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[[Image:PeanutButter.jpg|thumb|"Smooth" peanut butter in a jar]]
Peanut butter was created by whitey horseman. He was throwing peanuts at black people as for this was the slave age. He noticed the peanut cracked it's shell and a man stepped on it with a boot. It formed a cream like substance. He then created a machine to do this in a time called the [[Industrial Revolution]]. He then passed this recipe on to what is now known as [[california]]. Peanut butter became popular throughout the [[United States]]. People would use it from anywhere to making a [[sandwhich]], to using it a sexual lube.

'''Peanut butter''' is a food paste made primarily from ground [[dry roasting|dry roasted]] [[peanut]]s, popular in [[North America]], [[Netherlands]], [[United Kingdom]], and parts of Asia, particularly the [[Philippines]] and [[Indonesia]]. It is mainly used as a [[sandwich]] [[Spread (food)|spread]], sometimes in combination as in the [[peanut butter and jelly sandwich]]. The United States<ref>[http://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/statistics/product/naics/naicsctry/exports/e311911.html U.S. Exports of (NAICS 311911) Roasted Nuts & Peanut Butter With All Countries] US Census Bureau, April 2005</ref> and China are leading exporters of peanut butter. Other nuts are used as the basis for similar [[nut butter]]s.

== History ==
Peanuts are native to the tropics of [[the Americas]] and were mashed to become a pasty substance by the [[Aztec]] [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]] hundreds of years ago.<ref name=myths>[http://www33.brinkster.com/iiiii/inventions/ Black Invention Myths]</ref> A number of [[peanut paste]] products have been used over the centuries, and the distinction between peanut paste and peanut butter is not always clear in ordinary use. Early forms of peanut butter, like the Aztecs' version, were nothing but pure roasted peanut paste. It may have been harder to work with and spread than regular peanut butter, less creamy and less sweet.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}} Vegetable oil was also later added to most brands to aid in its spreadability, but with new modern processing machines being invented, the peanut butter was already significantly smoother than it had been.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}

Evidence of peanut butter as it is known today comes from {{US patent|306727}}, issued in 1884 to [[Marcellus Gilmore Edson]] of [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]], for the finished product of the process of [[Mill (grinding)|milling]] roasted peanuts between heated surfaces until the peanuts entered "a fluid or semi-fluid state." As the peanut product cooled, it set into what Carter explained as being "a consistency like that of [[butter]], [[lard]], or [[ointment]]." Edson's patent is based on the preparation of a peanut paste as an intermediate to the production the modern product we know as peanut butter, it does show the initial steps necessary for the production of peanut butter.<ref name=myths/> [[George Washington Carver]] is often credited with inventing peanut butter and is nearly synonymous with its history in the United States.


Dr. Ambrose Straub, a physician in [[St. Louis, Missouri]], pursued a method for providing toothless elderly with protein in the 1890s. His peanut-butter-making machine was patented in 1903.<ref>http://www.innovatestl.org/stlouishistory.html</ref>

January 24 is National Peanut Butter Day in the [[United States]].<ref>http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/National_Symbols/American_Hollidays.html</ref>

== Variations ==
In addition to the really smooth peanut butter, a crunchy variety is also available. Crunchy peanut butter is made using the same process as smooth (or creamy) peanut butter, but in the final stage of production, a generous amount of coarsely ground, roasted peanut (1mm to 2mm in diameter) is blended into the prepared mix to give the final product a crunchy texture. While making it a bit more difficult to spread, it offers a more natural peanut flavor than traditional creamy peanut butter.

== Health ==
{{nutritionalvalue| name = Peanut butter, <br>smooth style, without salt | kJ=2462 | protein=25 g | fat=50 g | satfat= | transfat= | monofat = | polyfat = | omega3fat= | omega6fat= | carbs = 20 g | starch=4.8 g | sugars=9.2 g | lactose= | fiber = 6 g | sodium_mg= 0 | potassium_mg = | vitA_ug = | betacarotene_ug= | vitC_mg= | thiamin_mg= | riboflavin_mg= | niacin_mg= | pantothenic_mg= | folate_ug= | vitD_ug= | vitE_mg= | vitK_ug= | iron_mg= | magnesium_mg= | manganese_mg= |phosphorus_mg= | zinc_mg= | calcium_mg= | vitB6_mg= | vitB12_ug= | water=1.8 g | alcohol= 0 g | caffeine= 0 mg | source_usda=1 | right=1
}}

