calcutta Cup - England versus Scotland; contested annually since 1879.[6]
- Centenary Quaich - A quaich is a celtic drinking vessel,[7] and is contested between Celtic neighbours Scotland and Ireland. It was first contested in 1989,[8] and the two teams play for it annually.[9]
- Giuseppe Garibaldi Trophy - Contested between France and Italy in memory of Giuseppe Garibaldi; first awarded in 2007.
- Millennium Trophy - Presented to celebrate Dublin's millennium in 1988 the Millennium Trophy is contested between England and Ireland.[10]
- Grand Slam - All nations: awarded when one nation defeats the other five.
Current venues
The 2008 6 Nations matches were held in the following stadia:
- England: Twickenham, London
- France: Stade de France, Saint-Denis (near Paris)
- Ireland: Croke Park, Dublin
- Italy: Stadio Flaminio, Rome
- Scotland: Murrayfield, Edinburgh
- Wales: Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
Croke Park is not the normal home of Irish rugby; it is the flagship stadium of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA), which until 2005 prohibited its venues from being used for non GAA sports. Ireland's traditional home, Lansdowne Road, has been unavailable since the start of 2007 due to the construction of a completely new stadium on the site of what had become an increasingly run-down structure. The all-Ireland governing body for rugby union, the Irish Rugby Football Union, reached an agreement with the GAA to allow Ireland to play their 6 Nations fixtures at Croke Park in 2007. The agreement has continued throughout the construction of the new stadium at the Lansdowne Road site, which will be known as Aviva Stadium when it opens in April 2010. Ireland will play their first Six Nations matches at their new ground in 2011.
Similarly, the Stadio Flaminio may no longer be big enough, since "palla ovale" is becoming more popular in Italy. Rugby games may in future be held at football stadiums such as the Stadio Olimpico in Rome or in the North where rugby is most popular. Stadio Luigi Ferraris in Genoa (42,000 seats) or Stadio Ennio Tardini, Parma (almost 28,000 seats) have been suggested as alternative grounds. But recently, improvements for Flaminio have been announced increasing the likelihood that rugby will stay at Stadio Flamino, although still making it the smallest of the 6 nations grounds. [11]
Anthems
Even though God Save the Queen is the anthem of the United Kingdom it is only used by England in many sporting events; Wales and Scotland use separate anthems, which both hold unofficial national anthem status. The anthem for Ireland, whose rugby team represents two countries (the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland), have a specially commissioned anthem for rugby internationals.
- England: God Save the Queen
- France: La Marseillaise
- Ireland: Ireland's Call - Amhrán na bhFiann is also sung at matches played in the Republic of Ireland
- Italy: Fratelli d'Italia
- Scotland: Flower of Scotland
- Wales: Mae Hen Wlad fy Nhadau
Results
- For 2009 results, see 2009 Six Nations Championship
Overall
Overall England has the most Home Nations, Five Nations, and Six Nations tournament victories with 25 (excluding 10 shared victories). Next is Wales with 24 (excluding 11 shared).
 England |
 France |
 Ireland |
 Italy |
 Scotland |
 Wales | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tournaments | 128 | 95 | 130 | 25 | 130 | 130 |
| Outright wins (shared wins) | ||||||
| Home Nations | 5 (4) | — | 4 (3) | — | 9 (2) | 7 (3) |
| Five Nations | 17 (6) | 12 (8) | 6 (5) | — | 5 (6) | 15 (8) |
| Six Nations | 7 | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
| Overall | 29 (10) | 18 (8) | 16 (8) | 0 (0) | 14 (8) | 28 (11) |
| Grand Slams | ||||||
| Home Nations | — | — | — | — | — | 2[12] |
| Five Nations | 11 | 6 | 1 | — | 3 | 6 |
| Six Nations | 2 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
| Overall | 13 | 10 | 4 | 0 | 3 | 12 |
| Triple Crowns | ||||||
| Home Nations | 5 | — | 2 | — | 7 | 6 |
| Five Nations | 16 | — | 4 | — | 3 | 11 |
| Six Nations | 5 | — | 7 | — | 0 | 5 |
| Overall | 26 | — | 13 | — | 10 | 22 |
| Wooden Spoons | ||||||
| Home Nations | 7 | — | 10 | — | 5 | 6 |
| Five Nations | 10 | 12 | 15 | — | 15 | 10 |
| Six Nations | 0 | 1 | 0 | 18 | 4 | 2 |
| Overall | 17 | 13 | 25 | 18 | 24 | 18 |
Home Nations 1883–1909
| 1883 | England (Triple Crown)
