Docking (dog)

For other uses, see Docking (disambiguation).

This article is about docking a dog. For other uses, see Docking (animal).

Boxers with natural and cropped ears and docked tails

Docking is the removal of portions of an animal's tail or ears. While docking and bobbing are more commonly used to refer to removal of the tail, the term cropping is used in reference to the ears. Tail docking occurs in one of two ways. The first involves constricting the blood supply to the tail with a rubber ligature for a few days until the tail falls off. The second involves the severance of the tail with surgical scissors or a scalpel. The tail is amputated at the dock.

At least 17 dog breeds, including the Corgi, have naturally occurring bob tail lines. These appear similar to docked dogs but are a distinct naturally occurring genotype. The issue of docking is not relevant to these natural bob tails (also known as NBTs).

History of docking and cropping

Historically, tail docking was thought to prevent rabies, strengthen the back, increase the animal's speed, and prevent injuries when ratting, fighting, and baiting. In early Georgian times in the United Kingdom a tax was levied upon working dogs with tails and so many types of dogs were docked to avoid this tax. The tax was repealed in 1796 but that did not stop the practice from persisting.

Tail docking is done in modern times either for prophylactic, therapeutic, or cosmetic purposes. For dogs that worked in the field, such as some hunting dogs and herding dogs, tails could collect burrs and foxtails, causing pain and infection and, due to the tail's wagging, may be subject to abrasion or other injury while moving through dense brush or thickets. Tails with long fur could collect feces and become a cleanliness problem.

In dogs used for guarding property (such as Doberman Pinschers or Boxers), docked ears are thought to make the breed appear more ferocious. Proponents say that the procedures are not significantly painful and can prevent future health problems that cause more pain and risk of infection than the docking. Proponents also believe that docking done almost immediately after birth ensures that the wound heals easily and properly, saying that whatever pain the procedure causes is a worthwhile trade-off.

Docking to puppies fewer than 10 to 14 days old is routinely carried out by both breeders and veterinarians without anesthesia. Opponents of these procedures state that most tail dockings are done for aesthetic reasons rather than health concerns and are unnecessarily painful for the dog. They point out that even non-working show or pet dogs are routinely docked. They say that in breeds whose tails have been traditionally and routinely docked over centuries, such as Australian Shepherds, little attention is paid to selectively breeding for strong and healthy tails. As a result, tail defects that docking proponents claim makes docking necessary in the first place are perpetuated in the breeds. They point to the many breeds of working dogs with long tails that are not traditionally docked, including English Pointers, Setters, Herding dogs, and Foxhounds.

Robert Wansborough argued in a 1996 paper that docking tails puts dogs at a disadvantage in several ways. First, dogs use their tails to communicate with other dogs (and with people); a dog without a tail might be significantly handicapped in conveying fear, caution, aggression, playfulness, and so on. Certain breeds use their tails as rudders when swimming, and possibly for balance when running, so active dogs with docked tails might be at a disadvantage compared to their tailed peers. In 2007, Stephen Leaver, a graduate student at the University of Victoria, published a paper on tail docking which found that tail length was important in the transmission of social cues. The study found that dogs with shorter tails (docked tails) would be approached with caution, as if the approaching dog was unsure of the emotional state of the docked dog. The study goes on to suggest that dogs with docked tails may grow up to be more aggressive. The reasoning postulated by Tom Reimchen, UVic Biologist and supervisor of the study, was that dogs who grew up without being able to efficiently transmit social cues would grow up to be more anti-social and thus more aggressive.

Wansborough also investigates seven years of records from an urban veterinary practice to demonstrate that undocked tails result in less harm than docked tails.

Critics point out that kennel clubs with breed standards that do not make allowance for uncropped or undocked dogs put pressure on owners and breeders to continue the practice. Although the American Kennel Club (AKC) says that it has no rules that require docking or that make undocked animals ineligible for the show ring, standards for many breeds puts undocked animals at a disadvantage for the conformation show ring. The American breed standard for boxers, for example, recommends that an undocked tail be "severely penalized." The AKC position is that ear cropping and tail docking are "acceptable practices integral to defining and preserving breed character and/or enhancing good health."

Legal status

A Doberman Pinscher puppy with its ears taped to train them into the desired shape and carriage after cropping

Today, many countries ban cropping and docking because they consider the practices cruel or mutilation. In Europe, the cropping of ears is prohibited in all countries that have ratified the European Convention for the Protection of Pet Animals. Some countries that ratified the convention made exceptions for tail docking.

United Kingdom

Show dogs are no longer docked in the United Kingdom. A dog docked before 28 March 2007 in Wales and 6 April 2007 in England may continue to be shown at all shows in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland throughout its life. A dog docked on, or after, the above dates, regardless of where it was docked, may not be shown at shows in England and Wales where the public is charged a fee for admission. Where a working dog has been docked in England and Wales under the respective regulations, however, it may be shown where the public is charged a fee, so long as it is shown “only to demonstrate its working ability”. It will thus be necessary to show working dogs in such a way as only to demonstrate their working ability and not conformity to a standard. A dog legally docked in England, Wales, Northern Ireland, or abroad may be shown at any show in Scotland or Northern Ireland.