=== Health benefits ===
Peanut butter has a high level of [[monounsaturated fats]] and [[resveratrol]].<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/seta/2006/12/14/stories/2006121400171500.htm Sci Tech] [[The Hindu]], December 14, 2006</ref> Peanut butter (and peanuts) provide [[protein]], vitamins [[niacin|B<sub>3</sub>]] and [[Vitamin E|E]], [[Magnesium in biology#Food sources|magnesium]], [[folate]], [[dietary fiber]], [[arginine]],<ref>[http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=foodspice&dbid=101 WH Foods]</ref> and high levels of the [[antioxidant]] [[polyphenol antioxidant|p-coumaric acid]].

=== Health concerns ===
For people with a [[peanut allergy]], peanut butter can cause reactions, including [[anaphylaxis|anaphylactic shock]], which has led to its being banned in some schools.<ref>{{cite news|url = http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9D0CEEDB1539F934A1575AC0A96E958260|title = Dear Mr. Carver. This Is a Cease and Desist Order.|author = James Barron|date = September 27, 1998|publisher = New York Times}}</ref>

The peanut plant is susceptible to the [[mold]] ''[[Aspergillus flavus]]'' which produces a [[carcinogenic]] substance called [[Aflatoxin#Pathology|aflatoxin]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.ehso.com/ehshome/aflatoxin.php|title = Aflatoxins in Your Food - and their Effect on Your Health|publisher = Environment, Health and Safety Online}}</ref> Since it is impossible to completely remove every instance of aflatoxins, contamination of peanuts and peanut butter is monitored in many countries to ensure safe levels of this [[carcinogen]]. In 1990, a study showed that average American peanut butter contained an average of 5.7 parts per billion of aflatoxins, per the U.S. Food and Drug Administration guidelines of 20 parts per billion.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/GuidanceDocuments/ChemicalContaminantsandPesticides/ucm077969.htm#afla|title = FDA Chemical Contaminants and Pesiticides}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://blogs.consumerreports.org/health/2009/02/peanut-problems-in-a-nutshell.html|title = Consumer Reports: Peanut Problems in a Nutshell}}</ref>

Some brands of peanut butter may contain a small amount of added partially [[hydrogenation|hydrogenated]] [[vegetable oil]]s, which are high in [[trans fat|trans fatty acids]], thought to be a cause of [[atherosclerosis]], [[coronary heart disease]], and [[stroke]]; these oils are added to prevent the peanut oil from separating. Natural peanut butter and peanuts do not contain partially hydrogenated oils. A U.S. Agricultural Research Service (ARS) survey of commercial peanut butters in the U.S. showed the presence of trans fat, but at very low levels.<ref>[http://www.foodnavigator.com/news/ng.asp?id=40845-peanut-butter-is Peanut butter is trans fat free.]</ref>

At least one study has found that peanut oil caused relatively heavy clogging of arteries. Robert Wissler of the University of Chicago reported that diets high in peanut oil, when combined with cholesterol intake, clogged the arteries of [[Rhesus monkey]]s more than butterfat.<ref>Atherosclerosis 20: 303, 1974</ref>

Peanut butter can harbor ''[[Salmonella]]'' and cause [[salmonellosis]], as in the [[List_of_foodborne_illness_outbreaks_in_the_United_States#2007|''Salmonella'' outbreak in the United States in 2007]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Dennis G. Maki, M.D.|date=2009-02-11|title=Coming to Grips with Foodborne Infection — Peanut Butter, Peppers, and Nationwide Salmonella Outbreaks|publisher=New England Journal of Medicine|url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/NEJMp0806575|accessdate=2009-02-12|pmid=19213675|doi=10.1056/NEJMp0806575|volume=360|issue=10|pages=949–53|journal=The New England journal of medicine}}</ref> In 2009, due to mishandling and apparent criminal negligence at a single [[Peanut Corporation of America]] factory in Blakely, Georgia, ''Salmonella'' was found in 46 states<ref>{{cite news|author=RICARDO ALONSO-ZALDIVAR|title=People urged to avoid peanut butter products|date=2009-01-17|publisher=AP via Yahoo News|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jeLgwCG-FEEYH8KZ7Tt45zOdSIKgD95P6TRO3|accessdate=2009-02-12}}</ref> in peanut-butter-based products such as crackers, peanut-butter cookies, and [[dog treat]]s. It had claimed at least nine human lives {{as of|2009|Mar|17|lc=on}} and made at least 691 people sick in the United States.<ref name="cdcupdate">[http://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/typhimurium/update.html Investigation Update: Outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium Infections, 2008–2009], [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=US peanut boss refuses testimony|date=2009-02-11|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7884807.stm|accessdate=2009-02-12}}</ref>

