L. S. Lowry

L. S. Lowry
L.S Lowry at work. Front cover image from the biographical book of Lowry's life & work by Shelley Rohde
Born	Laurence Stephen Lowry (1887-11-01)1 November 1887 Stretford, Lancashire, England
Died	23 February 1976(1976-02-23) (aged 88) Glossop, Derbyshire, England
Nationality	English
Education	Manchester Municipal College Salford Technical College
Known for	Painting
Notable work	Going to the Match (1928), Coming from the Mill (1930) Industrial Landscape (1955)
Awards	Freedom of the City of Salford Honorary Master of Arts Honorary Doctor of Letters

Laurence Stephen Lowry (1 November 1887 – 23 February 1976) was an English artist born in Barrett Street, Stretford, Lancashire. Many of his drawings and paintings depict nearby Salford and surrounding areas, including Pendlebury, where he lived and worked for over 40 years at 117 Station Road (B5231), opposite St. Mark's Roman Catholic Church.

Lowry is famous for painting scenes of life in the industrial districts of Northern England during the early 20th century. He had a distinctive style of painting and is best known for urban landscapes peopled with human figures often referred to as "matchstick men". He also painted mysterious unpopulated landscapes, brooding portraits, and the secret 'marionette' works, the latter only found after his death.

Because of his use of stylised figures and the lack of weather effects in many of his landscapes he is sometimes characterised as a naïve 'Sunday painter' although this is not the position of the galleries that have organised retrospectives of his works.

A large collection of Lowry's work is on permanent public display in a purpose-built art gallery on Salford Quays, appropriately named The Lowry.

Life and career

Early life

Lowry was born at 8 Barrett Street (now a community centre on Shrewsbury Street, Old Trafford, in Stretford). His family called him Laurie. It was a difficult birth, and his mother Elizabeth, who hoped for a girl, was uncomfortable even looking at him at first. Later she expressed envy of her sister Mary, who had "three splendid daughters" instead of one "clumsy boy". Lowry's father Robert, a clerk for the Jacob Earnshaw and Son Property Company, was a withdrawn and introverted man whom Lowry once described as "a cold fish" and "(the sort of man who) realised he had a life to live and did his best to get through it."

After Lowry's birth, his mother's health was too poor for her to continue teaching. She is reported to have been gifted and respected, with aspirations of becoming a concert pianist. She was an irritable, nervous woman brought up to expect high standards by her stern father. Like him, she was controlling and intolerant of failure. She used illness as a means of securing the attention and obedience of her mild and affectionate husband and she dominated her son in the same way. Lowry maintained, in interviews conducted later in his life, that he had an unhappy childhood, growing up in a repressive family atmosphere. Although his mother demonstrated no appreciation of her son's gifts as an artist, a number of books Lowry received as Christmas presents from his parents are inscribed to "Our dearest Laurie." At school he made few friends and showed no academic aptitude. His father was affectionate towards him but was, by all accounts, a quiet man who was at his most comfortable fading into the background as an unobtrusive presence.

Education

The Peel Building where Lowry studied during his time at the Salford Royal Technical College

After leaving school, Lowry took private art lessons in the evenings on antique and freehand drawing. In 1905, he secured a place at the Manchester Municipal College of Art, where he studied under the French Impressionist artist Pierre Adolphe Valette. Lowry was full of praise for Valette as a teacher, remarking "I cannot over-estimate the effect on me of the coming into this drab city of Adolphe Valette, full of French impressionists, aware of everything that was going on in Paris". In 1915 he graduated to the Salford Royal Technical College (now the University of Salford) where he continued studying until 1925. Here, he developed his interest in industrial landscapes and began to establish his style.

