Jump to content

Woozle effect: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Reverted to revision 554223307 by Dawn Bard: Removing original research again, please see the talk page, these sources don't mention the Woozle effect. (TW)
Undid revision 555411455 by Dawn Bard (talk)
Line 1: Line 1:
'''Woozle effect''', also known as '''evidence by citation''',<ref name="stras001">{{cite journal | title = Processes Explaining the Concealment and Distortion of Evidence on Gender Symmetry in Partner Violence | journal = European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research | date = 14 July 2007 | first = Murray A. | last = Strauss | volume = 74 | issue = 13 | pages = 227–232 | doi = 10.1007/s10610-007-9060-5 }}.</ref> or a '''woozle''', occurs when frequent citation of previous publications that lack evidence mislead individuals, groups and the public into thinking or believing there is evidence, and nonfacts become [[urban myths]] and [[factoids]].<ref name="GellesStraus1988">{{cite book|author1=Richard J. Gelles|author2=Murray Arnold Straus|title=Intimate violence|date=July 1988|publisher=Simon and Schuster|page=39|isbn=978-0-671-61752-3}}</ref> According to Richard J. Gelles the term "woozle effect" was coined by Beverly Houghton in 1979.<ref name="Houghton001">{{cite journal | title=Review of research on women abuse. | author=Houghton, B. | journal=annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Philadelphia | year=1979 | month=November}}</ref><ref name="ViolenceInFammily001">{{cite journal | url=http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/351830 | title=Violence in the Family: A Review of Research in the Seventies | author=Richard J. Gelles | journal=Journal of Marriage and Family | year=1980 | month=Nov | volume=42 | issue=4 | pages=873–885}}</ref> Other researchers have attributed the term to Gelles (1980)<ref>{{Cite book |last= Nilsen |first= Linda |title= Father-daughter relationships: contemporary research and issues |publisher= Routledge Academic |year= 2012 |location= New York |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=nUyyvmz-Z0UC&pg=PA4 |page= 4 |isbn= 978-1-84872-933-9 }}</ref> and Gelles and Murray A. Straus (1988).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1= Dutton |first1= Donald D. |last2= Corvo |first2= Kenneth |title= Transforming a flawed policy: A call to revive psychology and science in domestic violence research and practice |journal= Aggression and Violent Behavior |volume= 11 |issue= 5 |year= 2006 |page= 466}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last= Ehrensaft |first= Miriam K. |title= Intimate partner violence: Persistence of myths and implications for intervention |journal= Children and Youth Services Review |volume= 30 |issue= 3 |year= 2009 |pages= 279&ndash;286}}</ref> Gelles and Straus argue that the woozle effect describes a pattern of bias seen within social sciences and which is identified as leading to multiple errors in individual and public perception, academia, policy making and government. A woozle is also a claim made about research which is not supported by original findings.<ref name="GellesStraus1988woozlenoun">{{cite book|author1=Richard J. Gelles|author2=Murray Arnold Straus|title=Intimate violence|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=_pYoAAAAYAAJ|date=July 1988|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-671-61752-3|page=28|chapter=2}}</ref>
'''Woozle effect''', also known as '''Evidence by Citation''',<ref name="stras001">{{cite journal | title = Processes Explaining the Concealment and Distortion of Evidence on Gender Symmetry in Partner Violence | journal = European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research | date = 14 July 2007 | first = Murray A. | last = Strauss | volume = 74 | issue = 13 | pages = 227–232 | doi = 10.1007/s10610-007-9060-5 }}.</ref> or a '''woozle''', occurs when frequent citation of previous publications that lack evidence mislead individuals, groups and the public into thinking or believing there is evidence, and nonfacts become [[urban myths]] and [[factoids]].<ref name="GellesStraus1988">{{cite book|author1=Richard J. Gelles|author2=Murray Arnold Straus|title=Intimate violence|date=July 1988|publisher=Simon and Schuster|page=39|isbn=978-0-671-61752-3}}</ref> Woozle effect is a term coined by Beverly Houghton in 1979.<ref name="Houghton001">{{cite journal | title=Review of research on women abuse. | author=Houghton, B. | journal=annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Philadelphia | year=1979 | month=November}}</ref><ref name="ViolenceInFammily001">{{cite journal | url=http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/351830 | title=Violence in the Family: A Review of Research in the Seventies | author=Richard J. Gelles | journal=Journal of Marriage and Family | year=1980 | month=Nov | volume=42 | issue=4 | pages=873–885}}</ref><ref name="Verbatim">{{cite book|title=Verbatim|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UkdBAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=4 January 2013|year=1984|page=23}}</ref> It describes a pattern of bias seen within social sciences and which is identified as leading to multiple errors in individual and public perception, academia, policy making and government. A woozle is also a claim made about research which is not supported by original findings.<ref name="GellesStraus1988woozlenoun">{{cite book|author1=Richard J. Gelles|author2=Murray Arnold Straus|title=Intimate violence|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=_pYoAAAAYAAJ|date=July 1988|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-671-61752-3|page=28|chapter=2}}</ref>


