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== Etymology ==
== Etymology ==
''Amen,'' meaning ''so be it,'' is of [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] origin. <ref name="GBH">Paul Joüon, SJ, A Grammar of Biblical Hebrew, trans. and revised by T. Muraoka, vol. I, Rome: Editrice Pontificio Instituto Biblico, 2000.</ref><ref name="Strong's G281"> {{cite web|url=http://www.blueletterbible.org/cgi-bin/strongs.pl?strongs=281|publisher=Strong's Concordance|title=G281|accessdate=2008-02-20}}</ref> The word was imported into the Greek of the early Church from the Jewish synagogue.<ref name="ce"/><ref name = "JE">{{cite web|url=http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=1383&letter=A&search=Amen|publisher=Jewish Encyclopedia|title=Amen|accessdate=2008-02-19}}</ref> From Greek, ''amen'' entered the other Western languages. According to a standard dictionary etymology, ''amen'' passed from Greek into Late Latin, and thence into English.<ref name="AHD">{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/75/A0247500.html |publisher=American Heritage Dictionary |title=Amen |accessdate=2008-02-26}}</ref>
''Amen,'' meaning ''so be it,'' is of [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] origin. <ref name="GBH">Paul Joüon, SJ, A Grammar of Biblical Hebrew, trans. and revised by T. Muraoka, vol. I, Rome: Editrice Pontificio Instituto Biblico, 2000.</ref> The word was imported into the Greek of the early Church from the Jewish synagogue.<ref name="ce"/><ref name = "JE">{{cite web|url=http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=1383&letter=A&search=Amen|publisher=Jewish Encyclopedia|title=Amen|accessdate=2008-02-19}}</ref> From Greek, ''amen'' entered the other Western languages. According to a standard dictionary etymology, ''amen'' passed from Greek into Late Latin, and thence into English.<ref name="AHD">{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/75/A0247500.html |publisher=American Heritage Dictionary |title=Amen |accessdate=2008-02-26}}</ref>


The Hebrew word ''’amen'' derives from the Hebrew verb ''’aman,'' a primitive root.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sacrednamebible.com/kjvstrongs/STRHEB5.htm#S543 |title=King James Bible Strong's Hebrew Dictionary |accessdate=2008-02-26}}</ref> Grammarians frequently list ''’aman'' under its three consonants ('''’mn'''), which are identical to those of ''’amen''.<ref name="AHD"/> This triliteral root ('''’mn''') means ''to be firm, confirmed, reliable, faithful, have faith, believe.'' Two English words that derive from this root are:
The Hebrew word ''’amen'' derives from the Hebrew verb ''’aman,'' a primitive root.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sacrednamebible.com/kjvstrongs/STRHEB5.htm#S543 |title=King James Bible Strong's Hebrew Dictionary |accessdate=2008-02-26}}</ref> Grammarians frequently list ''’aman'' under its three consonants ('''’mn'''), which are identical to those of ''’amen''.<ref name="AHD"/> This triliteral root ('''’mn''') means ''to be firm, confirmed, reliable, faithful, have faith, believe.'' Two English words that derive from this root are:

Revision as of 09:14, 30 April 2009

This article is about the interjection. For other uses, see Amen (disambiguation).

The word Amen (Hebrew: אָמֵן, Modern: Amen, Tiberian: ’Amen ; Arabic: آمين, ’Āmīn ; "So be it; truly" Its use in Judaism dates back to its earliest texts.[1] It has been generally adopted in Christian worship as a concluding word for prayers and hymns. In Islam, it is the standard ending to Dua (supplication). Common English translations of the word amen include: "Verily", "Truly", "So be it", and "Let it be." as in, for instance, amen to that.

Etymology

Amen, meaning so be it, is of Hebrew origin. [2] The word was imported into the Greek of the early Church from the Jewish synagogue.[3][4] From Greek, amen entered the other Western languages. According to a standard dictionary etymology, amen passed from Greek into Late Latin, and thence into English.[5]

The Hebrew word ’amen derives from the Hebrew verb ’aman, a primitive root.[6] Grammarians frequently list ’aman under its three consonants (’mn), which are identical to those of ’amen.[5] This triliteral root (’mn) means to be firm, confirmed, reliable, faithful, have faith, believe. Two English words that derive from this root are:

a. amen, from Hebrew ’amen (=truly, certainly);

b. Mammon, from Aramaic mamona, probably from Mishnaic Hebrew mamôn, probably from earlier *ma’mon (=? “security, deposit”).

