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'''United Nations Security Council Resolution 1874''' was adopted unanimously by the [[United Nations]] [[United Nations Security Council|Security Council]] on 12 June 2009.<ref name=UN>[http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=31121&Cr=&Cr1= Security Council imposes tougher sanctions on DPR Korea], UN News Centre, June 12, 2009</ref> The [[United Nations Security Council resolution|resolution]], passed under [[Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter|Chapter VII, Article 41]], of the [[United Nations Charter|UN Charter]], imposes further economic and commercial [[Economic sanctions|sanction]]s on the [[North Korea|Democratic People's Republic of Korea]] (the DPRK, or North Korea) and encourages [[United Nations|UN]] member states to search North Korean [[cargo]], in the aftermath of an [[Underground nuclear testing|underground]] [[2009 North Korean nuclear test|nuclear test]] conducted on 25 May 2009.
'''United Nations Security Council Resolution 1874''' was adopted unanimously by the [[United Nations]] [[United Nations Security Council|Security Council]] on 12 June 2009.<ref name=UN>[http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=31121&Cr=&Cr1= Security Council imposes tougher sanctions on DPR Korea], UN News Centre, 12 June 2009</ref> The [[United Nations Security Council resolution|resolution]], passed under [[Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter|Chapter VII, Article 41]], of the [[United Nations Charter|UN Charter]], imposes further economic and commercial [[Economic sanctions|sanction]]s on the [[North Korea|Democratic People's Republic of Korea]] (the DPRK, or North Korea) and encourages [[United Nations|UN]] member states to search North Korean [[cargo]], in the aftermath of an [[Underground nuclear testing|underground]] [[2009 North Korean nuclear test|nuclear test]] conducted on 25 May 2009.


==Adoption==
==Adoption==
Adopting the resolution unanimously, the Council condemned the nuclear test which was in "violation and flagrant disregard" of previous Council resolutions [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1695|1695]] and [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1718|1718]].<ref name=UN/> The resolution is now binding under [[international law]].<ref name=bbc>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/8097370.stm UN toughens North Korea sanctions], [[BBC News Online]], June 12, 2009</ref>
Adopting the resolution unanimously, the Council condemned the nuclear test which was in "violation and flagrant disregard" of previous Council resolutions [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1695|1695]] and [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1718|1718]].<ref name=UN/> The resolution is now binding under [[international law]].<ref name=bbc>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/8097370.stm UN toughens North Korea sanctions], [[BBC News Online]], 12 June 2009</ref>


===Security Council permanent members===
===Security Council permanent members===
{{flag|People's Republic of China}}: Ambassador Zheng Yusi said China voted in favour of the resolution as actions by North Korea were in "disregard for the international community’s common objective". However, he stressed that the diplomatic means should be employed rather than merely imposing sanctions, and the resolution should not "adversely impact the country’s development, or humanitarian assistance to it".<ref name=un1>[http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs//2009/sc9679.doc.htm Text of resolution], UN Press Centre</ref> He also urged against the use of force when inspecting North Korean cargo.<ref name=reuters>[http://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSN124843020090612 U.N. council expands sanctions against North Korea], [[Reuters]], June 12, 2009</ref>
{{flag|People's Republic of China}}: Ambassador Zheng Yusi said China voted in favour of the resolution as actions by North Korea were in "disregard for the international community’s common objective". However, he stressed that the diplomatic means should be employed rather than merely imposing sanctions, and the resolution should not "adversely impact the country’s development, or humanitarian assistance to it".<ref name=un1>[http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs//2009/sc9679.doc.htm Text of resolution], UN Press Centre</ref> He also urged against the use of force when inspecting North Korean cargo.<ref name=reuters>[http://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSN124843020090612 U.N. council expands sanctions against North Korea], [[Reuters]], 12 June 2009</ref>