== Origin and usage==
== Origin and usage==
Woozle is the name of an imaginary character in the [[A.A. Milne]] book, [[Winnie-the-Pooh (book)|Winnie-the-Pooh]], published 1926.<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Milne | first1 = A.A. | title = Winnie The Pooh | chapter = 3 | edition = 1 | publisher = Methuen & Co Ltd | year = 1926 | location = London | quote = "In Which Pooh and Piglet Go Hunting and Nearly Catch a Woozle"}}</ref> In chapter three, "In Which Pooh and Piglet Go Hunting and Nearly Catch a Woozle", [[Winnie-the-Pooh]] and [[Piglet (Winnie-the-Pooh)|Piglet]] start following tracks left in snow believing they are the tracks of a Woozle. The tracks keep multiplying. [[Christopher Robin]] then explains that they have been following their own tracks around a tree.
Woozle is the name of an imaginary character in the [[A.A. Milne]] book, [[Winnie-the-Pooh (book)|Winnie-the-Pooh]], published 1926.<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Milne | first1 = A.A. | title = Winnie The Pooh | chapter = 3 | edition = 1 | publisher = Methuen & Co Ltd | year = 1926 | location = London | quote = "In Which Pooh and Piglet Go Hunting and Nearly Catch a Woozle"}}</ref> In chapter three, "In Which Pooh and Piglet Go Hunting and Nearly Catch a Woozle", [[Winnie-the-Pooh]] and [[Piglet (Winnie-the-Pooh)|Piglet]] start following tracks left in snow believing they are the tracks of a Woozle. The tracks keep multiplying. [[Christopher Robin]] then explains that they have been following their own tracks around a tree.


In 1979 Houghton<ref name="Houghton001"/> illustrated the Woozle effect showing how work by Gelles 1974, Published in the book "The violent home"<ref name="1974Woozle001">{{cite book|author=Richard J. Gelles|title=The violent home: a study of physical aggression between husbands and wives|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8nIXAAAAIAAJ|date=November 1974|publisher=Sage Publications|isbn=978-0-8039-0381-4}}</ref> had been transferred from applying to a small sample to a universal sample by Strauss who had written the foreword to the same book.<ref name="1974Woozle002">{{cite book|author=Forward By Straus, Murray A.|title=The violent home: a study of physical aggression between husbands and wives|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8nIXAAAAIAAJ|date=November 1974|publisher=Sage Publications|isbn=978-0-8039-0381-4|pages=13–17|authormask=|trans_title=|format=|origyear=|oclc=|doi=|bibcode=|id=|quote= Original Author Richard J. Gelles|laysummary=|laydate=}}</ref> Both of these were then cited by Langley & Levy in their 1977 book, "Wife beating: the silent crisis".<ref name="1974Woozle003LangleyLevy1977">{{cite book|author1=Roger Langley|author2=Richard C. Levy|title=Wife beating: the silent crisis|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Z4psAAAAIAAJ|year=1977|publisher=Dutton|isbn=978-0-87690-231-8}}</ref>
In 1979 Houghton<ref name="Houghton001"/> illustrated the Woozle effect showing how work by Gelles 1974, Published in the book "The violent home"<ref name="1974Woozle001">{{cite book|author=Richard J. Gelles|title=The violent home: a study of physical aggression between husbands and wives|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8nIXAAAAIAAJ|date=November 1974|publisher=Sage Publications|isbn=978-0-8039-0381-4}}</ref> had been transferred from applying to a small sample to a universal sample by Strauss who had written the foreword to the same book.<ref name="1974Woozle002">{{cite book|author=Forward By Straus, Murray A.|title=The violent home: a study of physical aggression between husbands and wives|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8nIXAAAAIAAJ|date=November 1974|publisher=Sage Publications|isbn=978-0-8039-0381-4|pages=13–17|authormask=|trans_title=|format=|origyear=|oclc=|doi=|bibcode=|id=|quote= Original Author Richard J. Gelles|laysummary=|laydate=}}</ref> Both of these were then cited by Langley & Levy in their 1977 book, "Wife beating: the silent crisis".<ref name="1974Woozle003LangleyLevy1977">{{cite book|author1=Roger Langley|author2=Richard C. Levy|title=Wife beating: the silent crisis|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Z4psAAAAIAAJ|year=1977|publisher=Dutton|isbn=978-0-87690-231-8}}</ref>


In 1982, Professor Wakter R Schumm of [[Kansas State University]] School of Family Studies and Human Services, warned of the danger of the Woozle effect when he said of it that it could be used to mistakenly "set policy in the prevention and treatment of family violence".<ref name="WitherTheWoozleSchummMartin1982">{{cite journal|last1=Schumm|first1=W. R.|last2=Martin|first2=M. J.|last3=Bollman|first3=S. R.|last4=Jurich|first4=A. P.|title=Classifying Family Violence: Whither the Woozle?|journal=Journal of Family Issues|volume=3|issue=3|year=1982|pages=335|issn=0192-513X|doi=10.1177/019251382003003004}}</ref>
In 1982, Professor Wakter R Schumm of [[Kansas State University]] School of Family Studies and Human Services, warned of the danger of the Woozle effect when he said of it that it could be used to mistakenly "set policy in the prevention and treatment of family violence".<ref name="Verbatim"/><ref name="WitherTheWoozleSchummMartin1982">{{cite journal|last1=Schumm|first1=W. R.|last2=Martin|first2=M. J.|last3=Bollman|first3=S. R.|last4=Jurich|first4=A. P.|title=Classifying Family Violence: Whither the Woozle?|journal=Journal of Family Issues|volume=3|issue=3|year=1982|pages=335|issn=0192-513X|doi=10.1177/019251382003003004}}</ref>


