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===Other proposals===
===Other proposals===
[[Physicians for a National Health Program]]<ref>{{cite web
[[Physicians for a National Health Program]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.pnhp.org/publications/proposal_of_the_physicians_working_group_for_singlepayer_national_health_insurance.php| title = Proposal of the Physicians' Working Group for Single-Payer National Health Insurance| publisher = Physicians for a National Health Program}}</ref> the [[American Medical Student Association]]<ref name="Chua">Chua, Kao-Ping. [http://www.amsa.org/uhc/SinglePayer101.pdf "Single Payer 101".]{{dead link|date=January 2011}} February 10, 2006</ref> and the [[California Nurses Association]]<ref>[http://www.calnurses.org/media-center/in-the-news/2007/september/page.jsp?itemID=32125992 Single-payer, or Medicare for all, is the way to go]{{dead link|date=January 2011}} from the California Nurses Association / National Nurses Organizing Committee.</ref> are among those that have called for the introduction of a single payer health care program. In Congress, Rep. [[John Conyers]], Jr. (D-MI) has repeatedly introduced The [[United States National Health Care Act]] (HR 676). As of August 2008, HR 676 had 91 co-sponsors.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d110:HR00676:@@@P |title=H.R. 676 |accessdate=2008-08-26 |work=Library of Congress THOMAS }}</ref>
| url = http://www.pnhp.org/publications/proposal_of_the_physicians_working_group_for_singlepayer_national_health_insurance.php| title = Proposal of the Physicians' Working Group for Single-Payer National Health Insurance| publisher = Physicians for a National Health Program}}</ref> the [[American Medical Student Association]]<ref name="Chua">{{ cite | last = Chua | first = Kao-Ping | title = Single Payer 101 | publisher = American Medical Student Association | place = Reston, Virgina | year = 2006 | url = http://www.vt4singlepayer.org/images/userfiles/SinglePayer101-1%5B1%5D.pdf | accessdate = 11 April 2012 }}</ref> and the [[California Nurses Association]]<ref>[http://www.calnurses.org/media-center/in-the-news/2007/september/page.jsp?itemID=32125992 Single-payer, or Medicare for all, is the way to go]{{dead link|date=January 2011}} from the California Nurses Association / National Nurses Organizing Committee.</ref> are among those that have called for the introduction of a single payer health care program. In Congress, Rep. [[John Conyers]], Jr. (D-MI) has repeatedly introduced The [[United States National Health Care Act]] (HR 676). As of August 2008, HR 676 had 91 co-sponsors.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d110:HR00676:@@@P |title=H.R. 676 |accessdate=2008-08-26 |work=Library of Congress THOMAS }}</ref>


The [[Congressional Budget Office]] and related government agencies scored the cost of a universal health care system several times since 1991, and have uniformly predicted cost savings,<ref>Physicians for a National Health Program (January, 2008) [http://www.pnhp.org/facts/single_payer_system_cost.php?page=all "Single Payer System Cost?"] ''pnhp.org''</ref> probably because of the 40% cost savings associated with universal preventative care.<ref>Hogg, W., ''et al.'' (2005) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1079830/ "Cost savings associated with improving appropriate and reducing inappropriate preventive care: cost-consequences analysis"] ''BMC Health Services Research'' '''5''':20</ref>
The [[Congressional Budget Office]] and related government agencies scored the cost of a universal health care system several times since 1991, and have uniformly predicted cost savings,<ref>Physicians for a National Health Program (January, 2008) [http://www.pnhp.org/facts/single_payer_system_cost.php?page=all "Single Payer System Cost?"] ''pnhp.org''</ref> probably because of the 40% cost savings associated with universal preventative care.<ref>Hogg, W., ''et al.'' (2005) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1079830/ "Cost savings associated with improving appropriate and reducing inappropriate preventive care: cost-consequences analysis"] ''BMC Health Services Research'' '''5''':20</ref>

Revision as of 06:34, 11 April 2012

File:PNHP poster.jpg
An analysis of the United States National Health Care Act by Physicians for a National Health Program who estimated the savings at $350 billion per year in 2008.[1] Others have estimated a 40% savings[2] due to elimination of insurance company overhead costs.[3]

Single-payer health care is medical care funded from a single insurance pool, run by the state.[4] Single-payer is a form of monopsony: a market in which one buyer faces many sellers. Single-payer is not the same as universal health care (it is possible to have either without the other). A single-payer-universal-health-care plan for an entire population can be financed from a pool to which many parties—employees, employers, and the state—have contributed.

