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==Foundation and early history==
==Foundation and early history==
According to the [[Primary Chronicle]], in the early 11th century, [[Saint Anthony of Kiev|Antony]], a [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox]] [[monk]] from [[Esphigmenou Monastery|Esphigmenon monastery]] on [[Mount Athos]], originally from [[Liubech]] of the [[Principality of Chernigov|Principality of Chernihiv]], returned to [[Kievan Rus'|Rus']] and settled in Kiev as a [[missionary]] of monastic tradition to Kievan Rus'. He chose a [[cave]] at the Berestov Mount that overlooked the [[Dnieper River]] and a community of disciples soon grew. [[Knyaz|Prince]] [[Iziaslav I of Kiev]] ceded the whole mount to the Antonite monks who founded a monastery built by architects from [[Constantinople]].
According to the [[Primary Chronicle]], in the early 11th century, [[Saint Anthony of Kiev|Anthony]], a [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox]] [[monk]] from [[Esphigmenou Monastery|Esphigmenon monastery]] on [[Mount Athos]], originally from [[Liubech]] of the [[Principality of Chernigov|Principality of Chernihiv]], returned to [[Kievan Rus'|Rus']] and settled in Kiev as a [[missionary]] of monastic tradition to Kievan Rus'. He chose a [[cave]] at the Berestov Mount that overlooked the [[Dnieper River]] and a community of disciples soon grew. [[Knyaz|Prince]] [[Iziaslav I of Kiev]] ceded the whole mount to the Antonite monks who founded a monastery built by architects from [[Constantinople]].


[[Image:Kievo-Pecherska Lavra Belltower.jpg|thumb|right|225px|Up-close view of the ''[[Great Lavra Belltower]]'' with its four tiers in 2005.]]
[[Image:Kievo-Pecherska Lavra Belltower.jpg|thumb|right|225px|Up-close view of the ''[[Great Lavra Belltower]]'' with its four tiers in 2005.]]

Revision as of 23:00, 7 May 2011

50°26′3″N 30°33′33″E / 50.43417°N 30.55917°E / 50.43417; 30.55917 Template:Geobox

Kiev Pechersk Lavra or Kyiv Pechersk Lavra[1][2] ([Києво-Печерська лавра, Kyievo-Pechers’ka lavra] Error: {{Lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help)), also known as the Kiev Monastery of the Caves, is a historic Orthodox Christian monastery which gave its name to one of the city districts where it is located in Kiev, Ukraine.

Since its foundation as the cave monastery in 1015[3] the Lavra has been a preeminent center of the Eastern Orthodox Christianity in Eastern Europe. Together with the Saint Sophia Cathedral, it is inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The monastery complex is considered a separate national historic-cultural preserve (sanctuary), the national status to which was granted on March 13, 1996.[4] The Lavra also not only located in another part of the city, but is part of a different national sanctuary than Saint-Sophia Cathedral. While being a cultural attraction, the monastery is currently active. It was named one of the Seven Wonders of Ukraine on August 21, 2007, based on voting by experts and the internet community.

Currently, the jurisdiction over the site is divided between the state museum, National Kiev-Pechersk Historic-Cultural Preserve,[5] and the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchy) as the site of the chief monastery of that Church and the residence of its leader, Metropolitan Volodymyr.

In the late 2010 a monitoring mission of UNESCO was visiting the Kiev Pechersk Lavra to check on situation of the site. According to the Minister of Culture Mykhailo Kulynyak the Kiev's historic site along with the Saint Sophia Cathedral is not threatened by the "black list" of the international organization.[6]

Etymology and other names

The reconstructed Cathedral of the Dormition, as seen in 2005.

The word pechera means cave. The word lavra is used to describe high-ranking monasteries for (male) monks of the Eastern Orthodox Church. Therefore the name of the monastery is also translated as Kiev Cave Monastery, Kiev Caves Monastery or the Kiev Monastery of the Caves (на печерах).

Foundation and early history

According to the Primary Chronicle, in the early 11th century, Anthony, a Greek Orthodox monk from Esphigmenon monastery on Mount Athos, originally from Liubech of the Principality of Chernihiv, returned to Rus' and settled in Kiev as a missionary of monastic tradition to Kievan Rus'. He chose a cave at the Berestov Mount that overlooked the Dnieper River and a community of disciples soon grew. Prince Iziaslav I of Kiev ceded the whole mount to the Antonite monks who founded a monastery built by architects from Constantinople.

Up-close view of the Great Lavra Belltower with its four tiers in 2005.
The Near Caves of the Kiev Pechersk Lavra. Sketch by the Dutch artist Abraham van Westerveldt made in 1651.

