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This bibliography of biology is a list of notable works, organized by subdiscipline, on the subject of biology.^[1]^[2]

Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy.^[3] Biology is a vast subject containing many subdivisions, topics, and disciplines. Subdisciplines of biology are recognized on the basis of the scale at which organisms are studied and the methods used to study them.^[4]

Anatomy

This section contains a list of works in anatomy, the study of the structure of living things.^[5]

Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna) (1025). The Canon of Medicine.^[6]
Vesalius, Andreas (1543). De humani corporis fabrica libri septem (On the fabric of the human body in seven books).

A landmark publication in anatomy and medicine.

It is the 400th birthyear of the beautiful book which graces the lectern in front of me, the most artistic book and one of the most illuminating in the history of medicine. As Osier remarked, 1543 is a starred year in the history of science. In it appeared the two great works which inaugurated modern science, Copernicus' Revolutions of the heavenly bodies, which gave us a rational and abiding explanation of the workings of the macrocosm, the great universe, and Vesalius' Fabrica, which for the first time fully, and for the first time accurately, portrayed not only the structure but to some extent also the workings of the body of man, that mysterious spiritual animal which the Middle Ages called the microcosm or little universe.
— Dr. William Willoughby Francis, 1943, ^[7]

Gray, Henry (1858). Henry Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body.

First published under the title Gray's Anatomy: Descriptive and Surgical in Great Britain in 1858, and the following year in the United States. Gray died after the publication of the 1860 second edition, at the age of 34, but his book was continued by others. In 2008, for the 150th anniversary of the first edition, the 40th edition was released.^[8]

Biophysics

This section is a list of works on biophysics, an interdisciplinary science that uses the methods of physical science to study biological systems.

Galvani, Luigi (1791). De viribus electricitatis in motu musculari commentarius. Bologna: Accademia delle Scienze. English translation: Galvani, Luigi (1955). "Commentary on the Effects of Electricity on Muscular Motion". Isis. 46 (3). Translated by Margaret Glover Foley: 305–309. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authormask= ignored (|author-mask= suggested) (help)

Galvani's researches into stimulating muscles with electricity. His theory of an "animal electric fluid" was later disproved by Alessandro Volta, but stimulated research into bioelectricity.^[9]

Botany

This section is a list of works on botany,^[10]^[11] the scientific study of plant life.^[12]

Cell biology

This section contains a list of works on cell biology,^[13] the study of cells – their physiological properties, their structure, the organelles they contain, interactions with their environment, their life cycle, division and death.

Hooke, Robert (1665). Micrographia: or, Some physiological descriptions of minute bodies made by magnifying glasses (first ed.). J. Martyn and J. Allestry.

Ecology

This section contains a list of works in ecology,^[14] the scientific study of the relations that living organisms have with respect to each other and their natural environment.^[15]

Warming, Eugenius. Plantesamfund – Grundtræk af den økologiske Plantegeografi (in Danish). 335 pp. Copenhagen: P.G. Philipsens Forlag. Published in English as Warming, Eugenius (1909). Oecology of Plants: An Introduction to the Study of Plant Communities. (English edition). Oxford: Clarendon Press. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authormask= ignored (|author-mask= suggested) (help)

Turned descriptive faunistic/floristic biogeography into a new discipline, ecology. Based on his botanical investigations from Tropics to tundra, Warmings aimed to explain how similar environmental challenges (drought, flooding, cold, salt, herbivory etc.) were solved by plants in similar ways everywhere in the World, despite the different descent of species on different continents.

Gause, Georgii Frantsevich (1936). The struggle for existence. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins.

Gause formulated his Competitive exclusion principle, through experiments involving paramecia. The principle holds that no two species can co-exist for long if they have to compete for highly similar resources. This outcome has two preconditions: 1) panmixis of individuals of competing species, 2) the environment is homogeneous in time and space. These conditions may be met by aquatic microorganisms grown under laboratory conditions. However, in most real-world biotic communities, both conditions are likely to be violated from moderately to strongly. Due to its simplicity and intuitiveness, Gause's Competitive exclusion principle has had a great impact on subsequent ecological thinking.

Evolutionary biology

This section contains a list of works on evolution,^[16] the change across successive generations in the heritable characteristics of biological populations.

Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (1749–1788). Histoire Naturelle. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)^[17]

Until the publication of this encyclopedia much of the European scientific community thought that all animals were created by God about 6,000 years ago. Not only did this 44-volume encyclopedia contain all descriptive biological knowledge of its time, it offered a new theory. One hundred years before Darwin, Buffon claimed that man and ape might have a common ancestor. His work also had a significant impact on ecology.

It is no exaggeration to claim that virtually all the well-known writers of the Enlightenment, and even of later generations, in France as well as in other European countries were Buffonians, either directly or indirectly.
— Mayr, 2000^[18]

Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste (1809). Philosophie zoologique ou exposition des considérations relatives à l'histoire naturelle des animaux. Dentu and The Author. English translation: Lamarck, Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet (2001). Zoological philosophy : an exposition with regard to the natural history of animals. Nabu Press. ISBN 978-1-178-26555-2.
Darwin, Charles; Wallace, Alfred Russel (1858). "On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection". Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London. Zoology. 3: 46–50.

In September 1838 Charles Darwin conceived his theory of natural selection as the cause of evolution, then as well as developing his career as a naturalist worked privately on finding evidence and answering possible objections, circulating essays written in 1842 and 1844 to his friends. Wallace, who was corresponding with Darwin from Borneo, arrived independently at the same theory. He wrote his paper On The Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from the Original Type in February 1858 and sent it to Darwin, who received it on 18 June 1858 and passed it to Lyell and Hooker. They arranged for a joint publication of Wallace's paper and an extract from Darwin's 1844 essay; this was read to the Linnean Society of London on 1 July 1858, and printed in the Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London. Zoology 3: 46-50. It had little impact at the time, but spurred Darwin to write an "abstract" of the "big book" Natural Selection he was then working on; this condensed version was published in November 1859 as On the Origin of Species.^[19]

Darwin, Charles (1859). On the Origin of Species. London: John Murray.^[19](Online: 6th Edition (text))

The Origin of Species is one of the hallmark works of biology. In this shortened abstract of his intended "big book" on Natural Selection, Darwin details his theory that organisms gradually evolve through a process of natural selection, and this process leads to the formation of new species. It was first published on November 24, 1859 and the initial print run was oversubscribed by booksellers at Murray's Autumn sale the day before.

