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* [[Mike Starr (musician)|Mike Starr]] – bass, backing vocals <small>(1987–1993)</small>
* [[Mike Starr (musician)|Mike Starr]] – bass, backing vocals <small>(1987–1993)</small>
* [[Layne Staley]] – lead vocals, occasional rhythm guitar <small>(1987–2002)</small>
* [[Layne Staley]] – lead vocals, occasional rhythm guitar <small>(1987–2002)</small>
* Slade Ham - [[tambourine]] <small>(1990–1994)</small>


;Touring musicians
;Touring musicians

Revision as of 04:59, 1 July 2010

Alice in Chains

Alice in Chains is an American rock band formed in Seattle, Washington, in 1987 by guitarist Jerry Cantrell and former vocalist Layne Staley. Although widely associated with grunge music, the band's sound incorporates heavy metal and acoustic elements. Since its formation, Alice in Chains has released four studio albums, three EPs, two live albums, four compilations, and two DVDs. The band is known for its distinct vocal style which often included the harmonized vocals of Staley and Cantrell.

Alice in Chains rose to international fame as part of the grunge movement of the early 1990s, along with other Seattle bands such as Nirvana, Pearl Jam and Soundgarden. The band was one of the most successful music acts of the 1990s, selling over 20 million albums worldwide,[1] and over 12 in the US alone.[2] The band achieved two number-one Billboard 200 albums (Jar of Flies and Alice in Chains), 14 top ten songs on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart, and seven Grammy Award nominations.

Although never officially disbanding, Alice in Chains was plagued by extended inactivity due to substance abuse, culminating in the death of Layne Staley in 2002. Alice in Chains reunited in 2005 with new lead vocalist William DuVall and released Black Gives Way to Blue, their first studio album in 14 years, on September 29, 2009.[1]

History

Formation (1986–89)

Vocalist Layne Staley. Staley formed Alice in Chains along with guitarist Jerry Cantrell.

Following the demise of his band Sleeze in 1986, vocalist Layne Staley formed Alice N' Chains, a band which he said "dressed in drag and played speed metal".[3] The new band, featuring guitarist Nick Pollock, bassist Johnny Bacolas, and drummer James Bergstrom, performed around the Seattle area playing Slayer and Armored Saint covers.[4] Staley met guitarist Jerry Cantrell while working at Music Bank rehearsal studios, where the two struggling musicians became roommates, and lived in a rehearsal space they shared. Alice N' Chains soon disbanded and Staley joined a funk band who at the time also required a guitarist. Staley asked Cantrell to join as a sideman. Cantrell agreed on condition that Staley join Cantrell's band Diamond Lie, which at the time included drummer Sean Kinney and bassist Mike Starr. Eventually the funk project broke up and in 1987 Staley joined Cantrell on a full-time basis. Diamond Lie played in clubs around the Pacific Northwest, often stretching 15 minutes of material into a 45-minute set. The band eventually took the name of Alice in Chains.[3][5]

Local promoter Randy Hauser became aware of the band at a concert, and offered to pay for demo recordings. However, one day before the band was due to record at the Music Bank studio in Washington, police shut down the studio during the biggest cannabis raid in the history of the state.[3] The final demo was named The Treehouse Tapes, and found its way to the music managers Kelly Curtis and Susan Silver, who also managed the Seattle-based band Soundgarden. Curtis and Silver passed on the demo to Columbia Records' A&R representative Nick Terzo, who set up an appointment with label president Don Ienner. Based on The Treehouse Tapes (a 1988 demo tape sold by the band at shows), Ienner signed Alice in Chains to Columbia in 1989.[3] The band also recorded another untitled demo over a three-month period in 1989. This recording can be found on the bootleg release Sweet Alice.[6]

Facelift and Sap (1990–92)

"Man in the Box" (1990)
A sample of "Man in the Box" from Facelift, representing the grunge music style Alice in Chains plays. This is the band's debut single and is considered the song that popularized the band.
Problems playing this file? See media help.