In England and Wales, ear cropping is illegal, and no dog with cropped ears can take part in any Kennel Club event (including agility and other nonconformation events). Tail docking is also illegal, except for a few working breeds; this exemption applies only when carried out by a registered veterinary surgeon.

The Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons (RCVS), the regulatory body for veterinary surgeons in the United Kingdom, has said that they consider tail docking to be "an unjustified mutilation and unethical unless done for therapeutic or acceptable prophylactic reasons". In 1995 a veterinary surgeon was brought before the RCVS disciplinary council for "disgraceful professional conduct" for carrying out cosmetic docking. The surgeon claimed that the docking was performed to prevent future injuries, and the case was dismissed for lack of evidence otherwise. Although cosmetic docking is still considered unacceptable by the RCVS, no further disciplinary action has been taken against vets performing docking.

In March 2006 an amendment was made to the Animal Welfare Bill that makes the docking of dogs' tails illegal, except for working dogs such as those used by the police force, the military, rescue services, pest control, and those used in connection with lawful animal shooting. Three options were presented to Parliament with Parliament opting for the second:

• An outright ban on docking dogs' tails (opposed by a majority of 278 to 267)
• A ban on docking dogs' tails with an exception for working dogs (supported by a majority of 476 to 63)
• Retention of the status quo.

Those found guilty of unlawful docking would face a fine of up to £20,000, up to 51 weeks of imprisonment or both.

In Northern Ireland legislation regarding docking has not yet been drawn up, so it is still legal.

In Scotland docking of any breed is illegal. The Animal Health and Welfare (Scotland) Act 2006 contains provisions prohibiting the mutilation of domesticated animals.

Legal status of dog tail docking and ear cropping by country

Country	Status	Ban/restriction date (if applicable)
Afghanistan	Unrestricted
Argentina	Unrestricted
Australia	Banned in some states and territories. Legal in Western Australia, although restricted to Veterinarians.	June 2004
Austria	Banned	1 January 2005
Belgium	Banned	1 January 2006
Bolivia	Unrestricted
Brazil	Banned for cosmetic purposes.
Canada	Banned in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia by their Veterinary Medical Associations. This includes tail docking in dogs, horses, and cows.
Chile	Unrestricted
Croatia	Banned
Cyprus	Banned	1991
Czech Republic	Banned
Denmark	Banned, with exceptions for five gun dog breeds	1 June 1996
Egypt	Unrestricted
England	Restricted - can only be done by vet on a number of working dog breeds.	2006
Estonia	Banned	2001
Finland	Banned. Exception on tail docking, although banned on dog shows.	1992
France	Banned	4 August 2003
Germany	Banned, with exceptions for working gun dogs.	1 May 1992
Greece	Banned	1991
Hungary	Banned
Iceland	Banned	2001
India	Unrestricted
Indonesia	Unrestricted
Ireland	Banned
Israel	Banned for cosmetic purposes.	2000
Italy	Banned in Rome and Turin
Kuwait	Unrestricted
Latvia	Banned
Lebanon	Unrestricted
Lithuania	Banned
Luxembourg	Banned	1991
Malaysia	Unrestricted
Mauritius	Unrestricted
Mexico	Unrestricted
Nepal	Unrestricted
Netherlands	Banned	1 September 2001
New Zealand	Cropping ears is banned, docking tails is unrestricted.
Northern Ireland	Unrestricted tail docking, Ear Cropping Illegal. Welfare of Animals Bill is currently progressing through the Northern Ireland Assembly and proposes an outright ban on tail docking.
Norway	Banned	1987
Peru	Unrestricted
Philippines	Unrestricted
Portugal	Unrestricted
Poland	Banned	1997
Republic of Ireland	Unrestricted for dogs.
Russia	Restricted
Scotland	Banned	2006
Slovakia	Banned	1 January 2003
Slovenia	Banned.	April 2007
South Africa	Banned.	June 2007
Spain	Banned in some autonomies
Sri Lanka	Unrestricted
Sweden	Banned. Apparent increase in tail injuries reported among working dogs after ban.	1989
Switzerland	Banned	1 July 1981 for the ears and 1988 for the tail
Taiwan	Unrestricted
United States	Unrestricted (some states, including New York, and Vermont have considered bills to make the practice illegal)
Virgin Islands	Banned	2005
Wales	Restricted - can only be done by vet on a number of working dog breeds, and only when a sheep is present	2006

References

DEFRA - A.D.A. submission http://anti-dockingalliance.co.uk/page_18.htm

External links

Scientific research

• Behavioural responses of Canis familiaris to different tail lengths of a remotely-controlled life-size dog replica

Pro-docking organizations

• The Council of Docked Breeds

Anti-docking organizations

• Anti-Docking Alliance - A.D.A.