Darwin presents a theory of natural selection that is in most aspects identical to the theories now accepted by scientists. He carefully argues out this theory by presenting accumulated scientific evidence from his voyage on the Beagle in the 1830s, and from his continuing studies up to the date of publication. His studies continued with the book being revised accordingly; the most extensive revisions were the 6th and final edition.

Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, with its tree-like model of branching common descent, has become the unifying theory of the life sciences. The theory explains the diversity of living organisms and their adaptation to the environment. It makes sense of the geologic record, biogeography, parallels in embryonic development, biological homologies, vestigiality, cladistics, phylogenetics and other fields, with unrivalled explanatory power; it has also become essential to applied sciences such as medicine and agriculture.^[19]^[20]

Darwin, Charles (1871). The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. {{cite book}}: Text "John Murray" ignored (help)
Fisher, Ronald (1930). The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection. Oxford University Press.

In the preface, Fisher considers some general points, including that there must be an understanding of natural selection distinct from that of evolution, and that the then-recent advances in the field of genetics (see history of genetics) now allowed this. In the first chapter, Fisher considers the nature of inheritance, rejecting blending inheritance in favour of particulate inheritance. The second chapter introduces Fisher's fundamental theorem of natural selection. The third considers the evolution of dominance, which Fisher believed was strongly influenced by modifiers. The last five chapters (8-12) include Fisher's more idiosyncratic views on eugenics. One of the founding works of population genetics.^[21]

Dobzhansky, Theodosius (1937). Genetics and the origin of species. With an introduction by Stephen Jay Gould (1982 Reprint ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-05475-1.
Wilson, E. O. (1975). Sociobiology: The New Synthesis. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.

Wilson introduced the term sociobiology as an attempt to explain the evolutionary mechanics behind social behaviors such as altruism, aggression, and nurturance. Wilson's book sparked one of the great scientific controversies in biology of the 20th century.^[22]^[23]^[24]

Gould, Stephen Jay (1977). Ontogeny and Phylogeny. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-63940-5.

Critically revisits Haeckel's idea that ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny. Gould presents heterochrony as a concept that allows us to describe the majority of developmental processes in evolution. This book played a significant role at the time by bringing the evolutionary biology community back to examine developmental biology, ignored for many years.

Pinker, Steven (1999). How the mind works. New York: Norton. ISBN 0-393-31848-6.

A synthesis of many of the ideas of Evolutionary Psychology. This field posits that there are insights into the way that the mind works if you view our cognitive capabilities as the adaptive result of evolution. Synthesizes the work of many Evolutionry Psychologists and provides a comprehensive starting point for inquiries into (exactly as the title states) how the mind works.

Genetics

This section contains a list of works on genetics, the science of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms.^[25]^[26]^[27]

Mendel, Gregor (1866). "Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden". Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereins Brünn. Published in English as "Experiments on Plant Hybridization". Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society. 26: 1–30. 1901. (Online version)

The result of years spent studying genetic traits in pea plants. Mendel compared seven discrete traits. Through experimentation, Mendel discovered that one inheritable trait would invariably be dominant to its recessive alternative. This model, later known as Mendelian inheritance or Mendelian genetics, provided an alternative to blending inheritance, which was the prevailing theory at the time.^[28]

Fisher, Ronald (1918). The Correlation Between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance. Vol. 52. pp. 399–433. {{cite book}}: Text "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh" ignored (help)
Schrödinger, Erwin (1944). What is life? the physical aspects of the living cell (2001 reprint ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. ISBN 0-521-42708-8.

Based on a series of public lectures delivered at Trinity College, Dublin. Schrödinger's lecture focused on one important question: "how can the events in space and time which take place within the spatial boundary of a living organism be accounted for by physics and chemistry?"^[29] He introduced the idea of an "aperiodic crystal" that contained genetic information in its configuration of covalent chemical bonds. In the 1950s, Schrödinger's idea of an aperiodic crystal stimulated enthusiasm for discovering the genetic molecule. Francis Crick, co-discoverer of the structure of DNA, credited Schrödinger's book with presenting an early theoretical description of how the storage of genetic information would work, and acknowledged the book as a source of inspiration for his initial research.^[30]

Pauling, Linus (1949). "Sickle Cell Anemia, a Molecular Disease". Science. 110 (2865): 543–548. doi:10.1126/science.110.2865.543. PMID 15395398. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
Crick, Francis; Watson, James D. (1953). "Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid". Nature. 171: 737–738. (Online version (Original text))^[31]

Microbiology

This section contains a list of publications on microbiology.^[32] Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, which are defined as any microscopic organism that comprises either a single cell (unicellular), cell clusters or no cell at all (acellular).^[33]

Molecular biology

This section contains a list of works on molecular biology,^[34] the study of the molecular basis of biological activity.

Crick, Francis; Watson, James D. (1953). "Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid". Nature. 171: 737–738. (Online version (Original text))

Described a molecular structure for DNA that was consistent with X-ray diffraction data and had implications for the nature of ineritance.

Physiology

This section contains a list of works on physiology, the science of the function of living systems. This includes how organisms, organ systems, organs, cells and bio-molecules carry out the chemical or physical functions that exist in a living system.^[35]

Harvey, William (1628). Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus. English translation: Harvey, William (1993). On the motion of the heart and blood in animals. Translated by Robert Willis. Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-0-87975-854-7.

Taxonomy

This section contains a list of works on taxonomy, the practice and science of classification or the result of it.^[36]

Linnaeus, Carolus (1758–1759 (two volumes)). Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Online access (10th ed.). Stockholm: Laurentius Salvius. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help); External link in |others= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)

Classified animals using a hierarchical system with 5 levels: Kingdom, class, order, genus and species. The official starting point of zoological nomenclature.^[37]

Linnaeus, Carolus (1753). Species Plantarum (The Species of Plants).

