Male prostitution

"Gigolo" redirects here. For other uses, see Gigolo (disambiguation).

Male prostitution is the sale of sexual services (prostitution) by a male (a gigolo, manwhore, hooker, rentboy, boy2rent, rentman, callboy, hustler, or male prostitute). The gender of the customer and the sexual act(s) or sexual behavior that the prostitute engages in with that person may not correspond to the prostitute's own sexual orientation. Compared to female sex workers, male sex workers have been far less studied by researchers, and while studies suggest that there are differences between the ways these two groups look at their work, more research is needed.

Slang

Common slang terms for males involved in prostitution in the Anglosphere include "man-whores" or "man-whore" , "man-sluts" or "man-slut" , "rentmen" or "rentman" , "rentboys" or "rentboy" , "boys2rent" or "boy2rent", "boy4rent", "boys4rent" , "hustlers" or "hustler" , "working-boys" or "working-boy" , "trade-boys" or "trade-boy" , "call-boys" or "call-boy", "gigolos" or "gigolo", and "boss" or "da-boss" or "magnus dandy mørk"

Slang terms from other regions include: Template:Multicol

• hímringyó, meaning "male whore" (Hungarian)
• taxi boys (Argentina and to a lesser extent in Chile)
• pinguero, jinetero (Cuba)
• cachero, puto, prostituto (Ecuador)
• chapero, prostituto, puto, gigolo (Spain)
• flete, gigolo or gigolón (Peru)
• Prostituto (Portugal); for comparison, the word used for female prostitutes is prostituta
• jigolo (pl. jigololar) (Turkey)

• chichifo (pl. chichifos), puto, prostituto, chacal, mayate (Mexico)
• callboys (Germany and in the Philippines)
• maricon (Cuba)
• Masajista, puto (Colombia)
• Stricher (Germany; Stricher is a potentially more derogatory term, compared to callboy)
• 鸭子 → yāzǐ, meaning "duck" (Mainland China)
• gigolò, puttano, marchetta (Italy)
• garoto de programa, meaning "program boy", michê, michet, gigolô (Brazil)

• Tapins (France) gigolo, escorte (France and Quebec)
• Trækkerdreng meaning "boy that walks the streets" (Denmark)
• жиголо - zhyholo (Ukraine)
• жиголо - zhigolo (Bulgaria and Russia)
• жиголо - žigolo (Serbia)
• ζιγκολό - zingolo (Greece)
• 男娼 - danshou (Japan)
• شرموط - Sharmoot (Arabic)

• zhigolo (Albania - Kosovo)
• żigolo, żigolak, męska dziwka (male whore) (Poland)
• 남창(男娼) - namchang, meaning "male prostitute" (South Korea)
• Sanky Panky,Bugarron (Dominican Republic)
• escorta, puto (Puerto Rico)
• kucing (Garong), meaning "cat" (Indonesia)
• rattopoika, meaning "pastime boy" (Finland)
• trai bao ("bought boy"), trai gọi ("call boy"), đĩ đực ("male prostitute") (Vietnam)

The rentboy (rent boy) name is derived either from the fact that the boys were renting themselves out, or that they paid their rent with their earnings. A man who does not regard himself as gay, but who is prepared to have sex with male clients for money, is sometimes called "gay for pay" or "rough trade". Male prostitutes offering services to female customers are sometimes known as "gigolos".

The name boys2rent (boys 2 rent) does not symbolize the possession between a client and the boy and/or a pimp and the boy renting himself. "Boys2rent" prefer to be labeled as independent working-boys not represented by a pimp and boys who have the freedoms to choose what clients they wish to take.

Clients, especially those who pick up prostitutes on the street or in bars, are sometimes called "johns" or "tricks". Those working in prostitution sometimes refer to their trade as "turning tricks".

People who prostitute themselves with others while in an amorous/sexual relationship are sometimes said to hustle "on the side".

Male prostitution in other cultures and periods

See also: Category:Prostitution by country

Male prostitution has been found in all advanced cultures. The practice in the ancient world of the selling of sexual favors by men or women in sacred shrines, or sacred prostitution, is attested to in the Old Testament.

Prostitutes in ancient Greece were generally slaves, as prostitutes could lose their civic rights. A well known case is Phaedo of Elis who was captured in war and forced into slavery and prostitution, but was eventually ransomed to become a pupil of Socrates and give his name to Plato's Phaedo. Ancient Greece and ancient Rome both saw the existence of male brothels.

Work as a same-sex male prostitute in the Medieval Islamic world was similarly restricted to social "inferiors" such as boys and slaves, and while frequenting prostitutes was considered a sin, the practice was nevertheless tolerated.