== Peanut butter in food products ==
Peanut butter has been used in other food products for many years. There has been large development into peanut butter's use in other foodstuffs, some of which include [[cake]], [[Fruit_preserves#Jam|jam]], [[Fruit preserves#Jelly|jelly]], [[confectionery]], [[ice cream]], [[chocolate brownie|brownies]], [[pretzels]], [[peanut brittle]], [[cookies]], [[porridge]], and [[sandwiches]], amongst others.

Some peanut butter marketed as "natural" contains only peanuts and [[salt]] (to prevent spoilage), but most consumer-brand peanut butter today, even if labeled "natural", contains other ingredients, including [[hydrogenated]] vegetable oil to stabilize it and prevent oil separation, and dextrose or other sweeteners to enhance flavor. Sometimes [[palm oil]] is used instead of hydrogenated oils to prevent oil separation. Peanut butter is also sold mixed with other pastes, such as chocolate, jelly (jam), fluff, and the like.

== Other uses ==
[[Plumpy'nut]] is a peanut butter-based food used to fight malnutrition in famine stricken countries. A single pack contains 500 calories, can be stored unrefrigerated for 2 years, and requires no cooking or preparation.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/08/international/africa/08niger.html?_r=1&hp&ex=1123560000&en=a110a1fd93832714&ei=5094&partner=homepage&oref=slogin|title = Hope for Hungry Children, Arriving in a Foil Packet|author = Michael Wines|publisher = The New York Times|date = 2005-08-08}}</ref>

A common, simple outdoor [[bird feeder]] can be made by coating a [[pine cone]] once with peanut butter, then again with birdseed.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/caer/ce/eek/cool/birdfeed.htm|title = Pine Cone Bird Feeder|publisher = Wisconsin State Environmental Education for Kids!}}</ref>

Peanut butter is an effective bait for mouse traps.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.victorpest.com/advice/rodents-101/myths|title = Victor brand rodent control solutions web site}}</ref>

The oils found in peanut butter are known to allow [[chewing gum]] to be removed from hair.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.livestrong.com/article/239935-home-remedies-for-gum-removal|title = Home Remedies For Gum Removal, via LiveStrong.com}}</ref>

== Other names ==
A [[slang]] term for peanut butter in [[World War II]] was "monkey butter".<ref name="isbn1-55972-285-1">{{cite book |author=Jacobs, Jay |title=The Eaten Word: The Language of Food, the Food in Our Language |publisher=Carol Publishing Corporation |location= |year=1995 |pages= |isbn=1-55972-285-1 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref>

In [[Dutch language|Dutch]] peanut butter is called ''pindakaas'' (peanut cheese), because the name [[butter]] was protected in the [[Netherlands]] when peanut butter came on the market in 1948. The word ''kaas'', [[cheese]], was already being used in another product (''leverkaas'') that has no cheese in it. This product is similar to another [[cold cut]] product, [[leverpostej|leverpastei]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}}

In the 1960s, collectible glasses related to characters from the [[Oz Books]] were sold as promotions with "Oz, the Wonderful Peanut Spread." The product was forced to rename itself a peanut butter when the USDA informed the company that, under food laws, a "peanut spread" has a lower peanut percentage than a "peanut butter."