A two-volume work, going through many editions (ever expanding), listing all plants then known, made accessible by an ordering in (artificial) classes and orders, and giving every listed species a two-part name. With this book anybody, by counting the male and female parts present in a flower, could get to a listing of the genera the plant in question belongs to. The system of binomial nomenclature that bears his name effectively began with this work.^[38]

Zoology

This section contains a list of works on zoology,^[39] the study of the animal kingdom, including the structure, embryology, evolution, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living and extinct.^[40]

Pliny (circa 77–79). Naturalis Historia. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)

Encyclopedia of nature. It included many areas that are not considered to be part of nature sciences today - from geography, botany, zoology to painting. The encyclopedia was also novel with respect to its structure. It was the first to use references, table of contents and tables of animal characteristics.

White, Gilbert (1813). The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne.

Observations on birds and many other aspects of the natural world that White observed near where he lived.

References

^ Overmier 1989
^ Anne Baumer-Schleinkofer (1997). Bibliography of the History of Biology/Bibliographie Zur Geschichte De Biologie: Bibliographie Zur Geschichte Der Biologie. ISBN 0-8204-3513-9.
^ Based on definition from Aquarena Wetlands Project glossary of terms.
^ Life Science, Weber State Museum of Natural Science
^ Overmier 1989, pp. 3–10
^ Avicenna (Abū ʻAlī al-Ḥusayn ibn ʻAbd Allāh ibn Sīnā) (1999). The canon of medicine of Avicenna : [Edited and translated by O. Cameron Gruner]. adapted by Laleh Bakhtiar from translation of volume 1 by O. Cameron Gruner and Mazhar H. Shah. Chicago, IL: Kazi Publications. ISBN 978-1-871031-67-6.
^ The Historical Library, Yale University School of Medicine, ed. (1943). The four hundredth anniversary celebration of the De humani corporis fabrica of Andreas Vesalius (1943) (PDF). New Haven, Conn: Tuttle, Morehouse & Taylor Company. p. 7.
^ Standring, Susan, ed. (2008). Gray's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice (40th ed., anniversary ed. ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-443-06684-9. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
^ Geddes, L. A. (1971). "The discovery of bioelectricity and current electricity The Galvani-Volta controversy". IEEE Spectrum. 8 (12): 38–46. doi:10.1109/MSPEC.1971.5217888. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ Greene, Edward Lee; Egerton, Frank N. (ed.) (1983a). Landmarks of Botanical History: Part 1. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-1075-6. {{cite book}}: |first2= has generic name (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help); originally published as Greene, Edward L. (1909). Landmarks of Botanical History 1. Prior to 1562 A.D. Washington: Smithsonian Institution. OCLC 174698401. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
^ Greene, Edward Lee; Egerton, Frank N. (ed.) (1983b). Landmarks of Botanical History: Part 2. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-1075-6. {{cite book}}: |first2= has generic name (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
^ Overmier 1989, pp. 17–22
^ Gall 2001
^ Real, Leslie A.; Brown, James H., eds. (2007). Foundations of ecology : classic papers with commentaries. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-70594-1.
^ Overmier 1989, pp. 23–34
^ Mayr 2000
^ Miall 2007, p. 65
^ Mayr 2000, page 330
^ ^a ^b ^c Freeman, R. B. (1977). "On the Origin of Species". The Works of Charles Darwin: An Annotated Bibliographical Handlist (Second ed.). Cannon House Folkestone, Kent, England: Wm Dawson & Sons Ltd. Retrieved 2007-01-14.
^ Larson, Edward J. (2004). Evolution: The Remarkable History of a Scientific Theory. New York: Modern Library. ISBN 0-8129-6849-2.
^ Bowler, Peter J. (2003). Evolution : the history of an idea (3rd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 328. ISBN 978-0-520-23693-6.
^ Cronin, Helena (1993). The ant and the peacock : altruism and sexual selection from Darwin to today (1st paperback ed. ed.). Cambridge: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. ISBN 978-0-521-45765-1. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
^ Segerstråle, Ullica (2001). Defenders of the truth : the sociobiology debate (1st issued as an Oxford Univ. Press paperback. ed.). Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0-19-286215-0.
^ Alcock, John (2001). The triumph of sociobiology ([Online-Ausg.] ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514383-6.
^ Peters 1959
^ Griffiths, William M.; Miller, Jeffrey H.; Suzuki, David T.; Lewontin, Richard C.; Gelbart, eds. (2000). "Genetics and the Organism: Introduction". An Introduction to Genetic Analysis (7th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-3520-2. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); More than one of |editor1-first= and |editor-first= specified (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
^ Overmier 1989, pp. 76–84
^ Peters 1959, pp. 1–20
^ Margulis, Lynn. & Sagan, Dorion. (1995). What Is Life? (pg. 1). Berkeley: University of California Press.
^ Julian F. Derry (2004). "Book Review: What Is Life? By Erwin Schrödinger". Human Nature Review. Retrieved 2007-07-15.
^ Peters 1959, pp. 241–243
^ Brock 1999
^ Madigan M, Martinko J (editors) (2006). Brock Biology of Microorganisms (13th ed.). Pearson Education. p. 1096. ISBN 0-321-73551-X. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
^ Morange, Michel (2000). A history of molecular biology. Translated by Matthew Cobb (2 ed.). Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00169-5.
^ Overmier 1989, pp. 115–124
^ Overmier 1989, pp. 134–136
^ Bellows, T. S.; Fisher, T. W. (1999). "Taxonomy and biological control". Handbook of Biological Control: Principles and Applications of Biological Control. Academic Press. pp. 45–55. ISBN 978-0-12-257305-7. {{cite book}}: More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help)
^ Knapp, Sandra, What's in a name? A history of taxonomy : Linnaeus and the birth of modern taxonomy, Natural History Museum, London, retrieved 2011-06-17
^ Pyle, C. M. (2000). "Zoology". In Applebaum, Wilbur (ed.). Encyclopedia of the Scientific Revolution from Copernicus to Newton. New York: Garland. pp. 695–698.
^ Overmier 1989, pp. 137–140