Single-payer health insurance collects all medical fees, and then pays for all services, through a "single" government (or government-related) source.[5] In wealthy nations, this kind of publicly managed insurance is typically extended to all citizens and legal residents. Examples include the United Kingdom's National Health Service, Australia's Medicare, Canada's Medicare, and Taiwan's National Health Insurance.

Single-payer systems may contract for healthcare services from private organizations (as is the case in Canada) or may own and employ healthcare resources and personnel (as is the case in the UK). The term "single-payer" thus only describes the funding mechanism—referring to health care financed by a single public body from a single fund—and does not specify the type of delivery, or for whom doctors work. Although the fund holder is usually the state, some forms of single-payer use a mixed public-private system.

Types and variations

Canada, Australia, Taiwan, and the United Kingdom have single-payer health insurance programs. These programs provide universal health care. Single-payer healthcare may be operated in a number of ways. In some cases doctors may be employed, and hospitals run by, the government as in the United Kingdom. Alternatively the government may purchase healthcare services from outside organizations. This is the approach taken in Canada.

Some writers describe publicly administered health care systems as "single-payer plans." Some writers have described any system of health care which intends to cover the entire population, such as voucher plans, as "single-payer plans,"[6] although this is an uncommon usage. The standard usage refers to health insurance, as opposed to healthcare delivery, operating as a public service, like fire departments, community libraries, and other publicly-funded services, offered to citizens and legal residents towards providing near-universal or universal health care. The fund can be managed by the government directly or as a publicly owned and regulated agency.[5]

Canada

Main article: Medicare (Canada)
See also: Canadian and American health care systems compared

Health care in Canada is an example of single-payer health care.[7] The national government provides part of the funding, provincial governments manage the hospitals and provide the bulk of the funding, and doctors in private practice contract with the government for fee-for-service payments. Although many Canadian citizens have supplemental private insurance from their employers, this covers non-medically necessary expenses not covered by Canadian Medicare, and accounts for 12% of national health care spending.[8]

Fees for doctors, hospitals and other providers are set by negotiations among doctors' associations, provincial or regional governments, and the national government.[citation needed] Global budgets eliminate the high potential costs (as is the case in the U.S.) of billing individually for huge numbers of products and services.[citation needed]

Health care provision in Canada is a mix of private and public services, although most hospitals are public.[9] Patients may go to any doctor or hospital in the country.[10]

Canadians do wait for some treatments and diagnostic services. Survey data show that the median wait time to see a special physician is a little over four weeks with 89.5% waiting less than three months. The median wait time for diagnostic services such as MRI and CAT scans[11] is two weeks, with 86.4% waiting less than three months.[12] The median wait time for surgery is four weeks, with 82.2% waiting less than three months. In addition, there is concern of a "brain drain" as high-quality medical graduates leave Canada for better-paying careers in the U.S.[13]

Taiwan

Main article: Health care in Taiwan

Taiwan instituted a single-payer system, called the National Health Insurance (NHI), in 1995. In a 2009 interview, Dr. Michael Chen, Vice President and CFO of Taiwan's National Health Insurance Bureau, explained that before NHI was instituted, Taiwan "sent our people around the world to learn their programs, including the United States" to compare models. Dr. Chen indicated that Taiwan's single-payer NHI program "is modeled after (U.S.) Medicare. And there are so many similarities — other than that our program covers all of the population, and Medicare covers only the elderly. "[14][15]

Proposals in the United States

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Main article: United States National Health Care Act
See also: Health care reform in the United States, Health care in the United States, Public opinion on health care reform in the United States, and Medicare for All

A number of proposals have been made for a universal single-payer healthcare system in the United States, none of which has achieved significant political support, which causes Juxtaposition with polling showing support for various levels of government involvement depending on wording.[16] Proposers include Physicians for a National Health Program,[17] The American College of Physicians[18] and the American Medical Student Association.[19]

