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m r2.7.2+) (Robot: Modifying fa:فلزات واسطه داخلی
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| {{element cell|68|erbium |Er|167.259(3) |Solid|Lanthanoids|Primordial}}
| {{element cell|68|erbium |Er|167.259(3) |Solid|Lanthanoids|Primordial}}
| {{element cell|69|thulium |Tm|168.93421(2)|Solid|Lanthanoids|Primordial}}
| {{element cell|69|thulium |Tm|168.93421(2)|Solid|Lanthanoids|Primordial}}
| {{element cell|70|ytterbium |Yb|173.04(3) |Solid|Lanthanoids|Primordial}}
| {{element cell|70|ytterbium |Yb|173.04(3) |Solid|Lanthanoids|Natural radio}}
|-
| <br />
! scope="row" colspan="3" style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; font-size:85%;" | Atomic [[electron configuration]]
! style="border:1px #aaa solid;" |'''5d<sup>1</sup>'''
! style="border:1px #aaa solid;" |4f<sup>1</sup>'''5d<sup>1</sup>'''
! style="border:1px #aaa solid;" |4f<sup>3</sup>
! style="border:1px #aaa solid;" |4f<sup>4</sup>
! style="border:1px #aaa solid;" |4f<sup>5</sup>
! style="border:1px #aaa solid;" |4f<sup>6</sup>
! style="border:1px #aaa solid;" |4f<sup>7</sup>
! style="border:1px #aaa solid;" |4f<sup>7</sup>'''5d<sup>1</sup>'''
! style="border:1px #aaa solid;" |4f<sup>9</sup>
! style="border:1px #aaa solid;" |4f<sup>10</sup>
! style="border:1px #aaa solid;" |4f<sup>11</sup>
! style="border:1px #aaa solid;" |4f<sup>12</sup>
! style="border:1px #aaa solid;" |4f<sup>13</sup>
! style="border:1px #aaa solid;" |4f<sup>14</sup>
<!-- ! style="border:1px #aaa solid; font-size:85%;" |4f<sup>14</sup>'''5d<sup>1</sup>''' -->
|-
! scope="row" colspan="3" style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; font-size:85%;" | Electrons per [[electron shell|shell]]
! style="border:1px #aaa solid; font-size:85%;" |2, 8, 18,<br>18, 9,<br>2
! style="border:1px #aaa solid; font-size:85%;" |2, 8, 18,<br>19, 9,<br>2
! style="border:1px #aaa solid; font-size:85%;" |2, 8, 18,<br>21, 8,<br>2
! style="border:1px #aaa solid; font-size:85%;" |2, 8, 18,<br>22, 8,<br>2
! style="border:1px #aaa solid; font-size:85%;" |2, 8, 18,<br>23, 8,<br>2
! style="border:1px #aaa solid; font-size:85%;" |2, 8, 18,<br>24, 8,<br>2
! style="border:1px #aaa solid; font-size:85%;" |2, 8, 18,<br>25, 8,<br>2
! style="border:1px #aaa solid; font-size:85%;" |2, 8, 18,<br>25, 9,<br>2
! style="border:1px #aaa solid; font-size:85%;" |2, 8, 18,<br>27, 8,<br>2
! style="border:1px #aaa solid; font-size:85%;" |2, 8, 18,<br>28, 8,<br>2
! style="border:1px #aaa solid; font-size:85%;" |2, 8, 18,<br>29, 8,<br>2
! style="border:1px #aaa solid; font-size:85%;" |2, 8, 18,<br>30, 8,<br>2
! style="border:1px #aaa solid; font-size:85%;" |2, 8, 18,<br>31, 8,<br>2
! style="border:1px #aaa solid; font-size:85%;" |2, 8, 18,<br>32, 8,<br>2
|-
|-
! scope="row" colspan="3" style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;" | ** [[Actinide|Actinoids]]
! scope="row" colspan="3" style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;" | ** [[Actinide|Actinoids]]
Line 35: Line 67:
| {{element cell|101|mendelevium|Md|[258.0984] |Solid|Actinoids|Synthetic}}
| {{element cell|101|mendelevium|Md|[258.0984] |Solid|Actinoids|Synthetic}}
| {{element cell|102|nobelium |No|[259.1011] |Solid|Actinoids|Synthetic}}
| {{element cell|102|nobelium |No|[259.1011] |Solid|Actinoids|Synthetic}}
|-
| <br />
! scope="row" colspan="3" style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; font-size:85%;" | Atomic [[electron configuration]]
! style="border:1px #aaa solid;" |6d<sup>1</sup>7s<sup>2</sup>
! style="border:1px #aaa solid;" |6d<sup>2</sup>7s<sup>2</sup>