In the 1998 book "Intimate Violence" [[Richard James Gelles|Gelles]] and Straus use the Winnie-the-Pooh woozle to illustrate how poor practice in research and self-referential research causes older research to be taken as fresh evidence causing error and bias.<ref name="GellesStraus1988"/>
In the 1998 book "Intimate Violence" [[Richard James Gelles|Gelles]] and Straus use the Winnie-the-Pooh woozle to illustrate how poor practice in research and self-referential research causes older research to be taken as fresh evidence causing error and bias.<ref name="GellesStraus1988"/>
Line 53: Line 53:
| last1 = Manthorpe | first1 = Jill
| last1 = Manthorpe | first1 = Jill
| last2 = Watson | first2 = Roger
| last2 = Watson | first2 = Roger
| accessdate = 2013-01-02 }}</ref> developmental psychology<ref name="Brainerd001">{{cite journal | title=The Search for the Woozle circa 1975: Commentary on Brainerd's Observation | author=Ann M. Bingham-Newman, Frank H. Hooper | journal=American Educational Research Journal | year=75 | month=Summer | volume=12 | issue=3 | pages=379–387 | jstor=1162319}}</ref> and public sector - governmental decision making.<ref name='AusGovWoozle001'>{{cite journal | title = More than Writing on a Wall: Evaluating the Role that Codes of Ethics Play in Securing Accountability of Public Sector Decision-Makers | journal = Australian Journal of Public Administration | date = 20 MAR 2007 | first = Niamh | last = Kinchin | volume = 66 | issue = 1 | pages = 112–120 | doi = 10.1111/j.1467-8500.2007.00519.x | url = http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8500.2007.00519.x/full | accessdate = 2013-01-02}}</ref>
| accessdate = 2013-01-02 }}</ref> developmental psychology<ref name="Brainerd001">{{cite journal | title=The Search for the Woozle circa 1975: Commentary on Brainerd's Observation | author=Ann M. Bingham-Newman, Frank H. Hooper | journal=American Educational Research Journal | year=75 | month=Summer | volume=12 | issue=3 | pages=379–387 | jstor=1162319}}</ref> and public sector - governmental decision making.<ref name='AusGovWoozle001'>{{cite journal | title = More than Writing on a Wall: Evaluating the Role that Codes of Ethics Play in Securing Accountability of Public Sector Decision-Makers | journal = Australian Journal of Public Administration | date = 20 MAR 2007 | first = Niamh | last = Kinchin | volume = 66 | issue = 1 | pages = 112–120 | doi = 10.1111/j.1467-8500.2007.00519.x | url = http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8500.2007.00519.x/full | accessdate = 2013-01-02}}</ref>

Woozle and factoid can be used interchangeably.<ref name=1-avaw001pdf>{{cite web|title=I-VAWA: Foreign Policy Based on a Woozle?|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:hUSl4kwERKwJ:www.mediaradar.org/docs/RADARflyer-IVAWA-Foreign-Policy-Based-on-a-Woozle.pdf+&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgVWyMCEWkxeUA48nLXb2ho_bz2xuSTIRIq78ylAshzr3s7uPBYjWNcCcOM5nsLqEmPr44jh_LX0haqvp1YDw532IEmS25u2HeGdBdIYsD-PtlDoYGDmtYvWUkAMc0sPFZJt7OX&sig=AHIEtbRt_pQ1A59XkSxcdjIZh7YLHRfSKQ|publisher=Respecting Accuracy in Domestic Abuse Reporting}}</ref> In 2007, Gelles further emphasised the nature of woozles when he likened them to the fictional game TEGWAR (The Exciting Game Without Any Rules) which appears in the 1956 book [[Bang the Drum Slowly]]. Gelles also traces the issues of woozles and TEGWAR around the field of domestic violence back in time to the 1990s and refers to matters “Nine Factoids and a Mantra”,<ref name='Gelles_THE_POLITICS_OF_RESEARCH'>{{cite journal | title = THE POLITICS OF RESEARCH: THE USE, ABUSE, AND MISUSE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE DATA—THE CASES OF INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE | journal = FAMILY COURT REVIEW | date = 1, January 2007 | first = Richard J. Gelles | volume = 45 | issue = 1 | pages = 42–51 | url = https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=www.trunity.net/files/58401_58500/58482/file_58482.pdf}}</ref> showing how the woozle had taken precedence and facts were not relevant.