{{flag|France}}: Ambassador Jean-Maurice Ripert remarked that the DPRK had been "engaged in a secret nuclear programme" which increased its threat. He said that the country had increased tensions in the region by firing missiles and the Security Council had responded to that by imposing tough sanctions on the regime, though he mentioned that the Council was concerned about the population.<ref name=un1/>
{{flag|France}}: Ambassador Jean-Maurice Ripert remarked that the DPRK had been "engaged in a secret nuclear programme" which increased its threat. He said that the country had increased tensions in the region by firing missiles and the Security Council had responded to that by imposing tough sanctions on the regime, though he mentioned that the Council was concerned about the population.<ref name=un1/>


{{flag|Russia}}: Envoy [[Vitaly Churkin]] said the measures adopted were "substantive and targeted in nature", and "clearly tied to ending the DPRK programme to create nuclear missiles".<ref>[http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601103&sid=aoT7PuXxVjqA UN Votes to Punish North Korea for Nuclear Test], [[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]], June 12, 2009</ref> He insisted the sanctions did not target the North Korean people, which was a key issue with his delegation. He also insisted that any sanctions be lifted once North Korea co-operates.<ref name=un1/>
{{flag|Russia}}: Envoy [[Vitaly Churkin]] said the measures adopted were "substantive and targeted in nature", and "clearly tied to ending the DPRK programme to create nuclear missiles".<ref>[http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601103&sid=aoT7PuXxVjqA UN Votes to Punish North Korea for Nuclear Test], [[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]], 12 June 2009</ref> He insisted the sanctions did not target the North Korean people, which was a key issue with his delegation. He also insisted that any sanctions be lifted once North Korea co-operates.<ref name=un1/>


{{flag|United Kingdom}}: Deputy ambassador Philip Parham said the adoption of the resolution shows that "the international community is united in condemning North Korea's proliferation activities."<ref name=afp>[http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gmamuqJiJMp0lKkiJ2a_uRVeeGSQ Security Council adopts tougher NKorea sanctions], [[Agence France-Presse|AFP]], June 12, 2009</ref>
{{flag|United Kingdom}}: Deputy ambassador Philip Parham said the adoption of the resolution shows that "the international community is united in condemning North Korea's proliferation activities."<ref name=afp>[http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gmamuqJiJMp0lKkiJ2a_uRVeeGSQ Security Council adopts tougher NKorea sanctions], [[Agence France-Presse|AFP]], 12 June 2009</ref>


{{flag|United States}}: Envoy Rosemary DiCarlo said that the resolution created "markedly stronger sanctions" against [[Pyongyang]] to persuade it to abandon its [[North Korea and weapons of mass destruction|nuclear weapons programme]].<ref name=reuters/> This was followed by [[United States Ambassador to the United Nations]] [[Susan Rice]] who claimed the resolution was "unprecedented" and has "teeth that will bite".<ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/newsMaps/idUSTRE55B4UB20090612 U.S. envoy Rice praises U.N. resolution on North Korea], Reuters, June 12, 2009</ref> The resolution was a "strong and united international response" to the testing of the nuclear device.<ref name=un1/>
{{flag|United States}}: Envoy Rosemary DiCarlo said that the resolution created "markedly stronger sanctions" against [[Pyongyang]] to persuade it to abandon its [[North Korea and weapons of mass destruction|nuclear weapons programme]].<ref name=reuters/> This was followed by [[United States Ambassador to the United Nations]] [[Susan Rice]] who claimed the resolution was "unprecedented" and has "teeth that will bite".<ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/newsMaps/idUSTRE55B4UB20090612 U.S. envoy Rice praises U.N. resolution on North Korea], Reuters, 12 June 2009</ref> The resolution was a "strong and united international response" to the testing of the nuclear device.<ref name=un1/>


===Security Council elected members===
===Security Council elected members===
Line 24: Line 24:
{{flag|Costa Rica}}: Permanent Representative [[Jorge Urbina]] echoed the views of the rest of the Council, and urged the country to return to international systems of dialogue.<ref name=un1/>
{{flag|Costa Rica}}: Permanent Representative [[Jorge Urbina]] echoed the views of the rest of the Council, and urged the country to return to international systems of dialogue.<ref name=un1/>