In Congress, Rep. John Conyers, Jr. (D-MI), and Rep. Dennis Kucinich (D-OH) have introduced the United States National Health Care Act (HR 676). The bill has been introduced in every term of Congress under the same name since it was first introduced in 2003 in the 108th Congress with 38 cosponsors.[20]

Current programs

Healthcare in the United States
Government health programs
Private health coverage
Health care reform law
State level reform
Municipal health coverage

Medicare in the United States is a single-payer healthcare system, but is restricted to only senior citizens and certain other classes of people.[7] Government is increasingly involved in U.S. health care spending, paying about 45% of the $2.2 trillion the nation spent on individuals' medical care in 2004.[21] However, studies have shown that the publicly-administered share of health spending in the U.S. is closer to 60%.[22]

According to Princeton University health economist Uwe E. Reinhardt, U.S. Medicare, Medicaid, and State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) represent "forms of 'social insurance' coupled with a largely private health-care delivery system" rather than forms of "socialized medicine." In contrast, he describes the Veterans Administration healthcare system as a pure form of socialized medicine because it is "owned, operated and financed by government."[23]

The Veterans Administration is a single-payer system and provides excellent quality, said Reinhardt. In a peer-reviewed paper published in the Annals of Internal Medicine, researchers of the RAND Corporation reported that the quality of care received by Veterans Administration patients scored significantly higher overall than did comparable metrics for patients currently using U.S. Medicare.[24]

State proposals

Several single-payer state referendums and bills from state legislatures have been proposed, but so far all have either failed to pass both legislatures or were vetoed by the governor, except for Vermont, see below. California attempted passage as early as 1994,[25] Massachusetts in 2000, and Oregon in 2002 and 2011.[26]House Bill 3510 The Affordable Health Care for All Oregon Act failed to come to a vote in the House Health Care Committee after allowing public testimony on March 11, 2011.

In 2009 the House of Representatives Education and Labor Committee approved an amendment to the House health care bill, which would allow individual states to adopt a single-payer Medicare-for-all-style health plan. The amendment was proposed by Democratic Congress member Dennis Kucinich of Ohio. The Kucinich Amendment received support from some conservatives supporting states rights as it would allow states more freedom to explore various models including, but not limited to, single payer.[27]

Minnesota

In Minnesota, the Minnesota Health Act, which would establish a state-wide single payer health plan, has been presented to the Senate as SF118 and to the House as HF135, in identical language. This bill was passed by several critical committees in both houses, has been designated as a two-year bill, and awaits a second reading in the House Health Care and Human Services Policy & Oversight Committee.[28] Two out of three of the 2010 Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party candidates for governor have indicated they would sign the bill, if passed; the Republican Party candidate does not support such a measure (two of the candidates interviewed that indicated they would not have since left the race).[29]

California

The California State Legislature has twice passed a state-level single payer bill, SB 840, "The California Universal Healthcare Act" (authored by Sheila Kuehl), in 2006 and again in 2008.[30] Both times, Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger vetoed the bill.[31] State Senator Mark Leno later re-introduced "The California Universal Healthcare Act" in March 2009, newly renumbered as SB 810,[32] and in January 2010, the California Senate passed SB 810. On the last day of the 2010 legislative session, the Democrats pulled SB 810 from the Assembly floor as Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger said he would veto it a third time, with Senator Mark Leno announcing he would reintroduce the bill again in January the 2011 legislative session as Jerry Brown is sworn in as the new Governor of California.[33][34] The bill has received support from the California Nurses Association/National Nurses United.[35]

Illinois

In April 2008, the Illinois House of Representatives' Health Availability Access Committee passed the single-payer bill HB 311, "The Health Care for All Illinois Act,"[36] favorably out of committee by an 8–4 vote.[37]

Pennsylvania

In February 2010, the 301-member Pennsylvania Democratic State Committee unanimously endorsed a resolution calling for passage of single payer healthcare, Senate Bill 400 and House Bill 1660, also known as the "Family and Business Healthcare Security Act."[38]

Montana

In September 2011, Governor Brian Schweitzer did a news interview discussing his desire to obtain a waiver from the federal government similar to the waiver Vermont used, and set up their own universal health care system similar to what was established in the Canadian provence of Saskatchewan.[39]