Alice in Chains soon became a top priority of the label, who released the band's first official recording in July 1990, a promotional EP We Die Young. The EP's lead single, "We Die Young", became a hit on metal radio. After its success, the label rushed Alice in Chains' debut album into production with producer Dave Jerden.[7] Cantrell stated the album was intended to have a "moody aura" that was a "direct result of the brooding atmosphere and feel of Seattle".[8]

The resulting album, Facelift, was released on August 21, 1990, peaking at number 42 in the summer of 1991 on the Billboard 200 chart.[9] Facelift was not an instant success, selling under 40,000 copies in the first six months of release, until MTV added "Man in the Box" to regular daytime rotation.[10] The single hit number 18 on the Mainstream rock charts, with the album's follow up single, "Sea of Sorrow", reaching number 27,[11] and in six weeks Facelift sold 400,000 copies in the US.[10] The album was a critical success, with Steve Huey of Allmusic citing Facelift as "one of the most important records in establishing an audience for grunge and alternative rock."[12]

Facelift was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America by the end of 1990, while the band continued to hone its audience, opening for such artists as Iggy Pop,[13] Van Halen, Poison,[8] and Extreme.[10] In early 1991, Alice in Chains landed the opening slot for the Clash of the Titans with Anthrax, Megadeth, and Slayer, exposing the band to a wide metal audience.[14] Alice in Chains was nominated for a Best Hard Rock Performance Grammy Award in 1992 for "Man in the Box", but lost to Van Halen for their 1991 album For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge.[15]

Guitarist Jerry Cantrell is a co-founder of the band. He is credited, along with Staley, with creating the band's notable sound.

Following the tour, Alice in Chains entered the studio to record demos for its next album, but ended up recording five acoustic songs instead.[10] While in the studio, drummer Sean Kinney had a dream about "making an EP called Sap".[13] The band decided "not to mess with fate", and on March 21, 1992, Alice in Chains released their second EP, Sap. The EP was released while Nirvana's Nevermind was at the top of the Billboard 200 charts, resulting in a rising popularity of Seattle-based bands, and the term grunge music.[10] Sap was soon certified gold. The EP features guest vocals by Ann Wilson from the band Heart, who joined Staley and Cantrell for the choruses of "Brother", "Am I Inside" and "Love Song". The EP also features Mark Arm of Mudhoney and Chris Cornell of Soundgarden, who appeared together on the song "Right Turn", credited to "Alice Mudgarden" in the liner notes.[16] In 1992, Alice in Chains appeared in the Cameron Crowe film Singles, performing as a "bar band".[17] The band also contributed the song "Would?" to the film's soundtrack, whose video received an award for Best Video from a Film at the 1993 MTV Video Music Awards.[18]

Dirt (1992–93)

"Would?" (1992)
A sample of "Would?" from Dirt. The song originally appeared on the soundtrack to the film Singles. "Would?" is one of Alice in Chains' signature songs, appearing at nearly every concert the band has performed since its release.
Problems playing this file? See media help.

In February 1992, the band returned to the studio. With new songs written primarily on the road, the material has an overall darker feel than Facelift, with six of the album's twelve songs dealing with addiction.[19] "We did a lot of soul searching on this album. There's a lot of intense feelings."[19] Cantrell said, "We deal with our daily demons through music. All of the poison that builds up during the day we cleanse when we play".[5]

On September 29, 1992, Alice in Chains released its second album, Dirt. The album peaked at number six on the Billboard 200, and since its release has been certified quadruple platinum by the RIAA, making Dirt the band's highest selling album to date.[3][7] The album was a critical success, with Steve Huey of Allmusic praising the album as a "major artistic statement, and the closest they ever came to recording a flat-out masterpiece".[20] Chris Gill of Guitar World called Dirt "huge and foreboding, yet eerie and intimate", and "sublimely dark and brutally honest".[10] Dirt spawned five top 30 singles, including "Rooster", "Them Bones", and "Down in a Hole", and remained on the charts for nearly a year.[9][21] Alice in Chains was added as openers to Ozzy Osbourne's No More Tears tour, but just days before the tour began, Layne Staley broke his foot in an ATV accident, forcing him to use crutches on stage.[10] While on tour, Starr left the band, and was replaced by former Ozzy Osbourne bassist Mike Inez.[22] In 1993, the band recorded two songs with Inez, "What the Hell Have I" and "A Little Bitter", for the Last Action Hero soundtrack.[23] During the summer of 1993, Alice in Chains toured with the alternative music festival Lollapalooza, their last major tour with Staley.[24]