! style="border:1px #aaa solid;" |5f<sup>2</sup>6d<sup>1</sup>7s<sup>2</sup>or<br>5f<sup>1</sup>6d<sup>2</sup>7s<sup>2</sup>
! style="border:1px #aaa solid;" |5f<sup>3</sup>6d<sup>1</sup>7s<sup>2</sup>
! style="border:1px #aaa solid;" |5f<sup>4</sup>6d<sup>1</sup>7s<sup>2</sup>or<br>5f<sup>5</sup>7s<sup>2</sup>
! style="border:1px #aaa solid;" |5f<sup>6</sup>7s<sup>2</sup>
! style="border:1px #aaa solid;" |5f<sup>7</sup>7s<sup>2</sup>
! style="border:1px #aaa solid;" |5f<sup>7</sup>6d<sup>1</sup>7s<sup>2</sup>
! style="border:1px #aaa solid;" |5f<sup>9</sup>7s<sup>2</sup>or<br>5f<sup>8</sup>6d<sup>1</sup>7s<sup>2</sup>
! style="border:1px #aaa solid;" |5f<sup>10</sup>7s<sup>2</sup>
! style="border:1px #aaa solid;" |5f<sup>11</sup>7s<sup>2</sup>
! style="border:1px #aaa solid;" |5f<sup>12</sup>7s<sup>2</sup>
! style="border:1px #aaa solid;" |5f<sup>13</sup>7s<sup>2</sup>
! style="border:1px #aaa solid;" |5f<sup>14</sup>7s<sup>2</sup>
<!-- ! style="border:1px #aaa solid;" |5f<sup>14</sup>7s<sup>2</sup>7p<sup>1</sup> -->
|-
! scope="row" colspan="3" style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; font-size:85%;" | Electrons per [[electron shell|shell]]
! style="border:1px #aaa solid; font-size:85%;" |2, 8, 18, 32,<br>18, 9,<br>2
! style="border:1px #aaa solid; font-size:85%;" |2, 8, 18, 32,<br>18, 10,<br>2
! style="border:1px #aaa solid; font-size:85%;" |2, 8, 18, 32,<br>20, 9,<br>2
! style="border:1px #aaa solid; font-size:85%;" |2, 8, 18, 32,<br>21, 9,<br>2
! style="border:1px #aaa solid; font-size:85%;" |2, 8, 18, 32,<br>22, 9,<br>2
! style="border:1px #aaa solid; font-size:85%;" |2, 8, 18, 32,<br>24, 8,<br>2
! style="border:1px #aaa solid; font-size:85%;" |2, 8, 18, 32,<br>25, 8,<br>2
! style="border:1px #aaa solid; font-size:85%;" |2, 8, 18, 32,<br>25, 9,<br>2
! style="border:1px #aaa solid; font-size:85%;" |2, 8, 18, 32,<br>27, 8,<br>2
! style="border:1px #aaa solid; font-size:85%;" |2, 8, 18, 32,<br>28, 8,<br>2
! style="border:1px #aaa solid; font-size:85%;" |2, 8, 18, 32,<br>29, 8,<br>2
! style="border:1px #aaa solid; font-size:85%;" |2, 8, 18, 32,<br>30, 8,<br>2
! style="border:1px #aaa solid; font-size:85%;" |2, 8, 18, 32,<br>31, 8,<br>2
! style="border:1px #aaa solid; font-size:85%;" |2, 8, 18, 32,<br>32, 8,<br>2
|}
|}
All elements in the lanthanide series form M<sup>3+</sup> ions. In aqueous solution the early lanthanides are surrounded by nine water molecules while the later lanthanides have a [[coordination number]] of 8. [[Cerium]] also forms compounds with the +4 [[oxidation state]]; Ce<sup>4+</sup> has the very stable electronic configuration of the noble gas [[xenon]] and is a strong oxidising agent. [[Europium|Eu<sup>2+</sup>]] has the configuration [Xe]4f<sup>7</sup> and is a strong reducing agent. The existence of Eu(II) is attributed to the stability of the half-filled f-shell.<ref>{{Greenwood&Earnshaw}} Chapters 30 and 31</ref>
All elements in the lanthanide series form M<sup>3+</sup> ions. In aqueous solution the early lanthanides are surrounded by nine water molecules while the later lanthanides have a [[coordination number]] of 8. [[Cerium]] also forms compounds with the +4 [[oxidation state]]; Ce<sup>4+</sup> has the very stable electronic configuration of the noble gas [[xenon]] and is a strong oxidising agent. [[Europium|Eu<sup>2+</sup>]] has the configuration [Xe]4f<sup>7</sup> and is a strong reducing agent. The existence of Eu(II) is attributed to the stability of the half-filled f-shell.<ref>{{Greenwood&Earnshaw}} Chapters 30 and 31</ref>