Death of his mother

His father died in 1932, leaving debts. His mother, subject to neurosis and depression, became bedridden and he had to care for her. He painted after his mother had fallen asleep, from 10pm to 2am, or, depending how tired he was, he might stay up another hour adding features. Many paintings produced during this period were damning self-portraits (often referred to as the "Horrible Heads" series), which demonstrate the influence of expressionism and may have been inspired by an exhibition of van Gogh's work at Manchester Art Gallery in 1931. He expressed regret that he received little recognition as an artist until the year his mother died and that she was not able to enjoy his success. From the mid-1930s until at least 1939 Lowry took annual holidays at Berwick-upon-Tweed. At the outbreak of war Lowry served as a volunteer fire watcher and became an official war artist in 1943. In 1953 he was appointed Official Artist at the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II.

When his mother died in October 1939, Lowry became depressed and neglected the upkeep of his house to such a degree that the landlord repossessed it in 1948. He was not short of money and bought "The Elms" in Mottram in Longdendale, Hyde, Cheshire. Although he considered the house ugly and uncomfortable, he stayed there until his death almost 30 years later.

Personal life

In later years, Lowry spent holidays at the Seaburn Hotel in Sunderland, County Durham, painting scenes of the beach and nearby ports and coal mines. When he had no sketchbook, Lowry drew scenes in pencil or charcoal on the back of envelopes, serviettes (napkins), and cloakroom tickets and presented them to young people sitting with their families. Such serendipitous pieces are now worth thousands of pounds; a serviette sketch can be seen at the Sunderland Mariott Hotel (formerly the Seaburn Hotel).

He was a secretive and mischievous man who enjoyed stories irrespective of their truth. His friends observed that his anecdotes were more notable for humour than accuracy and in many cases he set out deliberately to deceive. His stories about the fictional Ann were inconsistent and he invented other people as frameworks on which to hang his tales. The collection of clocks in his living room were all set at different times: to some people he said that this was because he did not want to know the real time; to others he claimed that it was to save him from being deafened by their simultaneous chimes.

The contradictions in his life are exacerbated by this confusion. He is widely seen as a shy man, but he had many long-lasting friendships including the Salford artist, Harold Riley, and made new friends throughout his adult life. He bought works from young artists he admired, such as James Lawrence Isherwood whose 'Woman with Black Cat', hung on his studio wall. He kept ongoing friendships with some of these artists. He befriended the 23-year-old Cumbrian artist Sheila Fell in November 1955, describing her as “the finest landscape artist of the mid-20th century”. He supported her career by buying several pictures that he gave to museums. Fell later described him as "A great humanist. To be a humanist, one has first to love human beings, and to be a great humanist, one has to be slightly detached from them." As he never married this had an impact on his influence, but he did have several lady friends. At the age of 88 he said that he had "never had a woman".

As his celebrity grew in the late 1950s, he grew tired of being approached by strangers, and particularly disliked being visited by them at home. Another of his unverifiable stories had him keeping a suitcase by the front door so that he could claim to be just leaving, a practice he claimed to have abandoned after a helpful young man insisted on taking him to the railway station and had to be sent off to buy a paper so that Lowry could buy a ticket for just one stop without revealing his deceit. However, he was polite to the residents of Mottram, who respected him and his privacy; he used the bus to get about the area in his retirement. A bronze statue of him was erected at the traffic lights in the village.

Despite attempts to present himself as a "simple man" and, by default, unable to appreciate post-classical art, Lowry seems to have been aware of major trends in 20th century art. In an interview with Mervyn Levy he expressed his admiration for the work of René Magritte and Lucian Freud, although he admitted that he "didn't understand" Francis Bacon's work. When he started to command large sums for the sale of his works, Lowry purchased a number of paintings and sketches by the Pre-Raphaelite artist Dante Gabriel Rossetti. Many of these works were portraits of Elizabeth Siddal, Jane Morris and William Holman Hunt's muse Annie Miller. Lowry considered Rossetti to be his chief inspiration.

Although seen as a mostly solitary and private person, Lowry enjoyed attending football matches and was an ardent supporter of Manchester City Football Club.