==See also==

* [[Peanut butter, banana and bacon sandwich]]

== Notes ==

{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== References ==

{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |last = Erlbach |first = Arlene |authorlink = |title = Peanut Butter |publisher = Lerner Publications |series = |year = 1993 |doi = |isbn = }}
*{{cite book |last = Patrick, Jr. |first = Coyle, L. |authorlink = |title = The World Encyclopedia of Food |publisher = |series = Facts on File |year = 1982 |doi = |isbn = }}
*{{cite book |last = Lapedes |first = Daniel |authorlink = |title = McGraw Hill Encyclopedia of Food, 4th ed |publisher = [[McGraw-Hill]] |series = Agriculture and Nutrition |year = 1977 |doi = |isbn = }}
*{{cite book |last = Woodroof |first = Jasper Guy |authorlink = |title = Peanuts: Production, Processing, Products |publisher = Avi Publishing Company |series = |year = 1983 |doi = |isbn = }}
*{{cite book |last = Zisman |first = Honey |authorlink = |title = The Great American Peanut Butter Book: A Book of Recipes, Facts, Figures, and Fun |publisher = [[St. Martin's Press]] |series = |year = 1985 |doi = |isbn = }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.nationalpeanutboard.org The National Peanut Board]
* [http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/cfr_2002/aprqtr/21cfr164.150.htm The federal "Peanut Butter Law" in the U.S.]
* [http://www.ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/getfile?dDocName=STELPRD3481951 The USDA's Commercial Item Description for peanut butter and peanut spread (PDF)] (Last accessed 3 September 2008)
* [http://www.madehow.com/Volume-1/Peanut-Butter.html How Products are Made: Volume 1: Peanut Butter] (Last accessed 16 October 2009)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Peanut Butter}}
[[Category:American cuisine]]
[[Category:Spreads]]
[[Category:Food ingredients]]
[[Category:Canadian cuisine]]
[[Category:Peanut butter|*Main]]
[[Category:Breakfast foods]]

[[af:Grondboontjiebotter]]
[[ar:زبدة فول سوداني]]
[[bg:Фъстъчено масло]]
[[ca:Mantega de cacauet]]
[[cs:Burákové máslo]]
[[cy:Menyn cnau mwnci]]
[[da:Jordnøddesmør]]
[[de:Erdnussbutter]]
[[es:Mantequilla de maní]]
[[eo:Arakida butero]]
[[fa:کره بادام زمینی]]
[[fr:Beurre d'arachide]]
[[ga:Im piseanna talún]]
[[gl:Manteiga de cacahuete]]
[[ko:땅콩 버터]]
[[id:Selai kacang]]
[[it:Burro di arachidi]]
[[he:חמאת בוטנים]]
[[ln:Mwǎmba-ngúba]]
[[mk:Путер од кикирики]]
[[nl:Pindakaas]]
[[ja:ピーナッツバター]]
[[pl:Masło orzechowe]]
[[pt:Manteiga de amendoim]]
[[ksh:Pindakaas]]
[[ru:Арахисовая паста]]
[[simple:Peanut butter]]
[[sk:Arašidové maslo]]
[[sn:Dovi]]
[[fi:Maapähkinävoi]]
[[sv:Jordnötssmör]]
[[zh-yue:花生醬]]
[[zh:花生酱]]

Revision as of 22:22, 5 December 2011

"Smooth" peanut butter in a jar

Peanut butter is a food paste made primarily from ground dry roasted peanuts, popular in North America, Netherlands, United Kingdom, and parts of Asia, particularly the Philippines and Indonesia. It is mainly used as a sandwich spread, sometimes in combination as in the peanut butter and jelly sandwich. The United States[1] and China are leading exporters of peanut butter. Other nuts are used as the basis for similar nut butters.

History

Peanuts are native to the tropics of the Americas and were mashed to become a pasty substance by the Aztec Native Americans hundreds of years ago.[2] A number of peanut paste products have been used over the centuries, and the distinction between peanut paste and peanut butter is not always clear in ordinary use. Early forms of peanut butter, like the Aztecs' version, were nothing but pure roasted peanut paste. It may have been harder to work with and spread than regular peanut butter, less creamy and less sweet.[citation needed] Vegetable oil was also later added to most brands to aid in its spreadability, but with new modern processing machines being invented, the peanut butter was already significantly smoother than it had been.[citation needed]

Evidence of peanut butter as it is known today comes from U.S. patent 306,727, issued in 1884 to Marcellus Gilmore Edson of Montreal, Quebec, Canada, for the finished product of the process of milling roasted peanuts between heated surfaces until the peanuts entered "a fluid or semi-fluid state." As the peanut product cooled, it set into what Carter explained as being "a consistency like that of butter, lard, or ointment." Edson's patent is based on the preparation of a peanut paste as an intermediate to the production the modern product we know as peanut butter, it does show the initial steps necessary for the production of peanut butter.[2] George Washington Carver is often credited with inventing peanut butter and is nearly synonymous with its history in the United States.