==Gender Bias==
==Gender Bias==


In the book "Rethinking Domestic Violence", Donald G Dutton raises concerns as to gender bias and potential political bias. He states: {{quotation|"Woozles are usually not simply a matter of authentic misreporting. They also reveal a desire to read into the data an a priori position that is really not there, what Bacon calls "[[Idola theatri|idols of the theatre]]". ... All the data reporting mistakes I have found in the literature, without exception, were made in the direction of supporting feminist preconceptions."<ref name="Dutton2006Page29">{{cite book|author=Donald G. Dutton|title=Rethinking Domestic Violence|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=SSJC_usBJ5kC&pg=PA29|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=978-0-7748-1304-4|page=29}}</ref>}}
In the book "Rethinking Domestic Violence", Donald G Dutton raises concerns as to gender bias and potential political bias. He states: {{quotation|"Woozles are usually not simply a matter of authentic misreporting. They also reveal a desire to read into the data an a priori position that is really not there, what Bacon calls "[[Idola theatri|idols of the theatre]]". ... All the data reporting mistakes I have found in the literature, without exception, were made in the direction of supporting feminist preconceptions."<ref name="Dutton2006Page29">{{cite book|author=Donald G. Dutton|title=Rethinking Domestic Violence|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=SSJC_usBJ5kC&pg=PA29|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=978-0-7748-1304-4|page=29}}</ref>}}

==Examples==

===The battered child syndrome===
The 1962 AMA article on "The Battered-Child Syndrome"<ref>{{Citation
| title = The Battered Child Syndrome
| url = https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:TrSJDJndXSkJ:www.kempe.org/download/The_Battered_Child_Syndrome_sm.pdf+&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjHZeKFq2xmAHIHL__ffO9vOFbto6GEtS7NVyLkSvK8ZCjWQ4mTe7hY4Rhjsq8Jrs3VR1G3i9BtVID7XkDD7p4kt0iKeJG6Llg__vBIxdoFuDqNLkNKlh2uRWEx-SOd9ikmYuYn&sig=AHIEtbR6YUcseLKA5Ee5YHfFG3GkIwb0MA
| year = 1962
| journal = Journal of the American Medical Association
| pages = 17–24
| volume = 17
| issue = 181
| last1 = Kempe | first1 = Silverman
| last2 = Silver
| accessdate = 2013-01-02 }}</ref> [[Dr. C. Henry Kempe]] et al. is used to illustrate. The article was accompanied by an editorial which read:

<blockquote>"it is likely that [the [[battered child syndrome]]] will be found to be a more frequent cause of death than such well recognized and thoroughly studied diseases as [[leukemia]], [[cystic fibrosis]], and [[muscular dystrophy]]."<ref name="Gelles1997">{{cite book|author=Richard J. Gelles|title=Intimate Violence in Families|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=0iInxNf0B4UC&pg=PA30|accessdate=2 January 2013|date=15 January 1997|publisher=SAGE|isbn=978-0-7619-0123-5|page=30}}</ref><ref name="Nelson1986">{{cite book|author=Barbara J. Nelson|title=Making an Issue of Child Abuse: Political Agenda Setting for Social Problems|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=yKbzYelSkEYC&pg=PA16|date=15 April 1986|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-57201-7|page=16}}</ref></blockquote>

At no point did the original article make this claim, but shortly afterwards it was being reported that the work of Kempe et al. did make the claim. A number of publications including [[Time (magazine)|Time]], [[Life Magazine]] and [[Newsweek]] reported the editorial opinion, and not the findings of the original publication.<ref name='time001'>{{cite news | title = Medicine: Battered-Child Syndrome | date = July 20, 1962 | publisher = Time Inc. | url = http://www.webcitation.org/6DNasAb6u | work = Time Magazine | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080629000919/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,896393,00.html | archivedate = 29 Jun 08}}</ref><ref name="Nelson1986_page60_media">{{cite book|author=Barbara J. Nelson|title=Making an Issue of Child Abuse: Political Agenda Setting for Social Problems|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=yKbzYelSkEYC&pg=PA6|date=15 April 1986|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-57201-7|page=60}}</ref> It was also quoted by politicians and social activists.<ref name="GellesStraus1988PoliticsMediactivist">{{cite book|author1=Richard J. Gelles|author2=Murray Arnold Straus|title=Intimate violence|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=BnGuAAAAIAAJ|date=1 July 1988|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-671-61752-3|page=40}}</ref> The same content was being quoted and referenced by the New York Times 7 years later in 1969.<ref name='NYtimes1969'>{{cite news | first = HOWARD A. | last = RUSK, M.D. | title = Rise in Child Abuse; Problem Requires More Trained Help, More Funds and the Cooperation of All | date = May 18, 1969, | work = New York Times | pages = 84}}</ref>