Historical evidence from court records and vice investigations shows male prostitution in what is now the United States as early as the late 1600s. With the expansion of urban areas and aggregation of gay communities toward the end of the nineteenth century male/male prostitution became more apparent, and included baths, brothels such as the Paresis Hall in the Bowery district of New York, and prostitution bars in which so-called "fairies" solicited other men for sex and received a commission for selling drinks.

• Bacchá – in northern Turkic-speaking areas of Central Asia, an adolescent of twelve to sixteen who was a performer practiced in erotic songs and suggestive dancing and was available as a sex worker.
• Hijra a physically male or intersex person who may enter into prostitution. However not all Hijras are prostitutes, many consider themselves to have a female identity in a male body and accept this as a sacred condition or gift. They dress as women and dance at weddings, child births, and other happy occasions. Many Hijras in Pakistan consider themselves to be quite religious as well.
• Jinetero – literally "horse jockey" (i.e. someone who "rides" tourists), this is a term used to describe Cuban male prostitutes (female prostitutes are called "jinetera").
• Kagema – young male prostitutes in Edo period of Japan whose clients were largely adult men.
• Sanky-panky – a male sex worker in the Caribbean who solicits on beaches and has clients of both sexes.

Present-day male prostitution

Venues

Clients and male sex workers match up in several ways. Male sex workers are often referred to by different names based on where they find their clients. Men working on the street, in bathhouses, or parks are typically known as "hustlers"; men working in bars are called "bar hustlers" if they are not dancing, or "go-go boys" or "exotic dancers" if they are dancing or stripping at a club. Men advertising for clients in print media or via the Internet are typically known as "escorts," "massage/masseurs," or "rent boys." There are two kinds of escorts: independent and agency-based. The number of street workers (hustlers) has been declining with the advent of Internet-based resources, but the need for quick cash by homeless or poor men guarantees the continued availability of street hustlers.

The following categorization of the male prostitute is not exhaustive:

Online

Professional escorts tend to advertise independently on male escorting websites, or else through an escorting agency.

Print advertisements

Most major U.S. cities have weekly gay-oriented newspapers or magazines. Various people who are frequently willing to engage in prostitution, often advertise in the backs of these publications.

Streets, bars, and clubs

The male hustler may solicit clients on the street (such as pre-1990s Times Square in New York, Santa Monica Boulevard in Los Angeles, "the Wall" in Sydney's Darlinghurst, the Porte Dauphine in Paris, Polk Street Gulch in San Francisco, Taksim Square in Istanbul, or in another public space (like a bus terminal, park or rest stop), in a bar (such as the former gay hustler bars Rounds in New York or Numbers in Los Angeles, or go-go bars in Thailand and the Philippines) or a dance club.

Most big cities have an area where hustlers regularly make themselves available to potential clients cruising by in cars. The informal name of such an area varies by the city, but it can be known as "the block" or "the hill." These areas are dangerous for both the client and the hustler, since local residents quickly figure out what is happening and report it to the police. However, the element of danger may be part of the appeal of a cruisy area.

The line between escort services and other services can sometimes be complicated: although the men working at a Host club (initially found in Japan, but expanding worldwide), are paid to offer conversation and companionship to female clients, the encounters may also involve prostitution.

Bathhouses and sex clubs

Hustlers may attempt to work in gay bathhouses or sex clubs, but prostitution is usually prohibited in such places, and known prostitutes are often banned.

Male brothels

A hustler may also work in a male brothel or "stable." This is common in South-East Asia (Thailand, Manila) and may also be found in some larger U.S. cities. The pimp is relatively rare in male prostitution in the West, where most hustlers generally work independently or, less frequently, through an agency.

In November 2005, Heidi Fleiss announced that she had partnered with brothel owner Joe Richards to turn Richards' existing Cherry Patch Ranch brothel in Crystal, Nevada into an establishment that would employ male prostitutes and cater exclusively to female customers, a first in Nevada (see Prostitution in Nevada). These plans were later abandoned.

Up until 2009 when it outlawed all prostitution, Rhode Island was the only U.S. State to allow male sex workers to work legally. (See also: Prostitution in Rhode Island.)

In order to work in a legal brothel in Nevada, a cervical exam is required by law; therefore males are technically not allowed to work as prostitutes. In late 2009 the owner of the Shady Lady Ranch brothel challenged this provision before the Nye County Licensing and Liquor Board and prevailed. The brothel then proceeded to hire a male prostitute to serve female customers.

In the UK, male brothels are advertised as massage parlours. Theoretically it is still unlawful to run a 'disorderly house' but the last prosecution on this basis was in 1990 against a gay sauna in Streatham.