{{flag|Japan}}: Permanent Representative [[Yukio Takasu]] welcomed the resolution, describing the DPRK's actions as an "irresponsible act" which constituted a threat to his country. He hoped the resolution adopted would change the actions of North Korea.<ref name=un1/> The [[Japan]]ese [[Prime Minister of Japan|Prime Minister]] [[Taro Aso]] also urged North Korea to take the resolution "seriously".<ref>[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-06/13/content_11533746.htm Japanese PM urges DPRK to take UN resolution "seriously"], Xinhua News Agency, June 13, 2009</ref>
{{flag|Japan}}: Permanent Representative [[Yukio Takasu]] welcomed the resolution, describing the DPRK's actions as an "irresponsible act" which constituted a threat to his country. He hoped the resolution adopted would change the actions of North Korea.<ref name=un1/> The [[Japan]]ese [[Prime Minister of Japan|Prime Minister]] [[Taro Aso]] also urged North Korea to take the resolution "seriously".<ref>[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-06/13/content_11533746.htm Japanese PM urges DPRK to take UN resolution "seriously"], Xinhua News Agency, 13 June 2009</ref>


{{flag|Libya}}: Permanent Representative Abdurrahman Mohamed Shalgham said the world would not enjoy security until all nuclear weapons were eliminated. He said the international community had failed to reward Libya for ceasing its nuclear programme and hoped similar sanctions would be applied to [[Israel]]. Shalgham also said that while his country did not normally support sanctions which harm the population, in this case this was the best way forward to bring about a solution to the situation.<ref name=un1/>
{{flag|Libya}}: Permanent Representative Abdurrahman Mohamed Shalgham said the world would not enjoy security until all nuclear weapons were eliminated. He said the international community had failed to reward Libya for ceasing its nuclear programme and hoped similar sanctions would be applied to [[Israel]]. Shalgham also said that while his country did not normally support sanctions which harm the population, in this case this was the best way forward to bring about a solution to the situation.<ref name=un1/>
Line 43: Line 43:
* Authorization of member states to inspect, "in accordance with their national authorities and legislation, and consistent with international law," North Korean cargo on land, sea and air, and to destroy any goods suspected of being connected to the DPRK's nuclear programme.<ref name=bbc/>
* Authorization of member states to inspect, "in accordance with their national authorities and legislation, and consistent with international law," North Korean cargo on land, sea and air, and to destroy any goods suspected of being connected to the DPRK's nuclear programme.<ref name=bbc/>
* Requires the [[Government of North Korea|North Korean government]] to return immediately to the [[six-party talks]] and renounce its announcement of withdrawal from the [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty]].<ref name=afp/>
* Requires the [[Government of North Korea|North Korean government]] to return immediately to the [[six-party talks]] and renounce its announcement of withdrawal from the [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty]].<ref name=afp/>
* Preventing financial services that could contribute to the nuclear or [[ballistic missile]] related programmes.<ref name=reuters1>[http://www.reuters.com/article/newsMaps/idUSTRE55B4AZ20090612 Key excerpts from U.N. North Korea resolution], Reuters, June 12, 2009</ref>
* Preventing financial services that could contribute to the nuclear or [[ballistic missile]] related programmes.<ref name=reuters1>[http://www.reuters.com/article/newsMaps/idUSTRE55B4AZ20090612 Key excerpts from U.N. North Korea resolution], Reuters, 12 June 2009</ref>
* Instructs member states not to provide financial assistance to the DPRK nuclear programme, or enter into loans with the country, except for [[Humanitarianism|humanitarian]] or developmental reasons.<ref name=reuters1/>
* Instructs member states not to provide financial assistance to the DPRK nuclear programme, or enter into loans with the country, except for [[Humanitarianism|humanitarian]] or developmental reasons.<ref name=reuters1/>
* Extending the [[arms embargo]] on North Korea by banning all weapons exports from the country and most imports, with an exception to [[small arms]], light weapons and related materiel &ndash; though member states must notify the Security Council five days prior to selling the weapons.<ref name=telegraph>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/5517205/North-Korea-resolution-key-points.html North Korea resolution: key points], ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', June 12, 2009</ref><ref>[http://www.presstv.ir/detail.aspx?id=97934&sectionid=351020405 UN resolution bans N. Korea arms exports], [[Press TV]], June 12, 2009</ref>
* Extending the [[arms embargo]] on North Korea by banning all weapons exports from the country and most imports, with an exception to [[small arms]], light weapons and related materiel &ndash; though member states must notify the Security Council five days prior to selling the weapons.<ref name=telegraph>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/5517205/North-Korea-resolution-key-points.html North Korea resolution: key points], ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', 12 June 2009</ref><ref>[http://www.presstv.ir/detail.aspx?id=97934&sectionid=351020405 UN resolution bans N. Korea arms exports], [[Press TV]], 12 June 2009</ref>
* Demands that North Korea halt its [[nuclear weapon]]s programme and conduct no further nuclear or missile tests.<ref name=telegraph/>
* Demands that North Korea halt its [[nuclear weapon]]s programme and conduct no further nuclear or missile tests.<ref name=telegraph/>
* Asks member states to notify the Council of steps they are taking to implement the sanctions within 45 days.<ref name=xinhua>[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-06/13/content_11533608.htm UN Security Council adopts resolution expanding sanctions on DPRK], [[Xinhua News Agency]], June 13, 2009</ref>
* Asks member states to notify the Council of steps they are taking to implement the sanctions within 45 days.<ref name=xinhua>[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-06/13/content_11533608.htm UN Security Council adopts resolution expanding sanctions on DPRK], [[Xinhua News Agency]], 13 June 2009</ref>
* Affirming the Security Council's commitment to a peaceful, diplomatic resolution to the situation.<ref name=xinhua/>
* Affirming the Security Council's commitment to a peaceful, diplomatic resolution to the situation.<ref name=xinhua/>