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 [[File:Origin of Species title page.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Title page of the 1859 Murray edition of the ''Origin of Species'' by Charles Darwin. |alt=Photograph of page.]]
-This '''bibliography of biology''' is a list of [[Notability in English Wikipedia|notable]] works, organized by subdiscipline, on the subject of [[biology]].<ref>{{harvnb|Overmier|1989}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Anne Baumer-Schleinkofer |title=Bibliography of the History of Biology/Bibliographie Zur Geschichte De Biologie: Bibliographie Zur Geschichte Der Biologie |isbn=0820435139 |year=1997}}</ref>
+This '''bibliography of biology''' is a list of [[Notability in English Wikipedia|notable]] works, organized by subdiscipline, on the subject of [[biology]].<ref>{{harvnb|Overmier|1989}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Anne Baumer-Schleinkofer |title=Bibliography of the History of Biology/Bibliographie Zur Geschichte De Biologie: Bibliographie Zur Geschichte Der Biologie |isbn=0-8204-3513-9 |year=1997}}</ref>
 Biology is a [[natural science]] concerned with the study of [[life]] and living [[organism]]s, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy.<ref>Based on definition from [http://www.bio.txstate.edu/~wetlands/Glossary/glossary.html Aquarena Wetlands Project glossary of terms.]</ref> Biology is a vast subject containing many subdivisions, topics, and disciplines. Subdisciplines of biology are recognized on the basis of the scale at which organisms are studied and the methods used to study them.<ref>[http://community.weber.edu/sciencemuseum/pages/life_main.asp Life Science, Weber State Museum of Natural Science]</ref>
@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 This section contains a list of works in [[anatomy]], the study of the [[body plan|structure of living things]].<ref>{{harvnb|Overmier|1989|pp=3&ndash;10}}</ref>
-*{{cite book|author=Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna) |author-link=Avicenna |title=[[The Canon of Medicine]] |year=1025}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Avicenna (Abū ʻAlī al-Ḥusayn ibn ʻAbd Allāh ibn Sīnā) |title=The canon of medicine of Avicenna : [Edited and translated by O. Cameron Gruner] |others=adapted by Laleh Bakhtiar from translation of volume 1 by O. Cameron Gruner and Mazhar H. Shah.|year=1999|publisher=Kazi Publications|location=Chicago, IL|isbn=9781871031676}}</ref>
+*{{cite book|author=Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna) |author-link=Avicenna |title=[[The Canon of Medicine]] |year=1025}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Avicenna (Abū ʻAlī al-Ḥusayn ibn ʻAbd Allāh ibn Sīnā) |title=The canon of medicine of Avicenna : [Edited and translated by O. Cameron Gruner] |others=adapted by Laleh Bakhtiar from translation of volume 1 by O. Cameron Gruner and Mazhar H. Shah.|year=1999|publisher=Kazi Publications|location=Chicago, IL|isbn=978-1-871031-67-6}}</ref>
 *{{cite book|last=Vesalius |first=Andreas |author-link=Andreas Vesalius |title=[[De humani corporis fabrica|De humani corporis fabrica libri septem (On the fabric of the human body in seven books)]] |year=1543}}
 : A landmark publication in anatomy and medicine.
 :<small>{{quote|It is the 400th birthyear of the beautiful book which graces the lectern in front of me, the most artistic book and one of the most illuminating in the history of medicine. As Osier remarked, 1543 is a starred year in the history of science. In it appeared the two great works which inaugurated modern science, Copernicus' ''Revolutions of the heavenly bodies'', which gave us a rational and abiding explanation of the workings of the macrocosm, the great universe, and Vesalius' ''Fabrica'', which for the first time fully, and for the first time accurately, portrayed not only the structure but to some extent also the workings of the body of man, that mysterious spiritual animal which the Middle Ages called the microcosm or little universe.|Dr. William Willoughby Francis, 1943|<ref>{{cite book |title=The four hundredth anniversary celebration of the De humani corporis fabrica of Andreas Vesalius (1943) |location=New Haven, Conn |publisher=Tuttle, Morehouse & Taylor Company |editor=The Historical Library, Yale University School of Medicine |year=1943 |page=7 |url=http://www.archive.org/download/39002086108553.med.yale.edu/39002086108553.med.yale.edu.pdf }}</ref>}}</small>
 *{{cite book|last=Gray |first=Henry |author-link= Henry Gray |title= [[Gray's Anatomy|Henry Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body]] |year=1858}}
-:First published under the title ''Gray's Anatomy: Descriptive and Surgical'' in [[Great Britain]] in 1858, and the following year in the [[United States]]. Gray died after the publication of the 1860 second edition, at the age of 34, but his book was continued by others. In 2008, for the 150th anniversary of the first edition, the 40th edition was released.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Standring|editor-first=Susan|title=Gray's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice|year=2008|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Edinburgh|isbn=978-0443066849|edition=40th ed., anniversary ed.}}</ref>
+:First published under the title ''Gray's Anatomy: Descriptive and Surgical'' in [[Great Britain]] in 1858, and the following year in the [[United States]]. Gray died after the publication of the 1860 second edition, at the age of 34, but his book was continued by others. In 2008, for the 150th anniversary of the first edition, the 40th edition was released.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Standring|editor-first=Susan|title=Gray's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice|year=2008|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Edinburgh|isbn=978-0-443-06684-9|edition=40th ed., anniversary ed.}}</ref>
 ==Biophysics==
 This section is a list of works on [[biophysics]], an [[interdisciplinary]] [[science]] that uses the methods of [[physical science]] to study [[biology|biological]] systems.
 *{{cite book|first=Luigi |last=Galvani |author-link=Luigi Galvani |title=De viribus electricitatis in motu musculari commentarius |publisher=Accademia delle Scienze |location= Bologna |year=1791}} English translation: {{cite journal|first=Luigi |last=Galvani |author-link=Luigi Galvani |title=Commentary on the Effects of Electricity on Muscular Motion |journal=Isis |volume=46 |issue=3 |year=1955 |pages=305&ndash;309|others=Translated by Margaret Glover Foley|authormask=1 |url=http://www.bo.infn.it/galvani/de-vir-eng.html}}