In January 2010, a luxurious brothel for gay men was opened in an industrial part of Zurich, the first gay brothel in Switzerland.

Sex tourism

In contrast to most of the other venues sex tourism in regards to male prostitution caters mainly to mostly female clients with the exception of Thailand. Women travel to Southern Europe (Italy, Greece, Croatia and Spain), to the Caribbean Basin (Jamaica, Barbados, Dominican Republic, and Martinique), Genoa and Kenya in Africa, Bali, Indonesia and Phuket in Thailand to enjoy sex tourism. Nepal, Morocco, Fiji, Ecuador and Costa Rica are less popular. Here, women travel specific locations to enjoy a holiday and find a "temporary boyfriend" who will provide escort services as not only a dining companion, tourist guide, dancing companion/instructor and often procurer of softer illicit drugs like marijuana and ecstasy, but also to provide sex services. German women frequent Sosua in the Dominican Republic, Greece, and Morocco. The Japanese prefer Bali in Indonesia and Canadians and Scandinavian females seem to be open market consumers. The women are of every age but are predominantly middle-aged women looking for a romance and sex. Male prostitution is increasingly visible in India. Gigolo service in India is growing. But there are cases of harassment of client women by gigolos.

Price

Price is determined by supply and demand; many factors including age, attractiveness, endowment, sexual position, race, personality, skill in bed, length of time spent with the client, ability to maintain an erection, charm, willingness to engage in different fetishes, fame and reputation, affect the demand of the prostitute. Further, an prostitute will sometime charge over or under his perceived market value in order to affect the number of bookings he gets.

It should be pointed out that "high end" prostitutes are not the norm or the bulk of male prostitutes, even in the United States. Many more are "rentboys", young men who have varying degrees of financial stability and use prostitution as a method of supplementing their income. In these situations, charging US$100 or more an hour, even charging by the hour, is rare.

Full-time or professional prostitutes tend to charge more than newcomers or people who only occasionally work.

As a benchmark, a young, very attractive, full-service professional prostitute in a major U.S. city typically charges between US$200-US$250 per hour with the most prestigious charging upwards of US$400 per hour, although the bulk of less high-end prostitutes in the same cities charge a maximum of US$150 per hour. Similar high-end prostitutes in major cities in the United Kingdom typically charge between GB£80 and GB£120 per hour. The highest average prices for top-tier prostitutes are in Manhattan, Los Angeles and London. High-end male prostitutes typically charge less than high-end female prostitutes, who can bill over US$2,000 per hour, often with a multi-hour minimum.

Risks

As in all forms of prostitution, the male prostitute and his client can face a number of risks and problems: health-related including sexually transmitted diseases, drug-use, physical abuse; legal/criminal including solicitation, drug and age of consent laws; societal/familial social stigma, rejection by family and friends, gay-bashing (in the case of male-male prostitution), loss of job; and emotional including sense of exploitation or of leading a "double-life", loss of affect, self-destructiveness. Teenagers and runaways engaging in sex work are particularly at risk. For clients, risk may come from being robbed, or, much more rarely, being blackmailed or physically injured.

When male prostitutes steal from their male clients or take money without "putting out" sexual services, it is sometimes referred to as "rolling a john".

Research suggests that the degree of violence against male prostitutes is somewhat lower than for female sex workers. Men working on the street (hustlers) and younger men (especially teens) appear to be at greatest risk of being victimized by clients. Conversely, the risk posed to clients of male sex workers (in terms of being "rolled") seems to be less than many imagine. This is especially true when clients hire male sex workers from an established agency or when they hire men who have been consistently well reviewed by previous clients.

Legal issues

In the United States, prostitution is illegal (except in some rural counties in Nevada which allow licensed brothels), but in order to work in a brothel in Nevada a cervical exam is required, so men were not allowed to work as prostitutes, until 2009.

Stigma

The difference in age, in social status and in economic status between the hustler and his client is also a major source of social criticism. This same social stigma may also be attached to amorous relationships that do not involve prostitution, but which may be seen by society as a form of "quasi" prostitution. The older member of the relationship may be qualified as a "sugar daddy" or "sugar momma"; the young lover may be a "kept boy" or "toy boy". In the gay community, the members of this kind of couple are sometimes called "dad" and "son" (without implying incest). This social disdain for age/status disparity has been less pronounced in certain cultures at certain historical times (see "Male prostitution in other cultures and periods", above).

For more on the topics of age, exploitation, health risks and the legality of prostitution, see the article prostitution.