Massachusetts

In Massachusetts, Question 4, a nonbinding referendum was on the ballot in 14 districts in November 2010, asking voters, "Shall the representative from this district be instructed to support legislation that would establish health care as a human right regardless of age, state of health or employment status, by creating a single payer health insurance system like Medicare that is comprehensive, cost effective, and publicly provided to all residents of Massachusetts?"[40] With 222 of 228 precincts reporting, in all 14 districts, including five in which majorities had voted for Republican Senator Scott Brown, Question 4 passed, with 63.5% of the overall votes being cast in favor of the ballot referendum for establishing a Massachusetts single payer system.[41][42]

Vermont

Main article: Vermont health care reform

The legislature of Vermont, including both the Democratic and Progressive Party, endorses single payer health care and has hired William Hsiao, the designer of Taiwan's single payer health care system, to design three possible systems of universal health care, one being a single payer model. Governor Peter Shumlin supports this move.[43][44]

The Vermont health bill, H.202, has led to the creation of Green Mountain Care, a private/public single payer exchange system that will give universal coverage to Vermonters and create an electronic system of medical records in an effort to make the system efficient and accessible.[45] In April 2011, it passed the Vermont Senate.[46] In May 2011, the governor signed it into law, making Vermont the first state to have a single payer health care system.[47]

Other proposals

Physicians for a National Health Program[48] the American Medical Student Association[7] and the California Nurses Association[49] are among those that have called for the introduction of a single payer health care program. In Congress, Rep. John Conyers, Jr. (D-MI) has repeatedly introduced The United States National Health Care Act (HR 676). As of August 2008, HR 676 had 91 co-sponsors.[50]

The Congressional Budget Office and related government agencies scored the cost of a universal health care system several times since 1991, and have uniformly predicted cost savings,[51] probably because of the 40% cost savings associated with universal preventative care.[52]

Costumed supporter of single-payer at an April 2009 protest in New York City

The issue has often been debated, most recently in the 2008 presidential elections. A CBS News/New York Times poll published in February 2009 reported that 59% say the government should provide national health insurance (up from 40% thirty years earlier)[53] A study published in the Annals of Internal Medicine concluded that 59% of physicians "supported legislation to establish national health insurance" while 9% were neutral on the topic, and 32% opposed it.[54]

Public opinion in the United States

According to the media criticism organization Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting, a 1987 New York Times/CBS poll showed 78% of people saying that the "government should guarantee medical care to everyone."[55] Between 2003 and 2009, 17 opinion polls showed a majority of the public supports various levels of government involvement in health care in the United States.[16] Many polls, such as ones administered through CNN,[56] AP-Yahoo,[57][58] New York Times/CBS News Poll,[59][60] and Washington Post/ABC News Poll,[61] Kaiser Family Foundation[62] showed a majority in favor of a form of national health insurance, often compared to Medicare. The Civil Society Institute[63] and Physicians for a National Health Program[64] have both found majorities in favor of the government offering guaranteed insurance, and a Quinnipiac poll in three states in 2008 found majority support for the government ensuring "that everyone in the United States has adequate health-care" among likely Democratic primary voters.[65]

In contrast, a October 2011 Rasmussen Reports poll showed only 35% of respondents in favor of single-payer health care, with a plurality (49%) opposed.[66] Politifact rated a statement by Michael Moore "false" when he stated that "[t]he majority actually want single-payer health care."[67] Responses on these polls largely depend on the wording. For example, people respond more favorably when they are asked if they want a system "like Medicare," less favorably when stated as "socialized."[67]