Dr. Ambrose Straub, a physician in St. Louis, Missouri, pursued a method for providing toothless elderly with protein in the 1890s. His peanut-butter-making machine was patented in 1903.[3]

January 24 is National Peanut Butter Day in the United States.[4]

Variations

In addition to the really smooth peanut butter, a crunchy variety is also available. Crunchy peanut butter is made using the same process as smooth (or creamy) peanut butter, but in the final stage of production, a generous amount of coarsely ground, roasted peanut (1mm to 2mm in diameter) is blended into the prepared mix to give the final product a crunchy texture. While making it a bit more difficult to spread, it offers a more natural peanut flavor than traditional creamy peanut butter.

Health

Peanut butter,
smooth style, without salt
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy2,462 kJ (588 kcal)
20 g
Starch4.8 g
Sugars9.2 g
Dietary fiber6 g
50 g
25 g
MineralsQuantity
%DV†
Sodium
0%
0 mg
Other constituentsQuantity
Water1.8 g
Alcohol (ethanol)0 g
Caffeine0 mg
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[5] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[6]

Health benefits

Peanut butter has a high level of monounsaturated fats and resveratrol.[7] Peanut butter (and peanuts) provide protein, vitamins B3 and E, magnesium, folate, dietary fiber, arginine,[8] and high levels of the antioxidant p-coumaric acid.

Health concerns

For people with a peanut allergy, peanut butter can cause reactions, including anaphylactic shock, which has led to its being banned in some schools.[9]

The peanut plant is susceptible to the mold Aspergillus flavus which produces a carcinogenic substance called aflatoxin.[10] Since it is impossible to completely remove every instance of aflatoxins, contamination of peanuts and peanut butter is monitored in many countries to ensure safe levels of this carcinogen. In 1990, a study showed that average American peanut butter contained an average of 5.7 parts per billion of aflatoxins, per the U.S. Food and Drug Administration guidelines of 20 parts per billion.[11][12]

Some brands of peanut butter may contain a small amount of added partially hydrogenated vegetable oils, which are high in trans fatty acids, thought to be a cause of atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, and stroke; these oils are added to prevent the peanut oil from separating. Natural peanut butter and peanuts do not contain partially hydrogenated oils. A U.S. Agricultural Research Service (ARS) survey of commercial peanut butters in the U.S. showed the presence of trans fat, but at very low levels.[13]

At least one study has found that peanut oil caused relatively heavy clogging of arteries. Robert Wissler of the University of Chicago reported that diets high in peanut oil, when combined with cholesterol intake, clogged the arteries of Rhesus monkeys more than butterfat.[14]

Peanut butter can harbor Salmonella and cause salmonellosis, as in the Salmonella outbreak in the United States in 2007.[15] In 2009, due to mishandling and apparent criminal negligence at a single Peanut Corporation of America factory in Blakely, Georgia, Salmonella was found in 46 states[16] in peanut-butter-based products such as crackers, peanut-butter cookies, and dog treats. It had claimed at least nine human lives as of 17 March 2009 and made at least 691 people sick in the United States.[17][18]

Peanut butter in food products

Peanut butter has been used in other food products for many years. There has been large development into peanut butter's use in other foodstuffs, some of which include cake, jam, jelly, confectionery, ice cream, brownies, pretzels, peanut brittle, cookies, porridge, and sandwiches, amongst others.

Some peanut butter marketed as "natural" contains only peanuts and salt (to prevent spoilage), but most consumer-brand peanut butter today, even if labeled "natural", contains other ingredients, including hydrogenated vegetable oil to stabilize it and prevent oil separation, and dextrose or other sweeteners to enhance flavor. Sometimes palm oil is used instead of hydrogenated oils to prevent oil separation. Peanut butter is also sold mixed with other pastes, such as chocolate, jelly (jam), fluff, and the like.