Retirement

Lowry retired from the Pall Mall Property Company in 1952 on his 65th birthday (McLean, 1978). He became chief cashier but never stopped collecting rents. The firm supported his development as an artist and allowed time off for exhibitions in addition to his annual leave. It seems that he was not proud of his job; secrecy about his employment by the company is widely seen as a desire to present himself as a serious artist but the secrecy extended beyond the art world into his social circle.

Margery Thompson met him when she was a schoolgirl and he became part of her family circle. He attended concerts with her family and friends, visited her home and entertained her at his Pendlebury home, where he shared his knowledge of painting. They remained friends until his death, but he never told her that he had any work except his art. In the 1950s he visited friends at Cleator Moor in Cumberland (where Geoffrey Bennett was the manager at the National Westminster Bank) and Southampton (where Margery Thompson had moved after her marriage). He painted pictures of the bank in Cleator Moor, Southampton Floating Bridge and other scenes local to his friends' homes.

In 1957 an unrelated 13-year-old schoolgirl called Carol Ann Lowry wrote to him at her mother's urging to ask his advice on becoming an artist. He visited her home in Heywood and befriended the family. His friendship with Carol Ann Lowry lasted for the rest of his life.

Lowry joked about retiring from the art world, citing his lack of interest in the changing landscape. Instead, he began to focus on groups of figures and odd imaginary characters. Unknown to his friends and the public, Lowry produced a series of erotic works which were not seen until after his death. The paintings depict the mysterious "Ann" figure, who appears in portraits and sketches produced throughout his lifetime, enduring sexually-charged and humiliating tortures. When these works were exhibited at the Art Council's Centenary exhibition at the Barbican in 1988, art critic Richard Dorment wrote in the Daily Telegraph that these works "reveal a sexual anxiety which is never so much as hinted at in the work of the previous 60 years."

Death and legacy

Entrance to the Lowry Centre on Salford Quays

L.S. Lowry memorial at Mottram in Longdendale

Lowry died of pneumonia at the Woods Hospital in Glossop on 23 February 1976 aged 88. He was buried in the Southern Cemetery in Manchester, next to his parents. He left estate valued at £298,459, and a considerable number of artworks by himself and others to Carol Ann Lowry, who, in 2001, obtained trademark protection of the artist's signature.

Lowry left a cultural legacy, his works often sold for millions of pounds and inspired other artists. The Lowry in Salford Quays was opened in 2000 at a cost £106million; named after him, the 2,000 square metres (22,000 sq ft) gallery houses 55 of his paintings and 278 drawings – the world's largest collection of his work – with up to 100 on display. In January 2005, a statue of him was unveiled in Mottram in Longdendale 100 yards away from his home from 1948 until his death in 1976. The statue has been a target for vandals since it was unveiled. In 2006 the Lowry Centre in Salford hosted a contemporary dance performance inspired by the works of Lowry.

Awards and honours

Lowry was awarded an honorary Master of Arts degree, by the University of Manchester in 1945, and Doctor of Letters in 1961. He was given the freedom of the city of Salford in 1965. In 1975 he was awarded honorary Doctor of Letters degrees by the Universities of Salford and Liverpool. In 1964, the art world celebrated his 77th birthday with an exhibition of his work and that of 25 contemporary artists who had submitted tributes at Monk's Hall Museum, Eccles. The Hallé Orchestra performed a concert in his honour and Prime Minister, Harold Wilson, used Lowry's painting The Pond as his official Christmas card. Lowry's painting Coming Out of School was depicted on a postage stamp of highest denomination in a series issued by the Post Office depicting great British artists in 1968.

Lowry twice declined appointment to the Order of the British Empire: as an Officer (OBE) in 1955, and as a Commander (CBE) in 1961. He turned down a knighthood in 1968, and appointment to the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) in 1972 and 1976. He appears to hold the record for the most honours declined.

Quotations

File:Lowry, Huddersfield.jpg

L.S. Lowry's painting of Huddersfield in 1965.