| |
| 1884 | England (Triple Crown)
| |
| 1885 | Not completed | |
| 1886 | England and Scotland
| |
| 1887 | Scotland
| |
| 1888 | Not completed | |
| 1889 | Not completed | |
| 1890 | England and Scotland
| |
| 1891 | Scotland (Triple Crown)
| |
| 1892 | England (Triple Crown)
| |
| 1893 | Wales (Triple Crown)
| |
| 1894 | Ireland (Triple Crown) | |
| 1895 | Scotland (Triple Crown)
| |
| 1896 | Ireland | |
| 1897 | Not completed | |
| 1898 | Not completed | |
| 1899 | Ireland (Triple Crown) | |
| 1900 | Wales (Triple Crown)
| |
| 1901 | Scotland (Triple Crown)
| |
| 1902 | Wales (Triple Crown)
| |
| 1903 | Scotland (Triple Crown)
| |
| 1904 | Scotland
| |
| 1905 | Wales (Triple Crown)
| |
| 1906 | Wales and Ireland
| |
| 1907 | Scotland (Triple Crown)
| |
| 1908 | Wales (Grand Slam)[13]
| |
| 1909 | Wales (Grand Slam)[13]
| |
| Source: Roll of Honour at BBC[14] | ||
Five Nations 1910–1931
| 1910 | England
| |
| 1911 | Wales (Grand Slam)
| |
| 1912 | England and Ireland
| |
| 1913 | England (Grand Slam)
| |
| 1914 | England (Grand Slam)
| |
| 1915-19 | Not held due to World War I | |
| 1920 | England, Scotland and Wales
| |
| 1921 | England (Grand Slam)
| |
| 1922 | Wales
| |
| 1923 | England (Grand Slam)
| |
| 1924 | England (Grand Slam)
| |
| 1925 | Scotland (Grand Slam)
| |
| 1926 | Ireland and Scotland
| |
| 1927 | Ireland and Scotland
| |
| 1928 | England (Grand Slam)
| |
| 1929 | Scotland
| |
| 1930 | England
| |
| 1931 | Wales
| |
| Source: Roll of Honour at BBC[14] | ||
Home Nations 1932–1939
| 1932 | England, Ireland and Wales
| |
| 1933 | Scotland (Triple Crown)
| |
| 1934 | England (Triple Crown)
| |
| 1935 | Ireland | |
| 1936 | Wales
| |
| 1937 | England (Triple Crown)
| |
| 1938 | Scotland (Triple Crown)
| |
| 1939 | England, Ireland and Wales
| |
| Source: Roll of Honour at BBC[14] | ||
Five Nations 1940–1999
Six Nations 2000–present
| 2000 | England
| |
| 2001 | England[15]
| |
| 2002 | France (Grand Slam)
| |
| 2003 | England (Grand Slam)
| |
| 2004 | France (Grand Slam)
| |
| 2005 | Wales (Grand Slam)
| |
| 2006 | France[15]
| |
| 2007 | France[15]
| |
| 2008 | Wales (Grand Slam)
| |
| 2009 | Ireland (Grand Slam) | |
| Source: Roll of Honour at BBC[14] | ||
6 Nations All Time Table (2000 - 2009)
Includes matches played 15th March 2009
| Pld | W | D | L | PF | PA | PD | Tries | Pts | Champs | GS | TC | WS | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| France
|
50 | 36 | 0 | 14 | 1463 | 928 | 435 | 138 | 72 | 4 | 2 | N/A | 0 |
| Ireland | 50 | 36 | 0 | 14 | 1388 | 1035 | 353 | 133 | 72 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 0 |
| England
|
49 | 32 | 0 | 17 | 1560 | 844 | 716 | 165 | 64 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 |
| Wales
|
50 | 23 | 2 | 25 | 1166 | 1293 | -127 | 107 | 48 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
| Scotland
|
49 | 15 | 1 | 33 | 870 | 1372 | -502 | 60 | 31 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| Italy
|
50 | 6 | 1 | 43 | 817 | 1790 | -973 | 62 | 13 | 0 | 0 | N/A | 7 |
Longest wait without a championship
| Team | Tournaments | Years | Season |
|---|---|---|---|
| France |
24 | 44 | 1910-1953 |
| Ireland | 23 | 23 | 1985-2009 |
| Scotland |
18 | 25 | 1939-1963 |
| England |
15 | 17 | 1893-1909 |
| Wales |
10 | 10 | 1994-2005 |
| Italy |
9+ | 9+ | 2000-present |
Last Grand Slam Win
| Nation | W | Grand Slam Season |
|---|---|---|
| Ireland | 2 | 2009 |
| Wales |
10 | 2008 |
| France |
8 | 2004 |
| England |
12 | 2003 |
| Scotland |
3 | 1990 |
| Italy |
0 | Never Achieved |
Records
The record for individual points in one match is held by England's Jonny Wilkinson with 35 points scored against Italy in 2001 and points in one season with 89 (scored in 2001). Ronan O'Gara holds the record for career points with 492 points. The record for tries in a match is held by Scotsman George Lindsay who scored five tries against Wales in 1887.[16] The record for appearances is held by Irishman Mike Gibson who played in 56 Five Nations matches (Italy had not become part of the Championship yet) matches between 1964 and 1979.[16] The most points scored by a team in one match was England when they scored 80 points against Italy in 2001. England also scored the most ever points in a season in 2001 with 229, and most tries in a season with 28.[16] Wales hold the record for least tries conceded during a season, conceding only 2 in 5 games, in 2008.