Other uses

Plumpy'nut is a peanut butter-based food used to fight malnutrition in famine stricken countries. A single pack contains 500 calories, can be stored unrefrigerated for 2 years, and requires no cooking or preparation.[19]

A common, simple outdoor bird feeder can be made by coating a pine cone once with peanut butter, then again with birdseed.[20]

Peanut butter is an effective bait for mouse traps.[21]

The oils found in peanut butter are known to allow chewing gum to be removed from hair.[22]

Other names

A slang term for peanut butter in World War II was "monkey butter".[23]

In Dutch peanut butter is called pindakaas (peanut cheese), because the name butter was protected in the Netherlands when peanut butter came on the market in 1948. The word kaas, cheese, was already being used in another product (leverkaas) that has no cheese in it. This product is similar to another cold cut product, leverpastei.[citation needed]

In the 1960s, collectible glasses related to characters from the Oz Books were sold as promotions with "Oz, the Wonderful Peanut Spread." The product was forced to rename itself a peanut butter when the USDA informed the company that, under food laws, a "peanut spread" has a lower peanut percentage than a "peanut butter."

See also

Notes

  1. ^ U.S. Exports of (NAICS 311911) Roasted Nuts & Peanut Butter With All Countries US Census Bureau, April 2005
  2. ^ a b Black Invention Myths
  3. ^ http://www.innovatestl.org/stlouishistory.html
  4. ^ http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/National_Symbols/American_Hollidays.html
  5. ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 2024-03-27. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
  6. ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. Archived from the original on 2024-05-09. Retrieved 2024-06-21.
  7. ^ Sci Tech The Hindu, December 14, 2006
  8. ^ WH Foods
  9. ^ James Barron (September 27, 1998). "Dear Mr. Carver. This Is a Cease and Desist Order". New York Times.
  10. ^ "Aflatoxins in Your Food - and their Effect on Your Health". Environment, Health and Safety Online.
  11. ^ "FDA Chemical Contaminants and Pesiticides".
  12. ^ "Consumer Reports: Peanut Problems in a Nutshell".
  13. ^ Peanut butter is trans fat free.
  14. ^ Atherosclerosis 20: 303, 1974
  15. ^ Dennis G. Maki, M.D. (2009-02-11). "Coming to Grips with Foodborne Infection — Peanut Butter, Peppers, and Nationwide Salmonella Outbreaks". The New England journal of medicine. 360 (10). New England Journal of Medicine: 949–53. doi:10.1056/NEJMp0806575. PMID 19213675. Retrieved 2009-02-12.
  16. ^ RICARDO ALONSO-ZALDIVAR (2009-01-17). "People urged to avoid peanut butter products". AP via Yahoo News. Retrieved 2009-02-12.
  17. ^ Investigation Update: Outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium Infections, 2008–2009, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  18. ^ "US peanut boss refuses testimony". BBC News. 2009-02-11. Retrieved 2009-02-12.
  19. ^ Michael Wines (2005-08-08). "Hope for Hungry Children, Arriving in a Foil Packet". The New York Times.
  20. ^ "Pine Cone Bird Feeder". Wisconsin State Environmental Education for Kids!.
  21. ^ "Victor brand rodent control solutions web site".
  22. ^ "Home Remedies For Gum Removal, via LiveStrong.com".
  23. ^ Jacobs, Jay (1995). The Eaten Word: The Language of Food, the Food in Our Language. Carol Publishing Corporation. ISBN 1-55972-285-1.

References

  • Erlbach, Arlene (1993). Peanut Butter. Lerner Publications.
  • Patrick, Jr., Coyle, L. (1982). The World Encyclopedia of Food. Facts on File.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Lapedes, Daniel (1977). McGraw Hill Encyclopedia of Food, 4th ed. Agriculture and Nutrition. McGraw-Hill.
  • Woodroof, Jasper Guy (1983). Peanuts: Production, Processing, Products. Avi Publishing Company.
  • Zisman, Honey (1985). The Great American Peanut Butter Book: A Book of Recipes, Facts, Figures, and Fun. St. Martin's Press.
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