On the industrial landscape:

• "We went to Pendlebury in 1909 from a residential side of Manchester, and we didn't like it. My father wanted to go to get near a friend for business reasons. We lived next door, and for a long time my mother never got to like it, and at first I disliked it, and then after about a year or so I got used to it, and then I got absorbed in it, then I got infatuated with it. Then I began to wonder if anyone had ever done it. Seriously, not one or two, but seriously; and it seemed to me by that time that it was a very fine industrial subject matter. And I couldn't see anybody at that time who had done it - and nobody had done it, it seemed."
• "Most of my land and townscape is composite. Made up; part real and part imaginary [...] bits and pieces of my home locality. I don't even know I'm putting them in. They just crop up on their own, like things do in dreams."

On his style:

• "I wanted to paint myself into what absorbed me [...] Natural figures would have broken the spell of it, so I made my figures half unreal. Some critics have said that I turned my figures into puppets, as if my aim were to hint at the hard economic nescessities that drove them. To say the truth, I was not thinking very much about the people. I did not care for them in the way a social reformer does. They are part of a private beauty that haunted me. I loved them and the houses in the same way: as part of a vision.
• "I am a simple man, and I use simple materials: ivory black, vermilion, prussian blue, yellow ochre, flake white and no medium. That's all I've ever used in my paintings. I like oils [...] I like a medium you can work into over a period of time."

On painting his 'Seascapes':

• "It's the battle of life - the turbulence of the sea [...] I have been fond of the sea all my life, how wonderful it is, yet how terrible it is. But I often think [...] what if it suddenly changed its mind and didn't turn the tide? And came straight on? If it didn't stay and came on and on and on and on [...] That would be the end of it all."

On art:

• "You don't need brains to be a painter, just feelings."
• "I am not an artist. I am a man who paints."
• "This art is a terrible business."

Works

"Oldfield Road Dwellings, Salford", 1927, oil on wood, 43.2cm x 53.3cm, by L.S.Lowry Tate Gallery.

During his life Lowry made about 1,000 paintings and over 8,000 drawings. The lists here are some of those that are considered to be particularly significant.