 :Galvani's researches into stimulating muscles with electricity. His theory of an "animal electric fluid" was later disproved by [[Alessandro Volta]], but stimulated research into [[bioelectricity]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Geddes|first=L. A.|coauthors=Hoff, H. E.|title=The discovery of bioelectricity and current electricity The Galvani-Volta controversy|journal=IEEE Spectrum|year=1971|volume=8|issue=12|pages=38–46|doi=10.1109/MSPEC.1971.5217888}}</ref>
 ==Botany==
 {{See also|History of botany}}
-This section is a list of works on [[botany]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Greene |first=Edward Lee |author1-link=Edward Lee Greene |last2=Egerton |first2=Frank N. (ed.) |year=1983a |title=Landmarks of Botanical History: Part 1|publication-place=Stanford |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=9780804710756 |lastauthoramp=yes |ref=harv }}; originally published as {{Cite book |last=Greene |first=Edward L. |author1-link=Edward Lee Greene |year=1909 |title=Landmarks of Botanical History 1. Prior to 1562 A.D |publication-place=Washington |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |oclc=174698401 |accessdate=2009-12-14| ref=harv }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Greene |first=Edward Lee |author1-link=Edward Lee Greene |last2=Egerton |first2=Frank N. (ed.) |year=1983b |title=Landmarks of Botanical History: Part 2 |publication-place=Stanford |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=9780804710756 |lastauthoramp=yes |ref=harv }}</ref> the [[Scientific method|scientific study]] of plant [[life]].<ref>{{harvnb|Overmier|1989|pp=17&ndash;22}}</ref>
+This section is a list of works on [[botany]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Greene |first=Edward Lee |author1-link=Edward Lee Greene |last2=Egerton |first2=Frank N. (ed.) |year=1983a |title=Landmarks of Botanical History: Part 1|publication-place=Stanford |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-1075-6 |lastauthoramp=yes |ref=harv }}; originally published as {{Cite book |last=Greene |first=Edward L. |author1-link=Edward Lee Greene |year=1909 |title=Landmarks of Botanical History 1. Prior to 1562 A.D |publication-place=Washington |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |oclc=174698401 |accessdate=2009-12-14| ref=harv }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Greene |first=Edward Lee |author1-link=Edward Lee Greene |last2=Egerton |first2=Frank N. (ed.) |year=1983b |title=Landmarks of Botanical History: Part 2 |publication-place=Stanford |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-1075-6 |lastauthoramp=yes |ref=harv }}</ref> the [[Scientific method|scientific study]] of plant [[life]].<ref>{{harvnb|Overmier|1989|pp=17&ndash;22}}</ref>
 ==Cell biology==
@@ Line 32: / Line 32: @@
 ==Ecology==
 {{See also|History of ecology}}
-This section contains a list of works in [[ecology]],<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Real|editor1-first=Leslie A.|editor2-last=Brown |editor2-first=James H. |title=Foundations of ecology : classic papers with commentaries|year=2007|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|isbn=978-0226705941}}</ref> the [[science|scientific]] study of the relations that living [[organism]]s have with respect to each other and their [[natural environment]].<ref>{{harvnb|Overmier|1989|pp=23&ndash;34}}</ref>
+This section contains a list of works in [[ecology]],<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Real|editor1-first=Leslie A.|editor2-last=Brown |editor2-first=James H. |title=Foundations of ecology : classic papers with commentaries|year=2007|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|isbn=978-0-226-70594-1}}</ref> the [[science|scientific]] study of the relations that living [[organism]]s have with respect to each other and their [[natural environment]].<ref>{{harvnb|Overmier|1989|pp=23&ndash;34}}</ref>
 *{{cite book | last1=Warming |first1=Eugenius |author-link=Eugenius Warming |title=[[Plantesamfund|Plantesamfund &ndash; Grundtræk af den økologiske Plantegeografi]] |language=Danish |publisher=P.G. Philipsens Forlag |location=Copenhagen|others=335 pp.}} Published in English as {{cite book | last1=Warming |first1=Eugenius |title=Oecology of Plants: An Introduction to the Study of Plant Communities |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |year=1909 |authormask=1 |others=(English edition)}}
@@ Line 39: / Line 39: @@
 :Gause formulated his [[Competitive exclusion principle]], through experiments involving [[Paramecium|paramecia]]. The principle holds that no two species can co-exist for long if they have to compete for highly similar resources. This outcome has two preconditions: 1) [[panmixis]] of individuals of competing species, 2) the environment is homogeneous in time and space. These conditions may be met by aquatic microorganisms grown under laboratory conditions. However, in most real-world biotic communities, both conditions are likely to be violated from moderately to strongly. Due to its simplicity and intuitiveness, Gause's [[Competitive exclusion principle]] has had a great impact on subsequent ecological thinking.
-==Evolutionary biology ==
+==Evolutionary biology==
 {{See also|History of evolutionary thought}}
 This section contains a list of works on [[evolution]],<ref>{{harvnb|Mayr|2000}}</ref> the change across successive [[generation]]s in the [[heritability|heritable]] [[Phenotypic trait|characteristics]] of [[biology|biological]] [[population]]s.
@@ Line 46: / Line 46: @@
 :Until the publication of this encyclopedia much of the European scientific community thought that all animals were created by [[God]] about 6,000 years ago. Not only did this 44-volume encyclopedia contain all descriptive biological knowledge of its time, it offered a new theory. One hundred years before Darwin, Buffon claimed that man and ape might have a common ancestor. His work also had a significant impact on [[ecology]].
 <small>{{Quote|It is no exaggeration to claim that virtually all the well-known writers of the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]], and even of later generations, in France as well as in other European countries were Buffonians, either directly or indirectly. |Mayr|2000<ref name=Mayr2000p330>{{harvnb|Mayr|2000|loc=page 330}}</ref>}}</small>
-*{{cite book |last=Lamarck |first=Jean-Baptiste |author-link=Jean-Baptiste Lamarck |title=[[Philosophie Zoologique|Philosophie zoologique ou exposition des considérations relatives à l'histoire naturelle des animaux]] |publisher=Dentu and The Author |year=1809}} English translation: {{cite book|last=Lamarck|first=Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet|title=Zoological philosophy : an exposition with regard to the natural history of animals|year=2001|publisher=Nabu Press|isbn=978-1178265552}}