==North Korean reaction==
==North Korean reaction==
An official newspaper said that the country would consider any new sanctions imposed as a "declaration of war".<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/5512806/US-fears-third-nuclear-test-in-North-Korea.html US fears third nuclear test in North Korea], ''The Daily Telegraph'', June 12, 2009</ref> In response, a statement from the Foreign Ministry, carried by the official [[Korean Central News Agency]], said that the country would "weaponise all [[plutonium]]" and had reprocessed more than "one-third of our spent nuclear fuel rods".<ref name=bbc1>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/8098484.stm North Korea in plutonium threat], BBC News Online, 13 June 2009</ref><ref>[http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia-pacific/2009/06/200961361534368421.html N Korea defiant after new sanctions ], [[Al Jazeera]], 13 June 2009</ref> It also announced it would start [[Enriched uranium|uranium enrichment]].<ref name=bbc1/> The statement also considered any attempt at a blockade as an "act of war that will be met with a decisive military response", accusing the resolution of being a product of a U.S.-led offensive against the country.<ref>[http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/national/2009/06/13/42/0301000000AEN20090613003400315F.HTML N. Korea to push ahead with uranium enrichment over U.N. sanctions], [[Yonhap]], 13 June 2009</ref>
An official newspaper said that the country would consider any new sanctions imposed as a "declaration of war".<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/5512806/US-fears-third-nuclear-test-in-North-Korea.html US fears third nuclear test in North Korea], ''The Daily Telegraph'', 12 June 2009</ref> In response, a statement from the Foreign Ministry, carried by the official [[Korean Central News Agency]], said that the country would "weaponise all [[plutonium]]" and had reprocessed more than "one-third of our spent nuclear fuel rods".<ref name=bbc1>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/8098484.stm North Korea in plutonium threat], BBC News Online, 13 June 2009</ref><ref>[http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia-pacific/2009/06/200961361534368421.html N Korea defiant after new sanctions ], [[Al Jazeera]], 13 June 2009</ref> It also announced it would start [[Enriched uranium|uranium enrichment]].<ref name=bbc1/> The statement also considered any attempt at a blockade as an "act of war that will be met with a decisive military response", accusing the resolution of being a product of a U.S.-led offensive against the country.<ref>[http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/national/2009/06/13/42/0301000000AEN20090613003400315F.HTML N. Korea to push ahead with uranium enrichment over U.N. sanctions], [[Yonhap]], 13 June 2009</ref>


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 21:13, 13 June 2009

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1874 was adopted unanimously by the United Nations Security Council on 12 June 2009.[1] The resolution, passed under Chapter VII, Article 41, of the UN Charter, imposes further economic and commercial sanctions on the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (the DPRK, or North Korea) and encourages UN member states to search North Korean cargo, in the aftermath of an underground nuclear test conducted on 25 May 2009.