===Domestic violence===
====Canada====
Statistics Canada carried out The 2009 General Social Survey (GSS).<ref name=StatsCanada01>{{cite web|last=Statistics Canada|title=General Social Survey: An overview, 2009|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/89f0115x/89f0115x2009001-eng.htm|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6G2xh2LOB|archivedate=18 Apr 2013}}</ref> From this they published “Family Violence in Canada: A Statistical Profile”.<ref name=StatsCanada02>{{cite web|last=Statistics Canada|title=Family Violence in Canada: A Statistical Profile|url=http://www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb/p2SV.pl?Function=getSurvey&SDDS=4504&Item_Id=51198&lang=en|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6G2xvCV0M|archivedate=21 Apr 2013}}</ref> The report found that in the five year period covered 585,000 men and 601,000 women reported being victims of domestic violence: a total of 1.186 million Canadians.<ref name=StatsCanada03>{{cite journal|last=Statistics Canada|title=Table 1.2 Victims of self-reported spousal violence within the past 5 years, by sex, 2009 Status|journal=Family Violence in Canada: A Statistical Profile Catalogue no. 85-224-X|year=2010|page=16|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/85-224-x/85-224-x2010000-eng.pdf|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6G33a75Xo|archivedate=21 Apr 2013}}</ref> Statistics Canada also interpreted the data as:
{{quotation|A similar proportion of men and women reported experiencing spousal violence during the five years prior to the survey. Among men, 6.0% or about 585,000, encountered spousal violence during this period, compared with 6.4% or 601,000 women.<ref name=StatsCanada04>{{cite web|title=Family violence in Canada: A statistical profile|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/110127/dq110127a-eng.htm|work=The Daily|publisher=Statistics Canada|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6G348GZmi|archivedate=21 Apr 2013}}</ref>}}
In November 2011, OCTEVAW:"Ottawa Coalition to End Violence Against Women" published a report titled “Hidden from Sight Volume II: A Profile of Violence Against Women in Ottawa”.<ref name=OCTEVAW01>{{cite web|title=Reports and Research|url=http://www.octevaw-cocvff.ca/resources/reports-and-research|publisher=OCTEVAW|author=Ottawa Coalition to End Violence Against Women|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6G34hd3vK|archivedate=21 Apr 2013|quote=Hidden from Sight II: A look at the Prevalence of Violence Against Women in Ottawa By: OCTEVAW {{!}} Posted: Dec, 2011}}</ref> The report was funded by Community Foundation of Ottawa<ref name=OCTEVAW02>{{cite journal|last=OCTEVAW|coauthors=Ottawa Coalition to End Violence Against Women|title=Hidden From Sight Volume II: The Prevalence of Violence Against Women in Ottawa|pages=1|url=http://octevaw-cocvff.ca/sites/all/files/pdf/reports/HiddenFromSight-December2011.pdf|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6G34XDDNQ|archivedate=21 Apr 2013}}</ref>, written by Trina Forrester,<ref name=OCTEVAW03>{{cite web|title=Trina Forrester|url=http://www.unb.ca/observ/Trina.php|work=The Canadian observatory on the justice system|publisher=Muriel McQueen Fergusson Centre for Family Violence Research|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6G35WGjrg|archivedate=21 Apr 2013}}</ref> research assistant to Dr. Holly Johnson of The Institute for the Prevention of Crime, University of Ottawa. The report states:
{{quotation|Woman Abuse in Canada - Woman abuse can be found in every province, territory, city, and community within Canada (Statistics Canada, 2011). It affects women from all socio-economic statuses, ethnicities, and religions. In Canada:<br/><br/>Almost 1.2 million women reported having been similarly assaulted sometime in the previous five years.<ref name=OCTEVAW04>{{cite journal|last=OCTEVAW|coauthors=Ottawa Coalition to End Violence Against Women|title=Hidden From Sight Volume II: The Prevalence of Violence Against Women in Ottawa|pages=6|url=http://octevaw-cocvff.ca/sites/all/files/pdf/reports/HiddenFromSight-December2011.pdf|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6G34XDDNQ|archivedate=21 Apr 2013}}</ref>}}
The Woozle created not only inflated the incidence of Domestic Violence against women by 200%, but also erased 585,000 male domestic violence victims across Canada. The report further further states:
{{quotation|More than 450,000 Ontario women reported to Statistics Canada’s 2009 GSS that they had been assaulted by their partner sometime in the previous five years prior to the 2009 survey (Statistics Canada, 2011).<ref name=OCTEVAW04>{{cite journal|last=OCTEVAW|coauthors=Ottawa Coalition to End Violence Against Women|title=Hidden From Sight Volume II: The Prevalence of Violence Against Women in Ottawa|pages=6|url=http://octevaw-cocvff.ca/sites/all/files/pdf/reports/HiddenFromSight-December2011.pdf|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6G34XDDNQ|archivedate=21 Apr 2013}}</ref>}}
The 450,000 figure is for both male and female. Statistics Canada have not published a breakdown of partner assaualt by province segregated by sex.<ref name=StatsCanada05>{{cite journal|last=Statistics Canada|title=Table 1.2 Victims of self-reported spousal violence within the past 5 years, by sex, 2009 Status|journal=Family Violence in Canada: A Statistical Profile Catalogue no. 85-224-X|year=2010|page=17|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/85-224-x/85-224-x2010000-eng.pdf|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6G33a75Xo|archivedate=21 Apr 2013}}</ref> The report was widely disseminated to statutory authorities to assist in informing their decision making processes concerning medical care, court proceeding and priorities, law enforcement and funding decisions for regional and national programs. In their 2010-2011 annual report, OCTEVAW:Ottawa Coalition To End Violence Against Women, said of the report:
{{quotation|<b><i>Hidden from Sight</i> Statistical Report.</b>
Given the success of the first report, OCTEVAW secured funding from the Community Foundation of Ottawa to replicate the report for the 2009-2010 timeframe and expand upon the project with the inclusion of a snapshot component. Our goal is to double our agency participation from sixteen to thirty-two.<ref>{{cite journal|title=OCTEVAW Ottawa Coalition To End Violence Against Women Annual Report 2010-2011|year=2011|page=10|url=http://www.octevaw-cocvff.ca/sites/all/files/pdf/annual_report_2010-2011_en.pdf|quote=Hidden from Sight Statistical Report Given the success of the first report, OCTEVAW secured funding from the Community Foundation of Ottawa to replicate the report for the 2009-2010 time frame and expand upon the project with the inclusion of a snapshot component. Our goal is to double our agency participation from sixteen to thirty-two.|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6G36wZtbK|archivedate=21 Apr 2013}}</ref>}}