+*{{cite book |last=Lamarck |first=Jean-Baptiste |author-link=Jean-Baptiste Lamarck |title=[[Philosophie Zoologique|Philosophie zoologique ou exposition des considérations relatives à l'histoire naturelle des animaux]] |publisher=Dentu and The Author |year=1809}} English translation: {{cite book|last=Lamarck|first=Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet|title=Zoological philosophy : an exposition with regard to the natural history of animals|year=2001|publisher=Nabu Press|isbn=978-1-178-26555-2}}
 *{{cite journal |first1=Charles |last1=Darwin |author1-link=Charles Darwin |first2=Alfred Russel |last2=Wallace |author2-link=Alfred Russel Wallace |title=[[On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection]] |year=1858 |journal=Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London. Zoology |volume=3 |pages=46&ndash;50}}
 :In September 1838 Charles Darwin conceived his theory of [[natural selection]] as the cause of [[evolution]], then as well as developing his career as a [[natural history|naturalist]] worked privately on finding evidence and answering possible objections, circulating [http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1556&viewtype=text&pageseq=1 essays written in 1842 and 1844] to his friends. Wallace, who was corresponding with Darwin from [[Borneo]], arrived independently at the same theory. He wrote his paper ''On The Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from the Original Type'' in February 1858 and sent it to Darwin, who received it on 18 June 1858 and passed it to [[Charles Lyell|Lyell]] and [[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Hooker]]. They arranged for a joint publication of Wallace's paper and an extract from Darwin's 1844 essay; this was read to the [[Linnean Society of London]] on 1 July 1858, and printed in the ''Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London. Zoology 3'': 46-50. It had little impact at the time, but spurred Darwin to write an "abstract" of the "big book" ''Natural Selection'' he was then working on; this condensed version was published in November 1859 as ''[[The Origin of Species|On the Origin of Species]]''.<ref name=Freeman1977/>
@@ Line 73: / Line 73: @@
 *{{cite book |first=Charles |last=Darwin |author-link=Charles Darwin |title=[[The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex]] |year=1871 |John Murray}}
 *{{cite book|first=Ronald |last=Fisher |author-link=Ronald Fisher |title=[[The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection]] |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1930}}
-:In the preface, Fisher considers some general points, including that there must be an understanding of [[natural selection]] distinct from that of [[evolution]], and that the then-recent advances in the field of [[genetics]] (see [[history of genetics]]) now allowed this.  In the first chapter, Fisher considers the nature of inheritance, rejecting [[blending inheritance]] in favour of particulate inheritance.  The second chapter introduces [[Fisher's fundamental theorem of natural selection]].  The third considers the [[evolution of dominance]], which Fisher believed was strongly influenced by modifiers.  The last five chapters (8-12) include Fisher's more idiosyncratic views on [[eugenics]]. One of the founding works of [[population genetics]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Bowler|first=Peter J.|title=Evolution : the history of an idea|year=2003|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=9780520236936|edition=3rd |pages=328}}</ref>
+:In the preface, Fisher considers some general points, including that there must be an understanding of [[natural selection]] distinct from that of [[evolution]], and that the then-recent advances in the field of [[genetics]] (see [[history of genetics]]) now allowed this.  In the first chapter, Fisher considers the nature of inheritance, rejecting [[blending inheritance]] in favour of particulate inheritance.  The second chapter introduces [[Fisher's fundamental theorem of natural selection]].  The third considers the [[evolution of dominance]], which Fisher believed was strongly influenced by modifiers.  The last five chapters (8-12) include Fisher's more idiosyncratic views on [[eugenics]]. One of the founding works of [[population genetics]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Bowler|first=Peter J.|title=Evolution : the history of an idea|year=2003|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=978-0-520-23693-6|edition=3rd |pages=328}}</ref>
-*{{cite book|last=Dobzhansky|first=Theodosius |author-link=Theodosius Dobzhansky|title=[[Genetics and the origin of species]]|year=1937|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|isbn=9780231054751|edition=1982 Reprint |others=With an introduction by Stephen Jay Gould}}
+*{{cite book|last=Dobzhansky|first=Theodosius |author-link=Theodosius Dobzhansky|title=[[Genetics and the origin of species]]|year=1937|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-231-05475-1|edition=1982 Reprint |others=With an introduction by Stephen Jay Gould}}
 *{{cite book|last=Wilson |first=E. O. |author-link=Edward Osborne Wilson |title=[[Sociobiology: The New Synthesis]] |location=Cambridge, MA |publisher=Belknap Press |year=1975}}
-:Wilson introduced the term [[sociobiology]] as an attempt to explain the [[evolution]]ary mechanics behind social behaviors such as [[altruism]], [[aggression]], and nurturance. Wilson's book sparked one of the great scientific [[controversy|controversies]] in biology of the 20th century.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cronin|first=Helena|title=The ant and the peacock : altruism and sexual selection from Darwin to today|year=1993|publisher=Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge|location=Cambridge|isbn=9780521457651|edition=1st paperback ed.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Segerstråle|first=Ullica|title=Defenders of the truth : the sociobiology debate|year=2001|publisher=Oxford Univ. Press|isbn=978-0192862150|edition=1st issued as an Oxford Univ. Press paperback.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Alcock|first=John|title=The triumph of sociobiology|year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=9780195143836|edition=[Online-Ausg.]}}</ref>
