Anthropomorphism: Difference between revisions
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[[Image:Universeface.jpg|thumb|180px|An anthropomorphic cat.]] |
[[Image:Universeface.jpg|thumb|180px|An anthropomorphic cat.]] |
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'''Anthropomorphism''' is the attribution of [[human]] characteristics to non-human creatures and beings, phenomena, material states |
'''Anthropomorphism''' is the attribution of [[human]] characteristics to non-human creatures and beings, phenomena, material states and objects or abstract concepts. Examples include [[animal]]s and [[plant]]s depicted as creatures with human motivation able to reason and converse and forces of [[nature]] such as winds, rain or the sun. The term derives from the combination of the [[Greek language|Greek]] {{Polytonic|ἄνθρωπος}} (''{{lang|grc-Latn|ánthrōpos}}''), "human" and {{lang|grc|μορφή}} (''{{lang|grc-Latn|morphē}}''), "shape" or "form". |
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It is strongly associated with art and storytelling where it has ancient roots. Most cultures possess a long-standing [[fable]] tradition with anthropomorphised animals as characters that can stand as commonly recognised [[Type (metaphysics)|types]] of human behaviour. |
It is strongly associated with art and storytelling where it has ancient roots. Most cultures possess a long-standing [[fable]] tradition with anthropomorphised animals as characters that can stand as commonly recognised [[Type (metaphysics)|types]] of human behaviour. |
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In [[religion]] and [[mythology]], anthropomorphism refers to the perception of a divine being or beings in human form, or the recognition of human qualities in these beings. Many mythologies are concerned with anthropomorphic [[deity|deities]] who express human characteristics such as [[jealousy]], [[hatred]], or [[love]]. The [[family tree of the Greek gods|Greek gods]], such as [[Zeus]] and [[Apollo (god)|Apollo]], were often depicted in human form exhibiting human traits.{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}} Anthropomorphism in this case is referred to as [[anthropotheism]].<ref>{{cite web |title=anthropotheism |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Anthropotheism |date=2008 |work=Ologies & -Isms |publisher=The Gale Group, Inc. |accessdate=23 August 2009}}</ref> |
In [[religion]] and [[mythology]], anthropomorphism refers to the perception of a divine being or beings in human form, or the recognition of human qualities in these beings. Many mythologies are concerned with anthropomorphic [[deity|deities]] who express human characteristics such as [[jealousy]], [[hatred]], or [[love]]. The [[family tree of the Greek gods|Greek gods]], such as [[Zeus]] and [[Apollo (god)|Apollo]], were often depicted in human form exhibiting human traits.{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}} Anthropomorphism in this case is referred to as [[anthropotheism]].<ref>{{cite web |title=anthropotheism |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Anthropotheism |date=2008 |work=Ologies & -Isms |publisher=The Gale Group, Inc. |accessdate=23 August 2009}}</ref> |
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Numerous [[sect]]s throughout history have been called [[wikt:anthropomorphite|anthropomorphites]] attributing such things as hands and eyes to God, including a sect in [[Egypt]] in the 4th century, and an heretical, 10th-century sect, who literally interpreted [[Book of Genesis]] chapter 1, verse 27: "So God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female |
Numerous [[sect]]s throughout history have been called [[wikt:anthropomorphite|anthropomorphites]] attributing such things as hands and eyes to God, including a sect in [[Egypt]] in the 4th century, and an heretical, 10th-century sect, who literally interpreted [[Book of Genesis]] chapter 1, verse 27: "So God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them."<ref name="1728Cyclopedia">{{1728}} [http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/HistSciTech/HistSciTech-idx?type=turn&entity=HistSciTech000900240147&isize=L Anthropomorphite].</ref> |
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From the perspective of adherents of religions in which humans were created in the form of the divine, the [[phenomenon]] may be considered [[ |
From the perspective of adherents of religions in which humans were created in the form of the divine, the [[phenomenon]] may be considered [[theomorphism]], or the giving of divine qualities to humans. |
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===Criticism=== |
===Criticism=== |
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The Greek philosopher [[Xenophanes]] (570–480 BC) said that "the greatest god" resembles man "neither in form nor in mind."<ref>[[Clement of Alexandria]], ''Miscellanies'' V xiv 109.1–3</ref> Anthropomorphism of God is rejected by [[Judaism]] and [[Islam]], which both believe that God is beyond human limits of physical comprehension. Judaism's rejection grew after{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} the advent of Christianity, which claimed Jesus was a physical manifestation of God, until becoming codified in 13 principles of Jewish faith authored by [[Maimonides]] in the |
The Greek philosopher [[Xenophanes]] (570–480 BC) said that "the greatest god" resembles man "neither in form nor in mind."<ref>[[Clement of Alexandria]], ''Miscellanies'' V xiv 109.1–3</ref> Anthropomorphism of God is rejected by [[Judaism]] and [[Islam]], which both believe that God is beyond human limits of physical comprehension. Judaism's rejection grew after{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} the advent of Christianity, which claimed Jesus was a physical manifestation of God, until becoming codified in 13 principles of Jewish faith authored by [[Maimonides]] in the 12th Century. |
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In his |