Jar of Flies (1993–94)

Following Alice in Chains' extensive 1993 world tour, Staley said the band "just wanted to go into the studio for a few days with our acoustic guitars and see what happened".[25] "We never really planned on the music we made at that time to be released. But the record label heard it and they really liked it. For us, it was just the experience of four guys getting together in the studio and making some music."[25]

While never originally intended for a public release, Columbia Records released Alice in Chains' second acoustic-based EP, Jar of Flies, on January 25, 1994. Written and recorded in one week,[26] Jar of Flies debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, becoming the first ever EP—and first Alice in Chains release—to top the charts.[9] Paul Evans of Rolling Stone called the EP "darkly gorgeous",[27] and Steve Huey stated "Jar of Flies is a low-key stunner, achingly gorgeous and harrowingly sorrowful all at once".[28] Jar of Flies features Alice in Chains' first number-one single on the Mainstream Rock charts, "No Excuses". The second single, "I Stay Away", reached number ten on the Mainstream rock charts, while the final single "Don't Follow", reached number 25.[9] After the release of Jar of Flies, Layne Staley entered rehab for heroin addiction.[29] The band was scheduled to tour during the summer of 1994 with Metallica and Suicidal Tendencies, but while in rehearsal for the tour, Staley began using heroin again.[29] Staley's condition prompted the other band members to cancel all scheduled dates one day before the start of the tour, putting the band on hiatus.[30]

Alice in Chains (1995–96)

While Alice in Chains was inactive during 1995, Staley joined the "grunge supergroup" Mad Season, which also featured Pearl Jam guitarist Mike McCready, John Baker Saunders from The Walkabouts and Screaming Trees drummer Barrett Martin. Mad Season released one album, Above, for which Staley provided lead vocals and the album artwork. The album spawned a number-two single, "River of Deceit", as well as a home video release of Live at the Moore.[21] In April 1995, Alice in Chains entered Bad Animals Studio in Seattle with producer Toby Wright, who had previously worked with Corrosion of Conformity and Slayer.[31] While in the studio, an inferior version of the song "Grind" was leaked to radio, and received major airplay.[32] On October 6, 1995, the band released the studio version of the song to radio via satellite uplink.

File:Laynemtv.JPG
Alice in Chains' 1996 MTV Unplugged concert was one of the band's last performances with Layne Staley (pictured).

On November 7, 1995, Columbia Records released the eponymous Alice in Chains,[31] which debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, and has since been certified double platinum.[9] Of the album's four singles, "Grind", "Again", "Over Now", and "Heaven Beside You", three feature Cantrell on lead vocals. Jon Wiederhorn of Rolling Stone called the album "liberating and enlightening, the songs achieve a startling, staggering and palpable impact."[33] The song "Got Me Wrong" unexpectedly charted three years after its release on the Sap EP. The song was re-released as a single on the soundtrack for the independent film Clerks in 1995, reaching number seven on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart.[34] The band opted not to tour in support of Alice in Chains, adding to the rumors of drug abuse.[35][36]

Alice in Chains resurfaced on April 10, 1996, to perform their first concert in three years for MTV Unplugged, a program featuring all-acoustic set lists.[37][38] The performance featured some of the band's highest charting singles, including "Down in a Hole", "Heaven Beside You", and "Would?", and introduced a new song, "The Killer Is Me".[11] The show marked Alice in Chains' only appearance as a five-piece band, adding second guitarist Scott Olson.[37] A live album of the performance was released in July 1996, which debuted at number three on the Billboard 200, and was accompanied by a home video release, both of which received platinum certification by the RIAA.[9] Alice in Chains performed four shows following the 1996 Lollapalooza tour supporting the reunited original Kiss-lineup, with the final live appearance of Layne Staley on July 3, 1996, in Kansas City, Missouri.[39]