Six Nations points scoring statistics 2000-2009
The following table summarises the total number of points, and the number of tries, scored by each team in the Six Nations
| - | England
|
Wales
|
Scotland
|
Ireland | France
|
Italy
|
Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2000 | 183(20) | 111(8) | 95(9) | 168(17) | 140(12) | 106(9) | 803 (75) |
| 2001 | 229(28) | 125(10) | 116(8) | 129(11) | 115(9) | 106(8) | 820 (74) |
| 2002 | 184(23) | 119(11) | 91(6) | 145(16) | 156(15) | 70(4) | 765 (75) |
| 2003 | 173(18) | 82(10) | 81(7) | 119(10) | 153(17) | 100(12) | 708 (74) |
| 2004 | 150(17) | 125(14) | 53(4) | 128(17) | 144(14) | 42(2) | 642 (68) |
| 2005 | 121(16) | 153(17) | 84(8) | 126(12) | 134(13) | 55(5) | 673 (71) |
| 2006 | 120(12) | 80(9) | 78(5) | 131(12) | 148(18) | 72(5) | 629 (61) |
| 2007 | 119(10) | 86(7) | 95(7) | 149(17) | 155(15) | 94(9) | 698 (65) |
| 2008 | 75(5) | 148(13) | 69(3) | 83(8) | 91(11) | 51(4) | 517(44) |
| 2009 | 124(16) | 100(8) | 79(4) | 121(12) | 124(14) | 49(2) | 597(56) |
| TOTAL | 1478(165) | 1129(107) | 841(61) | 1299(132) | 1360(138) | 745(60) | 6852 (663) |
The record number of points in a season is 229 by England in 2001. They also scored the most tries (28) in a single Six Nations Tournament that year. The lowest scoring team is Italy, who have only managed 745 points.
Women's
The Women's Six Nations Championship is run to the same schedule and on the same weekends as the men's competition. The first women's tournament Six Nations was in the 2002 season, though a Five Nations ran from 1999 to 2001, and a Home Nations tournament from 1996-1998. The tournament included the same national teams as the men's competition did, with the exception that Spain took part instead of Italy.
This continued until 2007 when, as a result of the formal adoption of the competition by the Six Nations Committee, Spain was replaced with Italy - purely in order to align both the women's and men's national team participants. Historically in women's rugby Spain had been a significantly stronger team than not only Italy, but had occasionally finished above Ireland, Wales, and Scotland in the tournament.
See also
- European Nations Cup (the 7th-12th rugby teams in Europe)
- Calcutta Cup (England v. Scotland)
- Millennium Trophy (England v. Ireland)
- Giuseppe Garibaldi Trophy (France v. Italy)
- Triple Crown (Rugby Union) The Six Nation's Triple Crown
- Centenary Quaich (Ireland v. Scotland)
Notes
a. ^ Name of the Six Nations Championship in the languages of participating countries:
- English: Six Nations Championship
- French: Tournoi des six nations
- Irish: Comórtas na Sé Náisiún
- Italian: Torneo Sei Nazioni
- Scottish Gaelic: Na Sia Nàiseanan
- Welsh: Pencampwriaeth y Chwe Gwlad
References
- ^ "Scotland: European champions". BBC News. 2000-01-31. Retrieved 2008-03-09.
- ^ a b c d "The Championship - History". RBS 6 Nations. Retrieved 2008-02-24.
- ^ a b "Six Nations history". BBC Sport. Retrieved 2007-02-05.
- ^ "Rules of the RBS 6 Nations Championship". RBS 6 Nations. Retrieved 2008-02-24.
- ^ "Six Nations Championship Trophy Trust". RBS 6 Nations. Retrieved 2007-02-05.
- ^ "The Calcutta Cup: the legacy of a club that died" (pdf). scottishrugby.org. Retrieved 2007-09-29.
- ^ Walsh, David (2005-02-13). "Scots torn apart by Irish mean machine". The Sunday Times. p. Sport 2.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Massie, Alan (2000-02-19). "Lamenting the sad decline of the fighting Irish". The Scotsman. p. 31.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Ferrie, Kevin (1999-03-22). "Scotland now have quality in quantity". The Herald. p. 1.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ "About Us". rfu.com. Retrieved 2007-09-29.
- ^ ticketbooth.org.uk
- ^ By convention, Wales is credited with two Grand Slams for the years 1908 and 1909 because, if France was admitted only in 1910, Wales already met France on the sidelines of the Tournament and doubled the Triple Crown of a victory against France.
- ^ a b Although only a Home Nations Championship, Wales also beat France in both 1908 and 1909 and are regarded therefore as Grand Slam winners for both years.
- ^ a b c d e "Six Nations roll of honour". bbc.co.uk. 2004-01-29. Retrieved 2007-03-03.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b c d e f Asterisk * indicates won on points difference
- ^ a b c "Six Nations records". rugbyheaven.smh.com.au. 2005-02-01. Retrieved 2007-08-08.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)