See also

References

  1. ^ Physicians for a National Health Program (2008) "Single Payer System Cost?" PNHP.org
  2. ^ Hogg, W.; Baskerville, N; Lemelin, J (2005). "Cost savings associated with improving appropriate and reducing inappropriate preventive care: cost-consequences analysis". BMC Health Services Research. 5 (1): 20. doi:10.1186/1472-6963-5-20. PMC 1079830. PMID 15755330.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  3. ^ Levy A.R.; et al. (2010). "International comparison of comparative effectiveness research in five jurisdictions: insights for the US". Pharmacoeconomics. 28 (10): 813–30. doi:10.2165/11536150-000000000-00000. PMID 20831289. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
  4. ^ http://www.pnhp.org/facts/what-is-single-payer
  5. ^ a b Medical Subject Headings thesaurus, National Library of Medicine."Single-Payer System" Year introduced: 1996, (From Slee and Slee, Health Care Reform Terms, 1993, p106)
  6. ^ A Health Care Plan So Simple, Even Stephen Colbert Couldn’t Simplify It, By ROBERT H. FRANK, New York Times, February 15, 2007 [1] Fuchs [2]
  7. ^ a b c Chua, Kao-Ping (2006), Single Payer 101 (PDF), Reston, Virgina: American Medical Student Association, retrieved April 11, 2012
  8. ^ Private Health Insurance in Canada, Centre for Health Economics and Policy Analysis, McMaster University
  9. ^ Lance, Roberts (2005). Recent Social Trends in Canada, 1960–2000. McGill Queen's University Press. p. 317. ISBN 0773529551.
  10. ^ "Single Payer Health Care System".
  11. ^ Diagnostic tests defined as the following: non-emergency magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) devices; computed tomography (CT or CAT) scans; and angiographies that use X-rays to examine the inner opening of blood-filled structures such as veins and arteries.
  12. ^ Section from Healthy Canadians: A Federal report on Comparable Health Indicators [dead link]
  13. ^ [3], Canadian Medical Association Journal
  14. ^ "Jonathan Cohn interviews Taiwan's Dr. Michael Chen: The Case for Single-Payer Health Care (Transcript)".
  15. ^ "TRNtv:Jonathan Cohn interviews Taiwan's Dr. Michael Chen (Video)". Retrieved September 11, 2009. [dead link]
  16. ^ a b http://www.wpasinglepayer.org/PollResults.html
  17. ^ "Physicians for a National Health Program — Health Care is a Human Right".
  18. ^ "ACP issues call for mandated universal coverage".
  19. ^ [4][dead link]
  20. ^ GovTrack. Expanded and Improved Medicare for All Act.
  21. ^ Appleby, Julie (October 16, 2006). "Universal care appeals to USA". USA Today. Retrieved May 22, 2007.
  22. ^ Health Affairs, July 2002. Woolhandler, Steffi
  23. ^ "Letters: For Children's Sake, This 'Schip' Needs to Be Relaunched", Wall Street Journal, July 11, 2007, Uwe E. Reinhardt and others.
  24. ^ Asch SM, McGlynn EA, Hogan MM; et al. (2004). "Comparison of quality of care for patients in the Veterans Health Administration and patients in a national sample". Ann. Intern. Med. 141 (12): 938–45. PMID 15611491. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  25. ^ "The California Single-Payer Debate, The Defeat of Proposition 186 – Kaiser Family Foundation". Kff.org. Retrieved November 20, 2011.
  26. ^ "Free-Market Reformers Are Winners in Election 2002 – by Joe Moser – The Heartland Institute". Heartland.org. Retrieved November 20, 2011.
  27. ^ "As Obama Continues Push for Healthcare Reform, House Committee Approves Kucinich-Sponsored Measure to Keep Single-Payer Option Alive".
  28. ^ "Status of the MN Health Act SF118 / HF135".
  29. ^ "Gubernatorial Candidate Survey" (PDF).[dead link]
  30. ^ "Healthcare for All Bill Passes — Governor Threatens Veto".
  31. ^ "RNs Say Governor Harming Economy and Californians' Health with SB 840 Veto".
  32. ^ "Healthcare Potluck".[dead link]
  33. ^ "Democrats Block California Single Payer Bill".
  34. ^ "CALIFORNIA LIBERALS VICTORIOUS; AMERICANS MOURN THE LOSS OF THEIR ADVOCATE IN U.S. SENATE".
  35. ^ "Major Advance For California Healthcare Reform As Senate Passes Medicare For All Legislation". Medicalnewstoday.com. Retrieved November 20, 2011.
  36. ^ "Health Care for All Illinois".
  37. ^ "Illinois General Assembly Bill Status: HB 311".
  38. ^ "Pennsylvania Democrats Unanimously Endorse Single Payer Senate Bill 400 and House Bill 1660". Pnhp.org. February 8, 2010. Retrieved November 20, 2011.