Revision as of 06:12, 4 April 2012

The f-block of the periodic table of the elements consists of those elements whose atoms or ions have valence electrons in f-orbitals. Actual electronic configurations may be slightly different from what is predicted by the Aufbau principle. The elements are also known as inner transition elements, although that term is normally taken to include lutetium and lawrencium as well, which are part of the d-block.[not verified in body]

f-block
* Lanthanoids title="La, lanthanum " style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"| 57
La 		title="Ce, cerium " style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"| 58
Ce 		title="Pr, praseodymium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"| 59
Pr 		title="Nd, neodymium " style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"| 60
Nd 		title="Pm, promethium " style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; border:2px dashed #773300; ;"| 61
Pm 		title="Sm, samarium " style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"| 62
Sm 		title="Eu, europium " style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"| 63
Eu 		title="Gd, gadolinium " style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"| 64
Gd 		title="Tb, terbium " style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"| 65
Tb 		title="Dy, dysprosium " style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"| 66
Dy 		title="Ho, holmium " style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"| 67
Ho 		title="Er, erbium " style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"| 68
Er 		title="Tm, thulium " style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"| 69
Tm 		title="Yb, ytterbium " style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; border:2px dashed #773300; ;"| 70
Yb
Atomic electron configuration 5d1 4f15d1 4f3 4f4 4f5 4f6 4f7 4f75d1 4f9 4f10 4f11 4f12 4f13 4f14
Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18,
18, 9,
2 		2, 8, 18,
19, 9,
2 		2, 8, 18,
21, 8,
2 		2, 8, 18,
22, 8,
2 		2, 8, 18,
23, 8,
2 		2, 8, 18,
24, 8,
2 		2, 8, 18,
25, 8,
2 		2, 8, 18,
25, 9,
2 		2, 8, 18,
27, 8,
2 		2, 8, 18,
28, 8,
2 		2, 8, 18,
29, 8,
2 		2, 8, 18,
30, 8,
2 		2, 8, 18,
31, 8,
2 		2, 8, 18,
32, 8,
2
** Actinoids title="Ac, actinium " style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; border:2px dashed #773300; ;"| 89
Ac 		title="Th, thorium " style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"| 90
Th 		title="Pa, protactinium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; border:2px dashed #773300; ;"| 91
Pa 		title="U , uranium " style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"| 92
U 		title="Np, neptunium " style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; border:2px dashed #773300; ;"| 93
Np 		title="Pu, plutonium " style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"| 94
Pu 		title="Am, americium " style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; border:2px dashed #773300; ;"| 95
Am 		title="Cm, curium " style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; border:2px dashed #773300; ;"| 96
Cm 		title="Bk, berkelium " style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; border:2px dashed #773300; ;"| 97
Bk 		title="Cf, californium " style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; border:2px dashed #773300; ;"| 98
Cf 		title="Es, einsteinium " style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"| 99
Es 		title="Fm, fermium " style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"| 100
Fm 		title="Md, mendelevium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"| 101
Md 		title="No, nobelium " style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"| 102
No
Atomic electron configuration 6d17s2 6d27s2 5f26d17s2or
5f16d27s2 		5f36d17s2 5f46d17s2or
5f57s2 		5f67s2 5f77s2 5f76d17s2 5f97s2or
5f86d17s2 		5f107s2 5f117s2 5f127s2 5f137s2 5f147s2
Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 32,
18, 9,
2 		2, 8, 18, 32,
18, 10,
2 		2, 8, 18, 32,
20, 9,
2 		2, 8, 18, 32,
21, 9,
2 		2, 8, 18, 32,
22, 9,
2 		2, 8, 18, 32,
24, 8,
2 		2, 8, 18, 32,
25, 8,
2 		2, 8, 18, 32,
25, 9,
2 		2, 8, 18, 32,
27, 8,
2 		2, 8, 18, 32,
28, 8,
2 		2, 8, 18, 32,
29, 8,
2 		2, 8, 18, 32,
30, 8,
2 		2, 8, 18, 32,
31, 8,
2 		2, 8, 18, 32,
32, 8,
2

All elements in the lanthanide series form M3+ ions. In aqueous solution the early lanthanides are surrounded by nine water molecules while the later lanthanides have a coordination number of 8. Cerium also forms compounds with the +4 oxidation state; Ce4+ has the very stable electronic configuration of the noble gas xenon and is a strong oxidising agent. Eu2+ has the configuration [Xe]4f7 and is a strong reducing agent. The existence of Eu(II) is attributed to the stability of the half-filled f-shell.[1]

See also

References

  1. ^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8. Chapters 30 and 31
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