====United Kingdom====
In 2004 Walby and Allen prepared a report for the UK Government Home Office: “Home Office Research Study 276 Domestic violence, sexual assault and stalking: Findings from the British Crime Survey”.<ref name=Walby&Allen01>{{cite journal|last=Walby|first=Sylvia|coauthors=Allen, Jonathan|title=Home Office Research Study 276 Domestic violence, sexual assault and stalking: Findings from the British Crime Survey|year=2004|month=March|url=http://hlsweb.dmu.ac.uk/pgcpd/roh436/official-documents/HomeOfficeResearchStudy276.pdf|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/6G0QeqbRP|archivedate=21 Apr 2013}}</ref> Walby and Allen state:
{{quotation|Domestic violence has a detrimental impact on employment. <i><b>Among employed women who suffered domestic violence in the last year</b></i>, 21 per cent took time off work and two per cent lost their jobs. <i><b>Among men in this situation, six per cent took time off work and two per cent lost their jobs.</b></i><ref name=Walby&Allen02>{{cite journal|last=Walby|first=Sylvia|coauthors=Allen, Jonathan|title=Home Office Research Study 276 Domestic violence, sexual assault and stalking: Findings from the British Crime Survey|year=2004|month=March|page=viii|url=http://hlsweb.dmu.ac.uk/pgcpd/roh436/official-documents/HomeOfficeResearchStudy276.pdf}}</ref>|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/6G0QeqbRP|archivedate=21 Apr 2013}}

In April 2013 the [[Equality and Human Rights Commission]] (EHRC) were found to be Woozling Walby and Allen, not only misreporting the effects of domestic violence against women, but also against men. The men were made to vanish with statistics about them transferred and made about only women. It arose in the publication of ‘Managing and supporting staff experiencing domestic abuse’<ref name=EHRC01>{{cite web|last=The Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC)|title=New guidance launched to help employers support staff experiencing domestic abuse|url=http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/news/2013/april/new-guidance-launched-to-help-employers-support-staff-experiencing-domestic-abuse/|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6G0Cv0P8B|archivedate=19 Apr 2013|date=10 April 2013}}</ref> claiming:
{{quotation|In the UK, in any one year, more than 20% of employed women take time off work because of domestic violence, and 2% lose their jobs as a direct result of the abuse<ref name=EHRC01>{{cite web|last=The Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC)|title=New guidance launched to help employers support staff experiencing domestic abuse|url=http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/news/2013/april/new-guidance-launched-to-help-employers-support-staff-experiencing-domestic-abuse/|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6G0Cv0P8B|archivedate=19 Apr 2013|date=10 April 2013}}</ref>}}

Walby and Allen, not attributed by the EHRC, is clear that 2% of men loose employment due to domestic violence. The origination source makes no comment on the number of employed women who loose employment. Walby and Allen also makes it clear that the 20% figure is for women who experience domestic violence in a year and not the general population.

The same woozle featured on the web-pages of [[Women's Aid Federation of England|Women's Aide]] in response to the EHRC announcement.<ref name=WomenAid01>{{cite web|title=Topic: Advice for employers|url=http://www.womensaid.org.uk/domestic_violence_topic.asp?section=0001000100220029|publisher=Women's Aid Federation of England|author=Women's Aid|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6G0ORNwCQ|archivedate=19 Apr 2013}}</ref> The Woozle contradicted Women's Aid's own website, and woozled it at the same time:
{{quotation|How many employees are affected by domestic violence? In the UK, in any one year, more than 20% of employed women take time off work because of domestic violence, and 2% lose their jobs as a direct result of the abuse. (Walby and Allen, 2004) <ref name=WomenAid02>{{cite web|title=What are the effects of domestic abuse on women? 01.08.06|url=http://www.womensaid.org.uk/domestic_violence_topic.asp?section=0001000100220029|publisher=Women's Aid Federation of England|author=Women's Aid|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6G0ON9vtM|archivedate=19 Apr 2013|location=01 Sept 2006}}</ref>}}

This has lead to Women's Aide not only Woozling Walby and Allen, but also self Woozling on their own website, as well as potentialy creating the double woozle quoted by the EHRC 10 April 2013.