+:Wilson introduced the term [[sociobiology]] as an attempt to explain the [[evolution]]ary mechanics behind social behaviors such as [[altruism]], [[aggression]], and nurturance. Wilson's book sparked one of the great scientific [[controversy|controversies]] in biology of the 20th century.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cronin|first=Helena|title=The ant and the peacock : altruism and sexual selection from Darwin to today|year=1993|publisher=Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-45765-1|edition=1st paperback ed.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Segerstråle|first=Ullica|title=Defenders of the truth : the sociobiology debate|year=2001|publisher=Oxford Univ. Press|isbn=978-0-19-286215-0|edition=1st issued as an Oxford Univ. Press paperback.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Alcock|first=John|title=The triumph of sociobiology|year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-514383-6|edition=[Online-Ausg.]}}</ref>
 *{{cite book|first=Stephen Jay |last=Gould |author-link=Stephen Jay Gould |title=[[Ontogeny and Phylogeny (book)|Ontogeny and Phylogeny]] |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1977 |isbn= 0-674-63940-5}}
 :Critically revisits [[Haeckel]]'s idea that [[Recapitulation theory|ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny]]. Gould presents [[heterochrony]] as a concept that allows us to describe the majority of developmental processes in evolution. This book played a significant role at the time by bringing the evolutionary biology community back to examine developmental biology, ignored for many years.
@@ Line 89: / Line 89: @@
 :The result of years spent studying [[genetics|genetic]] traits in pea plants. Mendel compared seven discrete traits. Through experimentation, Mendel discovered that one inheritable trait would invariably be dominant to its recessive alternative. This model, later known as [[Mendelian inheritance]] or Mendelian genetics, provided an alternative to blending inheritance, which was the prevailing theory at the time.<ref>{{harvnb|Peters|1959|pp=1&ndash;20}}</ref>
 *{{cite book|first=Ronald |last=Fisher |author-link=Ronald Fisher |title=[[The Correlation Between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance]] |Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh |year=1918 |volume=52 |pages=399&ndash;433}}
-*{{cite book|last=Schrödinger|first=Erwin|author-link=Erwin Schrödinger |title=[[What is life?]] the physical aspects of the living cell|year=1944|publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0521427088|edition=2001 reprint}}
+*{{cite book|last=Schrödinger|first=Erwin|author-link=Erwin Schrödinger |title=[[What is life?]] the physical aspects of the living cell|year=1944|publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0-521-42708-8|edition=2001 reprint}}
 :Based on a series of public lectures delivered at [[Trinity College, Dublin]].  Schrödinger's lecture focused on one important question: "how can the events in space and time which take place within the spatial boundary of a living organism be accounted for by physics and chemistry?"<ref name="Margulis">[[Lynn Margulis|Margulis, Lynn]]. & Sagan, Dorion. (1995). ''What Is Life?'' (pg. 1). Berkeley: University of California Press.</ref> He introduced the idea of an "aperiodic crystal" that contained genetic information in its configuration of covalent [[chemical bond]]s. In the 1950s,  Schrödinger's idea of an aperiodic crystal stimulated enthusiasm for discovering the genetic molecule. [[Francis Crick]], co-discoverer of the structure of DNA, credited Schrödinger's book with presenting an early theoretical description of how the storage of [[Genetics|genetic]] information would work, and acknowledged the book as a source of inspiration for his initial research.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.human-nature.com/nibbs/04/erwin.html|title=Book Review: ''What Is Life?'' By Erwin Schrödinger|author=Julian F. Derry|publisher=Human Nature Review|year=2004|accessdate=2007-07-15}}</ref>
 *{{Cite journal
@@ Line 96: / Line 96: @@
 | pages = 543&ndash;548
 | last = Pauling
 | first = Linus
 | author-link=Linus Pauling
 | coauthors = Harvey A.  Itano, S. J.  Singer, Ibert C. Wells
@@ Line 112: / Line 112: @@
 ==Molecular biology==
 {{See also|History of molecular biology}}
-This section contains a list of works on [[molecular biology]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Morange|first=Michel|title=A history of molecular biology|year=2000|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, Mass|isbn=978-0674001695|edition=2 |others=Translated by Matthew Cobb}}</ref> the study of the molecular basis of biological activity.
+This section contains a list of works on [[molecular biology]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Morange|first=Michel|title=A history of molecular biology|year=2000|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, Mass|isbn=978-0-674-00169-5|edition=2 |others=Translated by Matthew Cobb}}</ref> the study of the molecular basis of biological activity.
 *{{cite journal |first1=Francis |last1=Crick |author1-link=Francis Crick |first2=James D. |last2=Watson |author2-link=James D. Watson |title=[[Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid]] |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=171 |pages=737&ndash;738 |year=1953}} ([http://www.nature.com/genomics/human/watson-crick/ Online version (Original text)])
@@ Line 120: / Line 120: @@
 This section contains a list of works on [[physiology]], the [[science]] of the ''function'' of living systems. This includes how organisms, organ systems, [[organs]], [[cell (biology)|cells]] and bio-molecules carry out the chemical or physical functions that exist in a living system.<ref>{{harvnb|Overmier|1989|pp=115&ndash;124}}</ref>
-*{{cite book|last=Harvey |first=William |author-link=William Harvey |title=Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus |year=1628}} English translation: {{cite book|last=Harvey|first=William|title=On the motion of the heart and blood in animals|year=1993|publisher=Prometheus Books|location=Buffalo, N.Y.|isbn=978-0879758547 |others=Translated by [[Robert Willis (medical writer)|Robert Willis]]}}
+*{{cite book|last=Harvey |first=William |author-link=William Harvey |title=Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus |year=1628}} English translation: {{cite book|last=Harvey|first=William|title=On the motion of the heart and blood in animals|year=1993|publisher=Prometheus Books|location=Buffalo, N.Y.|isbn=978-0-87975-854-7 |others=Translated by [[Robert Willis (medical writer)|Robert Willis]]}}
 ==Taxonomy==
@@ Line 126: / Line 126: @@
 *{{cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=Carolus |author-link=Carolus Linnaeus |title=[[10th edition of Systema Naturae|Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis]] |publisher=Laurentius Salvius |location=Stockholm |year=1758&ndash;1759 (two volumes) |language=Latin |edition=[[10th edition of Systema Naturae|10th]] |others=[http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/542 Online access]}}