Hiatus and the death of Layne Staley (1996–2002)

Although Alice in Chains never officially disbanded, Staley became a recluse, rarely leaving his Seattle condominium following the death of his ex-fiancée Demri Parrott in 1996, due to bacterial endocarditis.[21] "Drugs worked for me for years", Staley told Rolling Stone in 1996, "and now they're turning against me, now I'm walking through hell".[36] Unable to continue with new Alice in Chains material, Cantrell released his first solo album in 1998, entitled Boggy Depot, which also featured Sean Kinney and Mike Inez.[40] In 1998, Staley reunited with Alice in Chains to record two new songs, "Get Born Again" and "Died". Originally written for Cantrell's solo album, the songs were released in the fall of 1999 on the box set, Music Bank. The set contains 48 songs, including rarities, demos, and previous album tracks.[3] The band also released a 15-track compilation titled Nothing Safe: Best of the Box, serving as a sampler for Music Bank, as well as the band's first greatest hits compilation. The band's last official releases include a live album, simply titled Live, released on December 5, 2000, and a second greatest hits compilation, titled Greatest Hits in 2001.[41]

By 2002, Cantrell had finished work on his second solo album, Degradation Trip. Written in 1998, the album's lyrical content focused heavily on what Cantrell regarded as the demise of Alice in Chains which still remained evident as the album approached its June 2002 release. However, in March that year, Cantrell commented, "We're all still around, so it's possible [Alice in Chains] could all do something someday, and I fully hope someday we will."[42]

After a decade of battling drug addiction, Layne Staley was found dead in his condominium on April 20, 2002 [43]. His mother and stepfather became alarmed when accountants noticed that money was no longer being withdrawn from his accounts. With assistance from the police, they broke into his condo and made the gruesome discovery. An autopsy revealed Staley had died from a mixture of heroin and cocaine. His friends speculate that in addition to drugs, he may have contracted an illness that his body could not fight off, due to a compromised immune system. His body was discovered two weeks after his death.[43] In his last interview, which was given months before his death, Staley admitted, "I know I'm near death, I did crack and heroin for years. I never wanted to end my life this way."[44] Cantrell dedicated his 2002 solo album, released two months after Staley's death, to his memory.[45]

Reunion (2005–08)

Sean Kinney in 2006. Kinney has been Alice in Chains' drummer since its inception.
Mike Inez in 2009

In 2005, Jerry Cantrell, Mike Inez, and Sean Kinney reunited to perform a benefit concert in Seattle for victims of the tsunami disaster that struck South Asia.[46] The band featured Damageplan vocalist Pat Lachman, with other special guests including Maynard James Keenan of Tool, and Ann Wilson of Heart.[46][47] On March 10, 2006, the surviving members performed at VH1's Decades Rock Live concert, honoring fellow Seattle musicians Ann and Nancy Wilson of Heart. They played "Would?" with vocalist Phil Anselmo of Pantera and Down, and Duff McKagan of Guns N' Roses and Velvet Revolver, then they played "Rooster" with Comes with the Fall vocalist William DuVall and Ann Wilson.[47] The band followed the concert with a short United States club tour, several festival dates in Europe, and a brief tour in Japan. To coincide with the band's reunion, Sony Music released the long-delayed third Alice in Chains compilation, The Essential Alice in Chains, a double album that includes 28 songs.[48]

DuVall joined Alice in Chains as lead singer during the band's reunion concerts. Velvet Revolver and ex-Guns N' Roses bassist Duff McKagan also joined the band for the reunion tour, playing rhythm guitar on selected songs.[47] Before the tour, Kinney mentioned in an interview that he would be interested in writing new material, but not as Alice in Chains.[49] However, AliceinChains.com reported that the band had begun writing new material, with DuVall on lead vocals.