In his book ''Faces in the Clouds: A New Theory of Religion'', [[Stewart Elliott Guthrie]] theorizes that all religions are anthropomorphisms that originate due to the brain's tendency to detect the presence or vestiges of other humans in natural phenomena.<ref>{{cite book |
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|last=Guthrie |
|last=Guthrie |
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|first= |
|first=Stewart |
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|authorlink=Stewart Elliott Guthrie |
|authorlink=Stewart Elliott Guthrie |
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|title= Faces in the Clouds: A New Theory of Religion |
|title= Faces in the Clouds: A New Theory of Religion |
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|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=dZNAQh6TuwIC&dq=Faces+in+the+Clouds:+A+New+Theory+of+Religion&printsec=frontcover&source=bn&hl=en&ei=zkIxSvGuJ6GqtgeLlYzrBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4#PPA7,M1 |
|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=dZNAQh6TuwIC&dq=Faces+in+the+Clouds:+A+New+Theory+of+Religion&printsec=frontcover&source=bn&hl=en&ei=zkIxSvGuJ6GqtgeLlYzrBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4#PPA7,M1 |
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|publisher=Oxford University Press |
|publisher=Oxford University Press |
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|page=7 |
|page=7 |
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|date=1995 |
|date=1995 |
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* [[Zoomorphism]] |
* [[Zoomorphism]] |
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* [[List of anthropomorphic personifications]] |
* [[List of anthropomorphic personifications]] |
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* [[Flying Spaghetti Monster |
* [[Flying Spaghetti Monster]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 18:19, 9 October 2009
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (June 2009) |
Anthropomorphism is the attribution of human characteristics to non-human creatures and beings, phenomena, material states and objects or abstract concepts. Examples include animals and plants depicted as creatures with human motivation able to reason and converse and forces of nature such as winds, rain or the sun. The term derives from the combination of the Greek ἄνθρωπος (ánthrōpos), "human" and μορφή (morphē), "shape" or "form".
It is strongly associated with art and storytelling where it has ancient roots. Most cultures possess a long-standing fable tradition with anthropomorphised animals as characters that can stand as commonly recognised types of human behaviour.
Anthropomorphic animals are often used as mascots for sports teams or sporting events, often represented by humans in costumes.
In religions and mythologies
In religion and mythology, anthropomorphism refers to the perception of a divine being or beings in human form, or the recognition of human qualities in these beings. Many mythologies are concerned with anthropomorphic deities who express human characteristics such as jealousy, hatred, or love. The Greek gods, such as Zeus and Apollo, were often depicted in human form exhibiting human traits.[citation needed] Anthropomorphism in this case is referred to as anthropotheism.[1]
Numerous sects throughout history have been called anthropomorphites attributing such things as hands and eyes to God, including a sect in Egypt in the 4th century, and an heretical, 10th-century sect, who literally interpreted Book of Genesis chapter 1, verse 27: "So God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them."[2]
From the perspective of adherents of religions in which humans were created in the form of the divine, the phenomenon may be considered theomorphism, or the giving of divine qualities to humans.
Criticism
The Greek philosopher Xenophanes (570–480 BC) said that "the greatest god" resembles man "neither in form nor in mind."[3] Anthropomorphism of God is rejected by Judaism and Islam, which both believe that God is beyond human limits of physical comprehension. Judaism's rejection grew after[citation needed] the advent of Christianity, which claimed Jesus was a physical manifestation of God, until becoming codified in 13 principles of Jewish faith authored by Maimonides in the 12th Century.
In his book Faces in the Clouds: A New Theory of Religion, Stewart Elliott Guthrie theorizes that all religions are anthropomorphisms that originate due to the brain's tendency to detect the presence or vestiges of other humans in natural phenomena.[4]
In literature
Anthropomorphism is a well established literary device from early times. Aesop's Fables, a collection of short tales written by the ancient Greek citizen Aesop, make extensive use of anthropomorphism, in which animals and weather are used to illustrate simple moral lessons. The books Panchatantra (The Five principles) and The Jataka tales employ anthropomorphised animals to illustrate various principles of life.
See also
- Anthropocentrism
- Furry fandom
- Humanoid
- Kemono
- Moe anthropomorphism
- National personification
- Stereotypes of animals
- Talking animals in fiction
- Zoomorphism
- List of anthropomorphic personifications
- Flying Spaghetti Monster
References
- ^ "anthropotheism". Ologies & -Isms. The Gale Group, Inc. 2008. Retrieved 23 August 2009.
- ^
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chambers, Ephraim, ed. (1728). Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (1st ed.). James and John Knapton, et al. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) Anthropomorphite. - ^ Clement of Alexandria, Miscellanies V xiv 109.1–3
- ^ Guthrie, Stewart (1995). Faces in the Clouds: A New Theory of Religion. Oxford University Press. p. 7. ISBN 0195098919.
External links
- Anthropomorphism at The Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy, and Spaceflight
- the Flying Spaghetti Monster