-:Classified animals using a hierarchical system with 5 levels: [[Kingdom (biology)|Kingdom]], [[class (biology)|class]], [[order (biology)|order]], [[genus]] and [[species]]. The official starting point of zoological nomenclature.<ref>{{cite book |first=T. S.|last= Bellows|first2= T. W. |last2=Fisher |year=1999 |title=Handbook of Biological Control: Principles and Applications of Biological Control |publisher=[[Academic Press]] |isbn=9780122573057 |chapter=Taxonomy and biological control |author=Gordon Gordh & John W. Beardsley |pages=45–55 |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=u2X-rfgU0ewC&pg=PA46}}</ref>
+:Classified animals using a hierarchical system with 5 levels: [[Kingdom (biology)|Kingdom]], [[class (biology)|class]], [[order (biology)|order]], [[genus]] and [[species]]. The official starting point of zoological nomenclature.<ref>{{cite book |first=T. S.|last= Bellows|first2= T. W. |last2=Fisher |year=1999 |title=Handbook of Biological Control: Principles and Applications of Biological Control |publisher=[[Academic Press]] |isbn=978-0-12-257305-7 |chapter=Taxonomy and biological control |author=Gordon Gordh & John W. Beardsley |pages=45–55 |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=u2X-rfgU0ewC&pg=PA46}}</ref>
 * {{cite book |last1=Linnaeus |first1=Carolus |author-link=Carolus Linnaeus |title=[[Species Plantarum]] (The Species of Plants) |year=1753}}
 :A two-volume work, going through many editions (ever expanding), listing all plants then known, made accessible by an ordering in (artificial) classes and orders, and giving every listed species a two-part name. With this book anybody, by counting the male and female parts present in a flower, could get to a listing of the genera the plant in question belongs to. The system of [[binomial nomenclature]] that bears his name effectively began with this work.<ref name=Knapp>{{Citation |last=Knapp |first=Sandra |title=What's in a name? A history of taxonomy : Linnaeus and the birth of modern taxonomy |publisher=Natural History Museum, London |url=http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/science-of-natural-history/taxonomy-systematics/history-taxonomy/session1/index.html |accessdate=2011-06-17 }}</ref>
@@ Line 149: / Line 149: @@
 ==Further reading==
 {{Refbegin}}
-*{{cite book|title=Milestones in microbiology : 1546 to 1940|year=1999|publisher=ASM Press|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-1-555-81142-6|edition=3rd edition|editor-last=Brock |editor-first=Thomas D.|ref=harv}}
+*{{cite book|title=Milestones in microbiology : 1546 to 1940|year=1999|publisher=ASM Press|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-1-55581-142-6|edition=3rd edition|editor-last=Brock |editor-first=Thomas D.|ref=harv}}
-*{{cite book|editor1-first=Joseph G. |editor1-last=Gall|title=Landmark papers in cell biology : selected research articles celebrating forty years of the American Society for Cell Biology|year=2001|publisher=Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press|location=Plainview, NY|isbn=978-0-879-69602-3|ref=harv}}
+*{{cite book|editor1-first=Joseph G. |editor1-last=Gall|title=Landmark papers in cell biology : selected research articles celebrating forty years of the American Society for Cell Biology|year=2001|publisher=Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press|location=Plainview, NY|isbn=978-0-87969-602-3|ref=harv}}
 *{{cite book|last=Peters|first=James Arthur|title=Classic papers in genetics |year=1959|publisher=Prentice-Hall |url=http://www.archive.org/details/classicpapersing00pete |ref=harv}}
-*{{cite book|editor-last=Linder|editor-first=Patrick|title=Landmark papers in yeast biology|year=2004|publisher=Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press|location=Woodbury N.Y.|isbn=978-0-879-69643-6|editor2-first=David |editor2-last=Shore |editor3-first=Michael N. |editor3-last=Hall|ref=harv}}
+*{{cite book|editor-last=Linder|editor-first=Patrick|title=Landmark papers in yeast biology|year=2004|publisher=Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press|location=Woodbury N.Y.|isbn=978-0-87969-643-6|editor2-first=David |editor2-last=Shore |editor3-first=Michael N. |editor3-last=Hall|ref=harv}}
 *{{cite book|last=Mayr|first=Ernst|title=The growth of biological thought : diversity, evolution, and inheritance|year=2000|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-674-36446-2|others=12th printing|ref=harv}}
-*{{cite book|last=Miall |first=Louis Compton |title=History of biology |publisher=Watts & co. |year=2007 |edition=E-book |origyear=1911|isbn=0824091183 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=qJ89AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false}} Has a chronological table of publications in an appendix.
+*{{cite book|last=Miall |first=Louis Compton |title=History of biology |publisher=Watts & co. |year=2007 |edition=E-book |origyear=1911|isbn=0-8240-9118-3 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=qJ89AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false}} Has a chronological table of publications in an appendix.
-*{{cite book|last=Overmier|first=Judith A.|title=The history of biology : a selected, annotated bibliography|year=1989|publisher=Garland Pub|location=New York|isbn=0-824-09118-3 |ref=harv}}
+*{{cite book|last=Overmier|first=Judith A.|title=The history of biology : a selected, annotated bibliography|year=1989|publisher=Garland Pub|location=New York|isbn=0-8240-9118-3 |ref=harv}}
 *{{cite book |editor-first=Gunther Siegmund |editor-last=Stent |title=Papers on bacterial viruses |publisher=Little, Brown |year=1965 |url=http://www.archive.org/details/papersonbacteria00sten|ref=harv}}
 {{Refend}}

v t e History of biology (timeline)
Fields, disciplines	Agricultural science Anatomy Biochemistry Biotechnology Botany Ecology Evolutionary thought Genetics Geology Immunology Medicine Model organisms Molecular biology Molecular evolution Paleontology Phycology Plant systematics RNA biology Zoology (through 1859) Zoology (since 1859)
Theories, concepts	Germ theory of disease Central dogma of molecular biology Darwinism Great chain of being Hierarchy of life Lamarckism One gene–one enzyme hypothesis Protocell RNA world Sequence hypothesis Spontaneous generation
Related	History of science Philosophy of biology Teleology Ethnobotany Eugenics Dysgenics History of the creation-evolution controversy Human Genome Project Humboldtian science Natural history Natural philosophy Natural theology Relationship between religion and science
Category