Black Gives Way to Blue (2008–present)

Blabbermouth.net reported in September 2008 that Alice in Chains would enter the studio that October to begin recording a new album for a summer 2009 release.[50]

In October 2008, Alice in Chains began recording its fourth studio album at the Foo Fighters' Studio 606 in Los Angeles with producer Nick Raskulinecz.[51] At the Revolver Golden God Awards, Jerry Cantrell said that the group had finished recording in March 2009, and were mixing it for a September release.[52] In April 2009, it was reported that the new Alice in Chains album would be released by Virgin/EMI,[53] making it the band's first label change in its 20-plus year career. On June 11, 2009, Blabbermouth.net reported that the new album would be titled Black Gives Way to Blue, and was officially set to be released on September 29, 2009.[1] On June 30, 2009, one of the album's songs, "A Looking in View", was released as the first single from the album. It was made available for a limited time as a free download through the official Alice in Chains website in early July. The music video for "A Looking in View" debuted via Alice in Chains' official website on July 7, 2009.[54] The second single "Check My Brain" was released to radio stations on August 14, 2009, and was made available for purchase on August 17, 2009.[55] In addition, it has been announced that Elton John appears on the album's title track.[56]

In September 2008, it was announced that Alice in Chains would headline Australia's Soundwave Festival in 2009, alongside Nine Inch Nails and Lamb of God.[57] In February 2009, it was also announced that Alice in Chains would play at the third annual Rock on the Range festival.[58] On August 1, 2009, Alice in Chains, along with Mastodon, Avenged Sevenfold, and Glyder, performed at Marlay Park, Dublin as a direct support to Metallica. The band made an appearance on Later Live... With Jools Holland on 10 November 2009, performing 'Check My Brain' as the final performance of the episode.

To coincide with the band's European tour, Alice in Chains released its next single, "Your Decision", on November 16 in the UK and was in the US on December 1.[59][60] The fourth single from the album is "Lesson Learned" and was released to rock radio in mid-June.[61] On May 26, 2010, Black Gives Way to Blue was certified gold by the RIAA for shipments of over 500,000 copies.

Possible future album

In April 2010, guitarist Jerry Cantrell revealed to MTV News that Alice in Chains is contemplating making a fifth studio album in the foreseeable future. He explained, "There are thoughts. We'll see how far we get. Staying in the moment is a good way to live and we certainly hope that that happens. I don't see any reason why it wouldn't [happen]."[62] Frontman William DuVall also commented on the next album and Alice in Chains' future, "we've got a lot of water to sail before we do that. There's a lot of shows. But yeah, generally speaking, yeah, we're excited about the future. I don't anticipate some long layoff."[63]

Musical style

"Nutshell"
A sample of "Nutshell" from Unplugged. This song originally appeared on Jar of Flies and represents the unique acoustic sound Alice in Chains has created.
Problems playing this file? See media help.

Although Alice in Chains has been labeled grunge, alternative rock, and hard rock, Jerry Cantrell identifies the band as primarily heavy metal. He told Guitar World in 1996; "We're a lot of different things... I don't quite know what the mixture is, but there's definitely metal, blues, rock and roll, maybe a touch of punk. The metal part will never leave, and I never want it to".[64]

Jerry Cantrell's guitar style combines what Stephen Erlewine of Allmusic called "pummeling riffs and expansive guitar textures" to create "slow, brooding minor-key grinds".[65] While down-tuned distorted guitars mixed with Staley's distinctive "snarl-to-a-scream"[10] vocals appealed to heavy metal fans, the band also had "a sense of melody that was undeniable," which introduced Alice in Chains to a much wider pop audience outside of the heavy metal underground.[12][24]

The band has been described by critics as "hard enough for metal fans, yet their dark subject matter and punky attack placed them among the front ranks of the Seattle-based grunge bands".[40] Three of the band's releases feature all acoustic music, and while the band initially kept these releases separate, Alice in Chains' self-titled album combined the styles to form "a bleak, nihilistic sound that balanced grinding hard rock with subtly textured acoustic numbers".[40]

Alice in Chains is also noted for the unique vocal harmonies of Staley and Cantrell, which included overlapping passages, and dual lead vocals.[40] Alyssa Burrows said the band's distinctive sound "came from Staley's vocal style and his lyrics dealing with personal struggles and addiction".[66] Staley's songs were often considered "dark",[40] with themes such as drug abuse, depression, and suicide,[21] while Cantrell's lyrics dealt more with personal relationships.