Both a and b derive from Hebrew ’aman (=to be firm).[7]

The Talmud teaches homiletically that the word Amen is an acronym for אל מלך נאמן (’El melekh ne’eman, "God, trustworthy King"),[8] the phrase recited silently by an individual before reciting the Shma.

Popular among some theosophists and adherents of esoteric Christianity is the conjecture that amen is a derivative of the name of the Egyptian god Amun (which is sometimes also spelled Amen).[9][10][11] Some adherents of Eastern religions believe that amen shares roots with the Sanskrit word, aum.[12]. There is no academic support for either of these views.

Biblical usage

Old Testament

Three distinct Biblical usages of amen may be noted:[3]

  1. Initial Amen, referring back to words of another speaker and introducing an affirmative sentence, e.g. 1 Kings 1:36.[3]
  2. Detached Amen, again referring to the words of another speaker but without a complementary affirmative sentence, e.g. Nehemiah 5:13.[3]
  3. Final Amen, with no change of speaker, as in the subsciption to the first three divisions of Psalms.[3]

In the New Testament

There are 52 Amens in the Synoptic Gospels and 25 in John. The five final Amens (Matthew 6:13, 28:20, Mark 16:20, Luke 24:53 and John 21:25), which are wanting in the best manuscripts, simulate the effect of final amen in the Hebrew Psalms. All initial Amens occur in the sayings of Jesus. These initial Amens are unparalleled in Hebrew literature, according to Friedrich Delitzsch, because they do not refer to the words of a previous speaker but instead introduce a new thought.[13]

Amen in Judaism

Main article: Berakhah

Jewish law requires an individual to say Amen in a variety of contexts.[14]

Liturgically, amen is a communal response to be recited at certain points during the prayer service. It is recited communally to affirm a blessing made by the prayer reader. It is also mandated as a response during the kaddish doxology. The congregation is sometimes prompted to answer 'amen' by the terms ve-'imru (Hebrew: ואמרו) = "and [now] say (pl.)," or, ve-nomar (ונאמר) = "and let us say." Contemporary usage reflects ancient practice: As early as the 4th century BCE, Jews assembled in the Temple responded 'amen' at the close of a doxology or other prayer uttered by a priest. This Jewish liturgical use of amen was adopted by the Christians.[15] But Jewish law also requires individuals to answer amen whenever they hear a blessing recited, even in a non-liturgical setting.

Jews usually pronounce the word as it is pronounced in Hebrew: "aw-MÉN" (Ashkenazi) or "ah-MÉN" (Sephardi).[16] These are transcribed in IPA as [ɔ'mɛɪn] and [a'mɛn] respectively.

Amen in Christianity

The use of "Amen" after a prayer or other statement in Christianity is not strictly orthodox. When used as an equivalent to an oath it can be seen to go against Jesus' own words: "Do not take an oath at all. ... Let what you say be simply yes or no" (Matt. 5:33-37). The uses of amen ("verily") in the Gospels form a peculiar class; they are initial, but often lack any backward reference.[17] Jesus used the word to affirm his own utterances[citation needed], not those of another person[citation needed], and this usage was adopted by the church. The use of the initial amen, single or double in form, to introduce solemn statements of Jesus in the Gospels had no parallel in Jewish practice.[18] The liturgical use of the word in apostolic times is attested by the passage from 1 Corinthians cited above, and Justin Martyr (c. 150) describes the congregation as responding "amen," to the benediction after the celebration of the Eucharist.[3] Its introduction into the baptismal formula (in the Greek Orthodox Church it is pronounced after the name of each person of the Trinity) is probably later. Among certain Gnostic sects Amen became the name of an angel.

In Isaiah 65:16, the authorized version has "the God of truth," ("the God of Amen," in Hebrew. Jesus often used Amen to put emphasis to his own words (translated: "verily"). In John's Gospel, it is repeated, "Verily, verily." Amen is also used in oath (Numbers 5:22; Deuteronomy 27:15-26; Nehemiah 5:13; 8:6; 1 Chronicles 16:36). "Amen" is further found at the end of the prayer of primitive churches (1 Corinthians 14:16).[19]

In the King James Bible, the word amen is preserved in a number of contexts. Notable ones include:

  • The catechism of curses of the Law found in Deuteronomy 27.[3]
  • A double amen ("amen and amen") occurs in Psalm 89 (Psalm 41:13; 72:19; 89:52), to confirm the words and invoke the fulfillment of them.[19]
  • The custom of closing prayers with amen originates in the Lord's Prayer at Matthew 6:13
  • Amen occurs in several doxology formulas in Romans 1:25, 9:5, 11:36, 15:33, and several times in Chapter 16.[3] It also appears in doxologies in the Pss (41:14; 72:19; 89:53; 106:48). This liturgical form from Judaism.[20]
  • It concludes all of Paul's general epistles.
  • In Revelation 3:14, Jesus is referred to as, "the Amen, the faithful and true witness, the beginning of God's creation."
  • Amen concludes the New Testament at Rev. 22:21.