Popular culture

Main article: Male prostitution in the arts

The male prostitute or hustler is a frequent literary and cinematic stereotype in the West from the 1960s onwards, especially in movies and books with a gay perspective, in which he may be a stock character, often portrayed either as a tragic figure (as in the film Mysterious Skin in which a male prostitute has a history of molestation) or as an impossible object of love or an idealized rebel. Though less frequent in the cinema and in novels, the male prostitute with an exclusively female clientele (the "gigolo" or "escort") is generally depicted as less tragic than the gay hustler. The film My Own Private Idaho, starring Keanu Reeves and River Phoenix, focuses upon the friendship between two male hustlers.

Academic and feminist studies

The topic of male prostitution has not been overlooked in academic studies by feminist theorists. In a study by feminist theorists Justin Gaffney and Kate Beverley, the insights gained from research on male sex workers in central London allows comparison between the experiences of the 'hidden' population of male prostitutes and the traditionally subordinate position of women in a patriarchal society. Gaffney and Beverley argue that like women, for male sex workers, hegemonic and patriarchal constructs ensure that they also occupy a subordinated position within society.

In contrast, social theorists writing from a poststructural critical theory perspective have claimed that unlike women, for male sex workers, hegemonic misogynistic social constructs ensure that they are seen by "johns" as less likely to take on submissive roles. Based on a series of interviews, Douglas Langston finds the attitude of "johns" and underground male sex workers on gender relations 'remarkably misogynistic,' and compares their attitude to that of the fiction and Christian apologetics of C.S. Lewis. Langston argues that both express a remarkably similar misogyny to the point of male homoerotism, and fetishization of patriarchal domination, especially over subjects seen by other members of society as less likely to take on submissive roles.

See also

• Age of consent
• Female sex tourism
• John (prostitution)
• Sexual tourism

Bibliography

For novels about male prostitution, see Male prostitution in the arts.

• Aggleton, Peter (1999). Men Who Sell Sex: International Perspectives on Male Prostitution and AIDS. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. ISBN 1566396697.
• Elias, James (1998), Prostitution : on whores, hustlers, and johns, Prometheus, ISBN 9781573922296
• Friedman, Mack (2003), Strapped for cash : a history of American hustler culture, Alyson Books, ISBN 9781555837310
• Itiel, Joseph (2002), Sex Workers As Virtual Boyfriends, Routledge, ISBN 9781560231912
• Itiel, Joseph (1998), A Consumer's Guide to Male Hustlers, Routledge, ISBN 9780789005960
• Lawrence, Aaron (2000), The Male Escort's Handbook: Your Guide to Getting Rich the Hard Way, Late Night Press, ISBN 9780966769111
• Padilla, Mark (2007), Caribbean pleasure industry: tourism, sexuality, and AIDS in the Dominican Republic, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 9780226644363
• Preston, John (1994), Hustling: a gentleman's guide to the fine art of homosexual prostitution, Masquerade Books, ISBN 9781563331374
• Saunders, Dean (2008), Nice Work If You Can Get It, John Blake, ISBN 9781844545094
• Steward, Samuel M. (1991), Understanding the male hustler, Routledge, ISBN 9781560241119
• Sycamore, Matt Bernstein (2000), Tricks and treats: sex workers write about their clients, Routledge, ISBN 9780789007032
• Taylor, Jacqueline Sánchez (1997), Marking the margins : research in the informal economy in Cuba and theDominican Republic, Leicester University discussion papers in sociology, no S97/1, University of Leicester, Faculty of Social Sciences, Dept. of Sociology, OCLC 37157551
• Taylor, Jacqueline Sanchez (2001), "Dollars Are a Girl's Best Friend? Female Tourists' Sexual Behaviour in the Caribbean", Sociology, 35.3, Sage Publications: 749–764, ISSN 0038-0385, OCLC 367611972
• Weitzer, Ronald John (2000), Ronald John Weitzer (ed.), Sex for sale: prostitution, pornography, and the sex industry, Routledge, ISBN 9780415922951

External links

• Marching Orders for Sex Workers.
• Reaching Out to Men Involved in Prostitution
• Mary Magdalene Project
• 15 mm: Pop-Culture and the Male Escort.
• "Prostitution, Hustling, and Sex Work" by Heather Lee Miller on 25-Oct-2005
• ""Female sex tourism in Brazil", Beau Monde Press, July 19, 2006
• Beijing, Tom Miller in (7 May 2006). "Boys flocking to be 'ducks' for China's bored housewives". The Observer. 'Women pay,' he says, 'to buy a duck for a few hours of chatting, drinking and flirting. If they then want to rent a hotel room for the night, the price rises.' All the yazi in the nightclub earn as much as seven times the city's average wage.
• The Hipster Rent Boys of New York