The woozle identified from the EHRC announcement has also been found to have multiple and mixed concurrent manifestations and earlier occurrences:

* Bristol City Council - Domestic Violence and Abuse Policy & Guidelines (Source given as [[Equality and Human Rights Commission|EHRC]])<ref name=BristolCity01>{{cite journal|title=Bristol City Council Domestic Violence and Abuse Policy & Guidelines|date=November 2012|page=5|url=http://www.bristol.gov.uk/sites/default/files/documents/council_and_democracy/data_protection_and_foi/DomesticAbusePolicy_0.pdf|author=Bristol City Council|quote=In the UK in any one year, more than 20% of employed women take time off work because of domestic violence and abuse, and 2% lose their job as a direct result of the abuse - (statistics from http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/)}}</ref>
* Walsall Domestic Violence Forum<ref name=Walsall01>{{cite web|title=Domestic Abuse in the Workplace|url=http://www.wdvf.co.uk/page21.html|publisher=Walsall Domestic Violence Forum|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6G0QDhSyD|archivedate=19 Apr 2013}}</ref><ref name=walsall02>{{cite web|title=Walsall Domestic Violence Forum CPD accredited training programme|url=http://www.wdvf.co.uk/Training%202013.pdf|publisher=Walsall Domestic Violence Forum|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6G0OBQ7qP|archivedate=19 Apr 2013|pages=6}}</ref><ref name=Walsall03>{{cite web|title=Domestic Abuse In Your Business|url=http://www.wdvf.co.uk/Workplace%20information1.pdf|publisher=Walsall Domestic Violence Forum|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6G0QRPB6K|archivedate=19 Apr 2013|pages=2}}</ref>
* The NHS - East of England Social Partnership Forum Statement on Domestic Abuse (May 2011)<ref name=NHS01>{{cite web|title=Social Partnership Forum Statement on Domestic Abuse (May 2011)|url=http://www.nhsemployers.org/SiteCollectionDocuments/SPF%20Statement%20on%20Domestic%20Abuse.pdf|publisher=NHS - East of England|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6G0Q5FKIj|archivedate=19 Apr 2013}}</ref>
* Onus (NI) Ltd (established in 2007 by Women’s Aid branches in Ulster)<ref name=Onus01>{{cite web|title=DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IN THE WORKPLACE FIVE COMPELLING REASONS WHY EMPLOYERS SHOULD ADDRESS DOMESTIC VIOLENCE|url=http://www.onustraining.co.uk/node/75|publisher=Onus (NI) Ltd|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6G0OpvsmH|archivedate=19 Apr 2013|quote=In the UK, in any one year, more than 20% of employed women take time off work because of domestic violence, and 2% lose their jobs as a direct result of the abuse. <superscript>2</superscript> - 2 Walby and Allen, 2004}}</ref> being reported since at least 05 November 2011<ref name=Onus02>{{cite web|title=Domestic Violence in the Workplace Five Compelling Reasons Why Employers Should Address Domestic Violence|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110205062236/http://www.onustraining.co.uk/node/75|publisher=Onus (NI) Ltd|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6G0OwRI8y|archivedate=5 Feb 2011}}</ref> Attributes Walby and Allen, 2004 as source
* WiredGov<ref name=wiredgov01>{{cite web|title=New guidance launched to help employers support staff experiencing domestic abuse|url=http://www.wired-gov.net/wg/wg-news-1.nsf/0/566100CE97CD504880257B4A00483E84?OpenDocument|work=wiredgov|publisher=Wired Gov Ltd|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6G0P4n2b5|archivedate=19 Apr 2013|date=11 Apr 2013|quote=n the UK, in any one year, more than 20% of employed women take time off work because of domestic violence, and 2% lose their jobs as a direct result of the abuse}}</ref>
* Florid - East London NHS Foundation Trust<ref>{{cite web|title=Common Myths about Domestic Violence|url=http://www.florid.org.uk/content/3570/Common-myths-about-domestic-violence|publisher=Florid|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6G0PW7p4B|archivedate=19 Apr 2013|quote=MYTH: "It’s an issue for the home, not the workplace." In the UK, in any one year, more than 20% of employed women take time off work because of domestic violence, and 2% lose their jobs as a direct result of the abuse (Walby and Allen, 2004).}}</ref> Attributes Walby and Allen, 2004 as source
* HRMagazine July 2012<ref>{{cite web|title=Domestic violence has a significant, yet invisible, impact on the wellbeing of a large number of UK employees|url=http://www.hrmagazine.co.uk/hr/opinion/1073980/domestic-violence-significant-invisible-impact-wellbeing-uk-employees|work=HR magazine|author=Stephen Bevan|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6G0PoghnC|archivedate=19 Apr 2013|date=23 Jul 2012}}</ref>