  39. ^ Jilani, Zaid (September 29, 2011). "Montana Gov. Brian Schweitzer Will Seek Health Care Law Waiver To Establish Single Payer In His State". ThinkProgress. Retrieved November 20, 2011.
  40. ^ "Insurers continue health care rip-off". Pnhp.org. September 22, 2010. Retrieved November 20, 2011.
  41. ^ "Single payer ballot questions pass in all fourteen Massachusetts districts!". Pnhp.org. November 3, 2010. Retrieved November 20, 2011.
  42. ^ "Boston Globe: Ballot Questions (2010)". Boston Globe. Retrieved November 20, 2011.
  43. ^ "In Vermont, single-payer health care in a single state | Physicians for a National Health Program". Pnhp.org. December 14, 2010. Retrieved November 20, 2011.
  44. ^ Expect strong push in the Vermont Legislature for health reforms in 2011 | The Burlington Free Press | Burlington, Vermont[dead link]
  45. ^ "PNHP commentary on the Vermont health reform bill | Physicians for a National Health Program". Pnhp.org. February 15, 2011. Retrieved November 20, 2011.
  46. ^ "Vt. Senate approves single-payer plan – WCAX.COM Local Vermont News, Weather and Sports". Wcax.com. April 26, 2011. Retrieved November 20, 2011.
  47. ^ "Vermont Poised to Become 1st State to Enact Single-Payer Healthcare | Physicians for a National Health Program". Pnhp.org. May 26, 2011. Retrieved November 20, 2011.
  48. ^ "Proposal of the Physicians' Working Group for Single-Payer National Health Insurance". Physicians for a National Health Program.
  49. ^ Single-payer, or Medicare for all, is the way to go[dead link] from the California Nurses Association / National Nurses Organizing Committee.
  50. ^ "H.R. 676". Library of Congress THOMAS. Retrieved August 26, 2008.
  51. ^ Physicians for a National Health Program (January, 2008) "Single Payer System Cost?" pnhp.org
  52. ^ Hogg, W., et al. (2005) "Cost savings associated with improving appropriate and reducing inappropriate preventive care: cost-consequences analysis" BMC Health Services Research 5:20
  53. ^ "CBS NEWS/NEW YORK TIMES POLL" (PDF) (Press release). CBS NEWS. Sunday, February 1, 2009. Americans are more likely today to embrace the idea of the government providingealth insurance than they were 30 years ago. {{cite press release}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  54. ^ Carroll AE, Ackerman RT (2008). "Support for National Health Insurance among U.S. Physicians: 5 years later". Ann. Intern. Med. 148 (7): 566–7. PMID 18378959. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  55. ^ "Fear & Loathing at the Democratic Convention". Fair.org. Retrieved November 20, 2011.
  56. ^ "New polls on universal, tax-supported health care | Physicians for a National Health Program". Pnhp.org. Retrieved November 20, 2011.
  57. ^ http://l.yimg.com/a/i/us/nws/elections/2008/yahoo2topline.pdf
  58. ^ "Where are we on reform? | Physicians for a National Health Program". Pnhp.org. Retrieved November 20, 2011.
  59. ^ Sack, Kevin (June 20, 2009). "In Poll, Wide Support for Government-Run Health". The New York Times. Retrieved November 20, 2011.
  60. ^ CBS News http://www.cbsnews.com/htdocs/pdf/SunMo_poll_0209.pdf. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  61. ^ "Question 49" (PDF). Retrieved November 20, 2011.
  62. ^ "Kaiser Health Tracking Poll: July 2009 – Topline" (PDF). Retrieved November 20, 2011.
  63. ^ "Health care survey: 2 out of 3 Americans now favor government-guaranteed coverage". Dermatology Nursing. 2004.
  64. ^ "Public opinion on health care reform | Physicians for a National Health Program". Pnhp.org. March 2, 2007. Retrieved November 20, 2011.
  65. ^ Quinnipiac University – Office of Public Affairs (April 2, 2008). "Question 9: "Do you think it's the government's responsibility to make sure that everyone in the United States has adequate health-care, or don't you think so?"". Quinnipiac.edu. Retrieved November 20, 2011.
  66. ^ "Rasmussen Reports". Rasmussen Reports. January 1, 2010. Retrieved November 20, 2011.
  67. ^ a b "Michael Moore claims a majority favor a single-payer health care system". PolitiFact. Retrieved November 20, 2011.
Citizen action or resource groups
Articles, books, and broadcast programs
FAQ and summaries by NGOs favoring single payer
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