Adoption

Adopting the resolution unanimously, the Council condemned the nuclear test which was in "violation and flagrant disregard" of previous Council resolutions 1695 and 1718.[1] The resolution is now binding under international law.[2]

Security Council permanent members

 People's Republic of China: Ambassador Zheng Yusi said China voted in favour of the resolution as actions by North Korea were in "disregard for the international community’s common objective". However, he stressed that the diplomatic means should be employed rather than merely imposing sanctions, and the resolution should not "adversely impact the country’s development, or humanitarian assistance to it".[3] He also urged against the use of force when inspecting North Korean cargo.[4]

 France: Ambassador Jean-Maurice Ripert remarked that the DPRK had been "engaged in a secret nuclear programme" which increased its threat. He said that the country had increased tensions in the region by firing missiles and the Security Council had responded to that by imposing tough sanctions on the regime, though he mentioned that the Council was concerned about the population.[3]

 Russia: Envoy Vitaly Churkin said the measures adopted were "substantive and targeted in nature", and "clearly tied to ending the DPRK programme to create nuclear missiles".[5] He insisted the sanctions did not target the North Korean people, which was a key issue with his delegation. He also insisted that any sanctions be lifted once North Korea co-operates.[3]

 United Kingdom: Deputy ambassador Philip Parham said the adoption of the resolution shows that "the international community is united in condemning North Korea's proliferation activities."[6]

 United States: Envoy Rosemary DiCarlo said that the resolution created "markedly stronger sanctions" against Pyongyang to persuade it to abandon its nuclear weapons programme.[4] This was followed by United States Ambassador to the United Nations Susan Rice who claimed the resolution was "unprecedented" and has "teeth that will bite".[7] The resolution was a "strong and united international response" to the testing of the nuclear device.[3]

Security Council elected members

 Austria: Ambassador Thomas Mayr-Harting said the resolution was a "clear, appropriate and unequivocal" response to North Korea's actions. He called for the country to rejoin the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT).[3]

 Burkina Faso: Deputy Representative Paul Robert Tiendrébéogo supported the resolution emphasising his country's aspiration for a nuclear-free world and the right to peaceful use of nuclear energy. He called on North Korea to co-operate with the International Atomic Energy Agency, six-party talks and other institutions stressing that the country should "choose dialogue".[3]

 Croatia: Ambassador Ranko Vilović mentioned that the sanctions were not targeted towards the North Korean population, but called on North Korea to accede to the CTBT and six-party talks.[3]

 Costa Rica: Permanent Representative Jorge Urbina echoed the views of the rest of the Council, and urged the country to return to international systems of dialogue.[3]

 Japan: Permanent Representative Yukio Takasu welcomed the resolution, describing the DPRK's actions as an "irresponsible act" which constituted a threat to his country. He hoped the resolution adopted would change the actions of North Korea.[3] The Japanese Prime Minister Taro Aso also urged North Korea to take the resolution "seriously".[8]

 Libya: Permanent Representative Abdurrahman Mohamed Shalgham said the world would not enjoy security until all nuclear weapons were eliminated. He said the international community had failed to reward Libya for ceasing its nuclear programme and hoped similar sanctions would be applied to Israel. Shalgham also said that while his country did not normally support sanctions which harm the population, in this case this was the best way forward to bring about a solution to the situation.[3]

 Mexico: Ambassador Claude Heller said the resolution was a "clear message" that North Korea's actions were unacceptable to the international community. He remarked that recent actions by the DPRK were in violation of Security Council resolutions which undermined aspirations for a nuclear-free world and urged North Korea to "completely and permanently" cease further nuclear tests.[3]