Selected paintings

• 1906 Still Life — a bowl of fruit for the first evening classes
• 1910 Clifton Junction Morning
• 1912 Portrait of the Artist's Mother
• 1917 Coming from the Mill — early example of what has become known as the Lowry style
• 1919 Frank Jopling Fletcher — portrait demonstrating that Lowry's stylisation was a choice and not a consequence of any lack of skill
• 1922 A Manufacturing Town — archetypal Lowry industrial landscape
• 1922 Regent Street, Lytham — pastoral scene in sharp contrast to A Manufacturing Town
• 1925 Self Portrait — a large-nosed young man (he would have been 38 years old) in a large flat cap
• 1926 An Accident
• 1927 Peel Park, Salford — an art gallery and museum that Lowry particularly liked and that held Salford's excellent collection of his work before the opening of the Lowry Centre
• 1927 A view from the bridge
• 1927 Coming Out of School — the first Lowry painting to be bought by the Tate Gallery by the Lord Duveen Fund
• 1928 A Street Scene — the first Lowry painting to be bought by Salford City Art Gallery
• 1928 Going to the Match — a crowd heading for a football match at Burnden Park, Bolton
• 1930 Coming from the Mill
• 1934 The Empty House — an isolated house in grounds
• 1935 A Fight
• 1935 The Fever Van
• 1936 Laying a Foundation Stone — the mayor of Swinton and Pendlebury, laying a foundation stone in Clifton
• 1937 The Lake — an environmental nightmare against an industrial background
• 1938 A Head of a Man — it has been suggested that this red-eyed man might be a portrait of Robert Lowry (who would be much older than the portrait suggests) or a form of self-portrait
• 1940 The Bedroom – Pendlebury — his late mother's room
• 1941 Barges on a Canal
• 1941 Houses on a Hill
• 1942 The Sea — a mournful painting off the Berwick coast
• 1942 Blitzed Site — a man stands amidst the bombed ruins
• 1943 Britain at Play — huge busy urban scene which clearly depicts St. Michael's Flags and Angel Meadow Park, Manchester
• 1943 Going To Work — painted as a war artist and on show in the Imperial War Museum, London.
• 1945 V.E. Day
• 1946 The Park
• 1946 Good Friday, Daisy Nook — sold for record price for a Lowry, in 2007, for £3.8 million
• 1947 A River Bank — bought by Bury Council for £150 in 1951, it was controversially sold by the Metropolitan Borough of Bury in 2006 to fund a £10 million budget deficit for £1.25 million at a Christie's auction
• 1947 Iron Works
• 1947 Cranes and Ships, Glasgow Docks — acquired by Glasgow City Council at Christie's in November 2005 for £198,400, presently on display at the Kelvin Hall, it was bought specifically for display in the new Riverside Museum
• 1949 The Canal Bridge
• 1949 The Football Match — not seen in public for two decades before May 2011 when offered for sale at Christie's; later sold for a record £5.6m
• 1950 The Pond — used as a Christmas card by prime minister Harold Wilson in 1964
• 1953 Football Ground — fans converging on Bolton Wanderers's old football ground Burnden Park; painted for a competition run by the Football Association, it was later renamed Going to the Match and was bought by the Professional Footballers' Association for a record £1.9 million in 1999
• 1955 A Young Man — a haunted youth stares at the viewer
• 1955 Industrial Landscape
• 1956 The Floating Bridge — one of a pair owned by the City of Southampton, where the bridge operated until 1977
• 1956 Factory at Widnes Christchurch Art Gallery Te Puna o Waiwhetu, Christchurch, New Zealand
• 1957 Man Lying on a Wall — note the gentle joke that the man's briefcase bears the initials 'LSL'
• 1957 Portrait of Ann — a fiction
• 1959 On the Sands — oil on canvas
• 1960 Gentleman Looking at Something
• 1961 River Wear at Sunderland — one of Lowry's favoured holiday destinations
• 1962 Two People
• 1963 The Sea — typically understated seascape
• 1965 Industrial Scene
• 1967 Tanker entering the Tyne

Drawings

• 1908 Head from the Antique — very accurately observed
• 1914 Seated Male Nude — realistic rendition with no trace of 'matchstick men'
• 1919 Robert Lowry — the artist's father
• 1920 The Artist's Mother
• 1931 Pendlebury Scene
• 1936 Dewars Lane — Lowry Trail in Berwick
• 1942 A Bit of Wenlock Edge
• 1956 Berwick Pier and Lighthouse
• 1957 Woman with Beard — a woman Lowry saw on a train
• 1958 The Elms — Lowry's house in Mottram-in-Longdendale
• 1961 Colliery, Sunderland
• 1969 The Front, Hartlepool
• undated Palace street Berwick
• undated The Match

Stolen Lowry works

Five Lowry art works were stolen from the Grove Fine Art Gallery in Cheadle Hulme, Cheshire on 2 May 2007. The most valuable were The Viaduct, estimated value of £700,000 and The Tanker Entering the Tyne, which is valued at over £500,000. The Surgery, The Bridge at Ringley and The Street Market were also stolen.

Collections

Lowry's work is held in many public and private collections. The largest collection is held by Salford City Council and displayed at the Lowry Centre. Its collection has about 350 paintings and drawings. X-ray analysis has revealed hidden figures under his drawings - the 'Ann' figures. "Going to the Match" is owned by the Professional Footballers' Association (PFA) and is on display at the Lowry Centre.

The Tate Gallery in London owns 23 works. The City of Southampton owns The Floating Bridge, The Canal Bridge and An Industrial Town. His work is also featured at MOMA, in New York. The Christchurch Art Gallery Te Puna o Waiwhetu in Christchurch, New Zealand has a Lowry work in its collection, "Factory at Widnes" (1956). The painting was one of the gallery’s most important acquisitions of the 1950s and remains the highlight of its collection of modern British art.