Legacy

Alice in Chains' current vocalist, William DuVall performing with the band. DuVall replaced Layne Staley as the band's vocalist when Alice in Chains reformed after Staley's death.

Alice in Chains has sold more than 17 million albums in the United States, and 30 million worldwide, released two number-one albums and 21 top 40 singles, and has received seven Grammy nominations. The band was ranked number 34 on VH1's 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock.[67] Alice in Chains was named 15th greatest live band by Hit Parader,[68] with vocalist Layne Staley placing as 27th greatest vocalist of all time.[69] The band's second album, Dirt, was named 5th best album in the last two decades by Close-Up magazine.[70] In August 2009, Alice in Chains won the Kerrang! Icon Award.[71]

Alice in Chains has had a large impact on many bands, such as Godsmack, who, according to Jon Wiederhorn of MTV, "have sonically followed Alice in Chains' lead while adding their own distinctive edge". Godsmack singer and founder Sully Erna has also cited Layne Staley as his primary influence.[72] Staind has covered Alice in Chains' song "Nutshell" live, which appears on the compilation The Singles: 1996-2006, and also wrote a song entitled "Layne", in Staley's dedication, on the album 14 Shades of Grey.[73] Three Days Grace also performs a cover of "Rooster", which can be seen on the DVD Live at the Palace. Other bands that have been inspired by Alice in Chains include Taproot, Puddle of Mudd, Godsmack, Smile Empty Soul, Cold, and Tantric.[21] Metallica said they've always wanted to tour with the band, citing Alice in Chains as a major inspiration for their 2008 release, Death Magnetic.[74] Metallica also recorded "Shine" as a tribute to Layne Staley, but the song was left off Death Magnetic due to manufacturing restrictions.

Band members

  • Jerry Cantrell – lead and backing vocals, lead guitar (1987–2002, 2005–present)
  • William DuVall – lead and backing vocals, rhythm guitar (2006–present)
  • Mike Inez – bass, backing vocals (1993–2002, 2005–present)
  • Sean Kinney – drums, percussion (1987–2002, 2005–present)

Former members

Touring musicians

Timeline

  • Note: Alice in Chains was inactive from 2002 until 2005.

Discography

Main article: Alice in Chains discography

Awards and nominations

Alice in Chains awards and nominations
Totals[a]
Nominations10
Note
  1. ^ Certain award groups do not simply award one winner. They acknowledge several different recipients, have runners-up, and have third place. Since this is a specific recognition and is different from losing an award, runner-up mentions are considered wins in this award tally. For simplification and to avoid errors, each award in this list has been presumed to have had a prior nomination.

Alice in Chains has received seven Grammy nominations. The band's first Grammy nomination occurred when "Man in the Box" was nominated for Best Hard Rock Performance in 1992. Alice in Chains has also received Grammy nominations for Best Hard Rock Performance for the band's 1992 album, Dirt, "I Stay Away" from 1994's Jar of Flies, "Grind" and "Again" from the band's 1995 self-titled album, and the 1999 track "Get Born Again". The music video for the song "Would?", Alice in Chains' contribution to the 1992 film, Singles, won the award for Best Video from a Film at the 1993 MTV Video Music Awards.

American Music Awards

The American Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony created by Dick Clark in 1973.[75]

Year Nominee / work Award Result
1992 Alice in Chains Favorite New Heavy Metal/Hard Rock Artist Nominated
Grammy Awards

The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences.[15][76][77][78][79][80]

Year Nominee / work Award Result
1992 "Man in the Box" Best Hard Rock Performance Nominated
1993 Dirt Best Hard Rock Performance Nominated
1995 "I Stay Away" Best Hard Rock Performance Nominated
1996 "Grind" Best Hard Rock Performance Nominated
1997 "Again" Best Hard Rock Performance Nominated
2000 "Get Born Again" Best Hard Rock Performance Nominated
2010 "Check My Brain" Best Hard Rock Performance Nominated
MTV Video Music Awards

The MTV Video Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony established in 1984 by MTV.[18][81][82]