Buildings and structures

The Kiev Pechersk Lavra contains numerous architectural monuments, ranging from belltowers to cathedrals to underground cave systems and to strong stone fortification walls. The main attractions of the Lavra include the Great Lavra Belltower, the notable feature of the Kiev skyline, and the Dormition Cathedral, destroyed in World War II, and fully reconstructed in recent years. Other churches and cathedrals of the Lavra include: the Refectory Church, the Church of All Saints, the Church of the Saviour at Berestove, the Church of the Exaltation of Cross, the Church of the Trinity, the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin, the Church of the Conception of St. Anne, and the Church of the Life-Giving Spring. The Lavra also contains many other constructions, including: the St. Nicholas Monastery, the Kiev Theological Academy and Seminary, and the Debosquette Wall.

Great Lavra Belltower

Main article: Great Lavra Belltower

The Great Lavra Belltower is one of the most notable features of the Kiev skyline and among the main attractions of the Lavra. It was the tallest free-standing belltower at the time of its construction in 1731-1745, and was designed by the architect Johann Gottfried Schädel. It is a Classical style construction and consists of tiers, surmounted by a gilded dome. Its total height is 96.5 meters.

Gate Church of the Trinity

Main article: Gate Church of the Trinity (Pechersk Lavra)

The Gate Church of the Trinity is located atop the Holy Gates, which houses the entrance to the monastery. According to a legend, this church was founded by the Chernihiv Prince Sviatoslav. It was built atop an ancient stone church which used to stand in its place.

Church of the Saviour at Berestov

Main article: Church of the Saviour at Berestove
Side view of the Church of the Saviour at Berestove seen with its campanile, designed by architect Andrei Melenskyi in the Classical style.

The Church of the Saviour at Berestove is located to the North of the Kiev Pechersk Lavra. It was constructed in the village of Berestove at the turn of the 11th century during the reign of Prince Volodymyr Monomakh. It later served as the mausoleum of the Monomakh dynasty, also including Yuri Dolgoruki, the founder of Moscow. However being outside the Lavra fortifications, the Church of the Saviour at Berestove is part of the Kiev Pechersk Lavra complex.

Caverns

Main article: Near Caves
Imperishable relic of saint Ilya Muromets in Kiev Pechersk Lavra

The Kiev Pechersk Lavra caverns are a very complex system of narrow underground corridors (about 1-1½ metres wide and 2-2½ metres high), along with numerous living quarters and underground chapels. In 1051, the Reverend Anthony had settled in an old cave in one of the hills surrounding the Kiev Pechersk Lavra. This cave apparently grew, with numerous additions including corridors and a church, and is now what we know as the Far Caves. In 1057, Anthony moved to a cave near the Upper Lavra, now called the Near Caves.

Foreign travellers in the 16-17th centuries had written that the catacombs of the Lavra stretched for hundreds of kilometres, reaching as far as Moscow and Novgorod,[7] which had apparently brought about to the knowledge of the Kiev Pechersk Lavra around the world.

Burials

Pyotr Stolypin's grave

There are over a hundred burials in the Lavra. Below are the most notable ones.

During the Soviet era, the bodies of the saints that lay in the caves were left uncovered due to the regime's disregard for religion. However, after the fall of the Soviet Union, the bodies were covered with a cloth and to this day remain in the same state. [citation needed].

Museum

The Kiev Pechersk Lavra is also one of the largest Ukrainian museums in Kiev. The exposition is the actual ensemble of the Upper (Near Caves) and Lower (Far Caves) Lavra territories that houses many architectural relics of the past. The collection within the churches and caves include articles of precious metal, prints, higher clergy portraits and rare church hierarchy photographs. The main exposition contains articles from 16 to early 20th centuries which include chalices, crucifixes, and textiles from 16-19th centuries with needlework and embroidery of Ukrainian masters. The remainder of collection consists of pieces from Lavra's Printing House and Lavra's Icon Painting Workshop.[8] The museum also provides tours to the catacombs, which contain mummified remains of Orthodox saints or their relics.

Museum on the lavra territory are:

Others

Next to the monastery is located famous Kiev Arsenal factory, known for the Bolshevik Uprising in 1917.

See also

References

  1. ^ Verkhovna Rada Portal This is the official English spelling used by the Ukrainian government
  2. ^ Parliament votes down law on preservation of Kyiv Pechersk Lavra complex Interfax-Ukraine, Jun 16, 2010 at 10:42
  3. ^ [Magocsi P.R. A History of Ukraine. University of Toronto Press: Toronto, 1996. p 98.]
  4. ^ Про надання статусу національного Києво-Печерському державному історико-культурному заповіднику
  5. ^ [1]
  6. ^ «Софії Київській та Києво-Печерській лаврі «чорний список» ЮНЕСКО не загрожує» – Міністр культури Михайло Кулиняк
  7. ^ Malikenaite, Ruta (2003). Guidebook: Touring Kyiv. Kiev: Baltia Druk. ISBN 966-96041-3-3.
  8. ^ Kyiv Sightseeing Guide. Kiev/Lviv: Centre d'Europe. 2001. ISBN 966-7022-29-3.
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