Tributes

• To mark the centenary of his birth, Royston Futter, director of the L. S. Lowry Centenary Festival on behalf of the City of Salford and the BBC commissioned the Northern Ballet Theatre and Gillian Lynne to create a dance drama in his honour. A Simple Man was choreographed and directed by Lynne, with music by Carl Davis and starred Christopher Gable and Moira Shearer (in her last dance role) and it won a BAFTA award as the best arts programme in 1987. It was subsequently transferred to the stage and first performed in Manchester in 1987 and in London at Sadler's Wells in 1988.
• In February 2011 a bronze statue of Lowry was installed in the basement of his favourite pub, Sam's Chop House.

In popular culture

• In January 1968 the rock band Status Quo paid tribute to Lowry in their single "Pictures of Matchstick Men" which reached number seven in the British charts, number eight in Canada, and number twelve on the US Billboard Hot 100.
• In 1978, two years after his death, duo Brian and Michael from Manchester, England hit number one in the UK pop charts with their only hit, the Lowry tribute Matchstalk Men and Matchstalk Cats and Dogs. Written by Ancoats-born Michael Coleman and produced by Kevin Parrott, the record sold 750,000 copies.
• Terry Gilliam's 1985 dystopian fantasy film Brazil pays homage to Lowry through both the incorporation of 'Lowryesque' cityscapes and the name of its chief protagonist (Sam Lowry).
• The Manchester rock band Oasis paid tribute to Lowry by releasing a music video for the single "The Masterplan" in October 2006 which uses Lowry style animation.
• Burberry designer Christopher Bailey drew influences from Lowry's work for his autumn/winter 2008-09 collection.
• Shelley Rohde is known to have completed a one-man-play about the artist for which Christopher Eccleston was at one time engaged to perform. However, following her death in December 2007 it is unclear whether the play will be produced.
• In August 2010 Figures Half Unreal, an immersive theatre piece on Lowry, was performed in a semi-derelict house in Berwick-upon-Tweed, a town the artist used to visit regularly.

References

Notes

Bibliography

• Allen Andrews, The Life of L. S. Lowry, A Biography, (London: Jupiter Books, 1977)
• David, McLean. 1978.L. S. Lowry. The Medici Society, London.
• Hilda Margery Clarke, Lowry Himself, (Southampton: The First Gallery, 1992) ISBN 0-9512947-0-9
• Michael Howard, Lowry — A Visionary Artist (Lausanne, Switzerland: Acatos, 1999)
• Michael Leber & Judith Sandling (editors), L. S. Lowry, (Oxford: Phaidon, 1987)
• Michael Leber & Judith Sandling, Lowry's City: A Painter and His Locale, (London: Lowry House, 2001)
• Mervyn Levy, The Paintings of L. S. Lowry: Oils and Watercolours, (London: Jupiter Books, 1975)
• Mervyn Levy, The Drawings of L. S. Lowry: Public and Private, (London: Jupiter Books, 1976)
• Tilly Marshall, Life with Lowry, (London: Hutchinson, 1981) ISBN 0-09-144090-4
• Shelley Rohde, A Private View of L. S. Lowry, (London: Collins, 1979)
• Shelley Rohde, The Lowry Lexicon — An A–Z of L. S. Lowry, (Salford Quays: Lowry Press, 1999)
• Doreen Sieja, The Lowry I Knew, (London: Jupiter Books, 1983)
• Julian Spalding, Lowry, (Oxford: Phaidon, New York: Dutton, 1979)
• H. W. Timperley, (ill. L. S. Lowry), A Cotswold Book, (London: Jonathan Cape, 1931)

External links

Complete illustrated details of L.S. Lowry's published works http://www.lowry.co.uk

• Media related to L. S. Lowry at Wikimedia Commons