Year Nominee / work Award Result
1991 "Man in the Box" Best Heavy Metal/Hard Rock Video Nominated
1993 "Would?" from Singles Best Video from a Film Won
1996 "Again" Best Hard Rock Video Nominated

References

  1. ^ a b c "ALICE IN CHAINS Interviewed By VOICE OF AMERICA". Blabbermouth.net. 2010-05-28. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
  2. ^ http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=3&table=tblTopArt&action=
  3. ^ a b c d e f Music Bank (Media notes). Columbia Records. 1996. {{cite AV media notes}}: Unknown parameter |bandname= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |publisherid= ignored (help)
  4. ^ Lip Lock Rock: The Alice 'N Chainz Story
  5. ^ Sweet Alice
  6. ^ a b "Discography – Dirt". Aliceinchains.com. Archived from the original on 2006-07-03. Retrieved 2008-02-09.
  7. ^ a b Moses, Michael (1991). "Alice in Chains: Who is Alice and Why is She in Chains?". Rockbeat magazine. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  8. ^ a b c d e f "Alice in Chains – Artist chart History". Billboard.com. Retrieved 2007-11-09.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h Gill, Chris (September 1999). "Dirt". Guitar World.
  10. ^ a b "Singles". Billboard.com. Retrieved 2007-12-20.
  11. ^ a b Huey, Steve. "Facelift". Allmusic. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  12. ^ a b Glickman, Simon. "Enotes – Alice in Chains". Enotes.com. Retrieved 2007-12-28.
  13. ^ "Alice in Chains Guitarist Discusses 1990 Clash of the Titans tour, Touring With Ozzy". Blabbermouth.net. 2007-10-07. Retrieved 2008-02-09.
  14. ^ a b "34th Grammy Awards – 1992". Rockonthenet.com. Retrieved 2007-12-08.
  15. ^ Right Turn (Media notes). Columbia Records. 1992. {{cite AV media notes}}: Unknown parameter |bandname= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |publisherid= ignored (help)
  16. ^ "Singles – Soundtracks and music scores". Aliceinchains.com. Archived from the original on 2006-11-25. Retrieved 2007-12-28.
  17. ^ a b "1993 MTV Video Music Awards". Rockonthenet.com. Retrieved 2007-12-08.
  18. ^ a b Turman, Katherine (1993). "Digging Dirt". RIP magazine. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  19. ^ Huey, Steve. "Dirt". Allmusic. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  20. ^ a b c d e Wiederhorn, Jon (2004-04-06). "Remembering Layne Staley: The Other Great Seattle Musician To Die On April 5". VH1. Retrieved 2007-12-22.
  21. ^ "2006 band bio – Aliceinchains.com". Aliceinchains.com. Archived from the original on 2006-07-19. Retrieved 2007-12-14.
  22. ^ "Last Action Hero – Soundtracks and music scores". Aliceinchains.com. Archived from the original on 2007-03-08. Retrieved 2007-11-24.
  23. ^ a b D'Angelo, Joe (2002-04-20). "Layne Staley, Alice In Chains Singer, Dead At 34". VH1. Retrieved 2007-11-25.
  24. ^ a b Andrews, Rob (1994). "A Step Beyond Layne's World". Hit Parader. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  25. ^ "Jar of Flies – Discography". Aliceinchains.com. Archived from the original on 2006-12-08. Retrieved 2007-12-28.
  26. ^ Evans, Paul. "Jar of Flies". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2008-01-29. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  27. ^ Huey, Steve. "Jar of Flies". Allmusic. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  28. ^ a b Wiederhorn, Jon (1996-02-08). "To Hell and Back". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2008-01-30. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help) Cite error: The named reference "To Hell and Back" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  29. ^ Rothman, Robin (2002-04-22). "Layne Staley Found Dead". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2007-11-24. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  30. ^ a b "Meldrum Working With Producer Toby Wright". Blabbermouth.net. 2006-04-26. Retrieved 2007-12-20.
  31. ^ "Alice in Chains timeline". Sonymusic.com. Retrieved 2008-02-01.
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