In some Christian churches, the amen corner or amen section is any subset of the congregation likely to call out "Amen!" in response to points in a preacher's sermon. Metaphorically, the term can refer to any group of heartfelt traditionalists or supporters of an authority figure.

In English, the word "amen" has two primary pronunciations, ah-men (/aˈmɛn/) or ay-men (/eɪˈmɛn/), with minor additional variation in emphasis (the two syllables may be equally stressed instead of placing primary stress on the second). The ah-men pronunciation is usual in British English, the one that is used in performances of classical music, in churches with more formalized rituals and liturgy and liberal Evangelical Protestant denominations. The ay-men pronunciation, a product of the Great Vowel Shift dating to the 15th century, is associated with Irish Protestantism and conservative Evangelical Protestant denominations generally, and the pronunciation that is typically sung in gospel music. Increasingly Anglophone Roman Catholics are adopting the "ay-men" pronunciation for speech, although the broad "ah" is usually retained for singing.

Amen is also used in standard, international French; however, in the Cajun French dialect, Ansi soit-il (literally, so be it), or the Québec French dialect, Ainsi soit-il, is used instead.

Āmīn in Arabic.

Amen in Islam

Muslims use the word "’Āmīn" (Arabic: آمين) not only after reciting the first surah (Al Fatiha) of the Qur'an, but also when concluding a prayer or dua, with the same meaning as in Christianity.[21] The Islamic use of the word is the same as the Jewish use of the word. Sunni Muslims use amen in prayers -after (Surat Al Fatiha) - but the Shia Muslims says that it is haram to say it in the prayers, while it can be used in duas.

Amen in Hinduism

Amen also has an equivalent in Hinduism, "astu", which is referred at end of prayers or teachings, and means "so be it". The use of the word is similar to usages in other religions.

"Tatha-astu" is used to bless someone meaning "tath" "astu" - Be It...

See also

References

  1. ^ Deuteronomy 27.15-26, for example. There are many more occurences in the Hebrew Bible.
  2. ^ Paul Joüon, SJ, A Grammar of Biblical Hebrew, trans. and revised by T. Muraoka, vol. I, Rome: Editrice Pontificio Instituto Biblico, 2000.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Cite error: The named reference ce was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ "Amen". Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2008-02-19.
  5. ^ a b "Amen". American Heritage Dictionary. Retrieved 2008-02-26.
  6. ^ "King James Bible Strong's Hebrew Dictionary". Retrieved 2008-02-26.
  7. ^ "The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language Fourth Edition". Retrieved 2008-02-26.
  8. ^ Tractate Shabbat 119b and Tractate Sanhedrin 111a
  9. ^ "COLLATION OF THEOSOPHICAL GLOSSARIES - Amen". Retrieved 2008-03-12.
  10. ^ "Assembly of Yahweh, Cascade (an Assembly of True Israel, of the Diaspora) - Words and Definitions critical to the correct understanding of the Scriptures and Christianity". Retrieved 2008-03-12.
  11. ^ "Amen". The Assembly of IaHUShUA MaShIaChaH. 2005-12-15. Retrieved 2008-03-13. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  12. ^ Yogananda, Paramahansa. Autobiography of a Yoga, 1946, chapter 26.
  13. ^ "Amen", Encyclopedia Biblica
  14. ^ Orach Chaim 56 (amen in kaddish); O.C. 124 (amen in response to blessings recited by the prayer reader); O.C. 215 (amen in response to blessings made by any individual outside of the liturgy).
  15. ^ "Amen". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-17.
  16. ^ To Pray as a Jew: A Guide to the Prayer Book and the Synagogue Service, Hayim Halevy Donin
  17. ^ "Amen". Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2008-02-22.
  18. ^ "Amen". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-17.
  19. ^ a b eastonsbibledictionary.com, Amen
  20. ^ cf. John L. McKezie, SJ, "Dictionary of the Bible", New York: MacMillan Publ. Co., Inc., 1965. Entry: "Amen," p. 25)
  21. ^ Hastings, James (2004). A Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels: Volume I. The Minerva Group, Inc. p. 52. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |origdate= ignored (|orig-date= suggested) (help)
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