 Turkey: Speaking in his national capacity, the current Council President Baki İlkin said recent actions by North Korea undermined stability, mutual trust and confidence in the region, which the Turkish government strongly condemned. He urged the country to rejoin the six-party talks, seeing them as the best way forward to ensure denuclearization on the Korean peninsula.[3]

 Uganda: Permanent Representative Ruhakana Rugunda echoed the sentiment of the Council, as it was "important to achieve non-proliferation on the Korean peninsula".[3]

 Vietnam: Representative Le Luong Minh supported the consensus of the Council, emphasising his country's commitment to non-proliferation but remarked that the sanctions should not adversely affect the population of North Korea.[3]

Other UN member

 South Korea: South Korea was invited to participate during the session. Representative Park In-kook said the nuclear test violated Council resolutions and "defied warnings from the international community" which threatened peace and stability in the region, thus all member states should ensure they implement the sanctions fully. He said the South Korean government strongly urged the North to rejoin the six-party talks and to abandon its nuclear weapons and missile programmes.[3]

Provisions

The provisions of the resolution include:

  • Authorization of member states to inspect, "in accordance with their national authorities and legislation, and consistent with international law," North Korean cargo on land, sea and air, and to destroy any goods suspected of being connected to the DPRK's nuclear programme.[2]
  • Requires the North Korean government to return immediately to the six-party talks and renounce its announcement of withdrawal from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.[6]
  • Preventing financial services that could contribute to the nuclear or ballistic missile related programmes.[9]
  • Instructs member states not to provide financial assistance to the DPRK nuclear programme, or enter into loans with the country, except for humanitarian or developmental reasons.[9]
  • Extending the arms embargo on North Korea by banning all weapons exports from the country and most imports, with an exception to small arms, light weapons and related materiel – though member states must notify the Security Council five days prior to selling the weapons.[10][11]
  • Demands that North Korea halt its nuclear weapons programme and conduct no further nuclear or missile tests.[10]
  • Asks member states to notify the Council of steps they are taking to implement the sanctions within 45 days.[12]
  • Affirming the Security Council's commitment to a peaceful, diplomatic resolution to the situation.[12]

North Korean reaction

An official newspaper said that the country would consider any new sanctions imposed as a "declaration of war".[13] In response, a statement from the Foreign Ministry, carried by the official Korean Central News Agency, said that the country would "weaponise all plutonium" and had reprocessed more than "one-third of our spent nuclear fuel rods".[14][15] It also announced it would start uranium enrichment.[14] The statement also considered any attempt at a blockade as an "act of war that will be met with a decisive military response", accusing the resolution of being a product of a U.S.-led offensive against the country.[16]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Security Council imposes tougher sanctions on DPR Korea, UN News Centre, 12 June 2009
  2. ^ a b UN toughens North Korea sanctions, BBC News Online, 12 June 2009
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Text of resolution, UN Press Centre
  4. ^ a b U.N. council expands sanctions against North Korea, Reuters, 12 June 2009
  5. ^ UN Votes to Punish North Korea for Nuclear Test, Bloomberg, 12 June 2009
  6. ^ a b Security Council adopts tougher NKorea sanctions, AFP, 12 June 2009
  7. ^ U.S. envoy Rice praises U.N. resolution on North Korea, Reuters, 12 June 2009
  8. ^ Japanese PM urges DPRK to take UN resolution "seriously", Xinhua News Agency, 13 June 2009
  9. ^ a b Key excerpts from U.N. North Korea resolution, Reuters, 12 June 2009
  10. ^ a b North Korea resolution: key points, The Daily Telegraph, 12 June 2009
  11. ^ UN resolution bans N. Korea arms exports, Press TV, 12 June 2009
  12. ^ a b UN Security Council adopts resolution expanding sanctions on DPRK, Xinhua News Agency, 13 June 2009
  13. ^ US fears third nuclear test in North Korea, The Daily Telegraph, 12 June 2009
  14. ^ a b North Korea in plutonium threat, BBC News Online, 13 June 2009
  15. ^ N Korea defiant after new sanctions , Al Jazeera, 13 June 2009
  16. ^ N. Korea to push ahead with uranium enrichment over U.N. sanctions, Yonhap, 13 June 2009
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