====USA====
It is frequently reported that multiple sources, primarily the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)]], Atlanta, report that [[domestic violence]] is the leading cause of injury to women ages 15 to 44 in the USA. The most frequent quotations read in the form:
{{quotation|In the USA, domestic violence ranks as the leading cause of injury to women from age 15 to 44<ref name=Dictionary001>{{cite web|last=Dictionary.com|title=Domestic Violence|url=http://www.webcitation.org/6DNisUBh7|publisher=Dictionary.com, LLC|accessdate=2 January 2013}}</ref><ref name=Brittanica001>{{cite book|title=Domestic Violence|year=2013|publisher=© Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.|url=http://www.webcitation.org/6DNisUBh7|accessdate=2 January 2013}}</ref>}}
The claims can be traced backwards from Congress<ref>{{cite journal | title = VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN: A WEEK IN THE LIFE OF AMERICA | journal = A MAJORITY STAFF REPORT FOR THE COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY UNITED STATES SENATE | date = October 1992 | first = U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE | volume = 102 | issue = 118 | pages = 3 | url = http://www.webcitation.org/6DOT2u4pn | format = Pdf}}</ref> (October 1992), to the Surgeon General, [[Antonia Novello]]<ref>{{Citation
| title = From the Surgeon General, US Public Health Service
| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1593724?report=abstract#
| year = 1992
| journal = JAMA
| pages = 3132
| volume = 267
| issue = 23
| pmid = 1593724
| last1 = Novello | first1 = A.C.
| last2 = Rosenberg | first2 = M.
| last3 = Saltzman | first3 = L.
| last4 = Shosky | first4 = J.
}}</ref> (June 1992), to researchers Flitcraft and Stark and the CDC (1988), and on back to earlier works with Flitcraft and Stark from 1984 (Unpublished dissertation)<ref>{{cite doi|10.1111/j.1744-1617.2007.00127.x}}</ref><ref name='starkunpubdissit002'>{{cite journal | title = The Battered Mother in the Child Protective Service Caseload: Developing An Appropriate Response | journal = Women's Rights Law Reporter | date = Spring 2002 | first = Evan | last = Stark | volume = 23 | issue = 2 | pages = 111 | url = https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=www.cpe.rutgers.edu/NJDCF2012/docs/Stark-Battered-Mother-CPS-Caseload.pdf | accessdate = 2013-01-03}}</ref> and 1981.<ref name="(U.S.)Program1981">{{cite book|author1=National Clearinghouse on Domestic Violence (U.S.)|author2=Yale Trauma Program|author3=Yale University. Center for Health Studies|title=Wife abuse in the medical setting: an introduction for health personnel|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=_moGAQAAIAAJ|year=1981|publisher=National Clearinghouse on Domestic Violence}}</ref> The creation of the woozle is traced to the period around 1988.<ref name='Gelles_THE_POLITICS_OF_RESEARCH'/> Other sources quoting, referencing and containing contributions by Flitcraft and Stark do not hold the claim, most notably the Surgeon General's Workshop on Violence and Public Health : Leesburg, Virginia, October 27–29, 1985, held under Surgeon general [[C. Everett Koop|Charles Everett Koop]].<ref name="RosenbergFenley1991">{{cite book|author1=Mark L. Rosenberg|author2=Mary Ann Fenley|title=Violence in America: A Public Health Approach|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Ws2-t5u8030C|year=1991|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-506437-7}}</ref> References from 1989<ref name='McleerAnwar001'>{{cite news | first = SUSAN V. | last = MCLEER | coauthors = REBECCA ANWAR | title = A study of battered women presenting in an emergency department | date = Jan 1989 | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1349471/ | work = American Journal Of Public Health | pages = 65–66}}</ref> start to read in the recognised form, with further back referencing to sources from 1977.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Flitcraft|first=Anne |year=1977|title=Battered Women: An Emergency Room Epidemiology and Description of a Clinical Syndrome and Critique of Present Therapeutics.|volume=Doctoral Thesis (Unpublished)|publisher=Yale Medical School }}</ref>

In 1997, [[Cathy Young]] of The Women's Freedom Network (WFN), referencing newly published findings by the Justice Department,<ref name="DOJ1997_001">{{cite web | url=http://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=806 | title=Bureau of Justice Statistics | publisher=US Department Of Justice | work=Violence-Related Injuries Treated in Hospital Emergency Departments}}</ref><ref name="DOJ1997_002">{{cite journal|last=Rand|first=Michael R.|title=Violence-Related Injuries Treated in Hospital Emergency Departments|journal=Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report|date=24|year=1997|month=August|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/VRITHED.PDF|id=NCJ-156921}}</ref><ref name="DOJ1997_003">{{cite news | url=http://www.webcitation.org/6DOvTRbQF | title=U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Press Release, 1.4 MILLION PEOPLE TREATED IN HOSPITAL EMERGENCY ROOMS FOR VIOLENCE-RELATED INJURIES | date=AUGUST 24, 1997 | last=Smith | first=Stu}}</ref> showed that the claim was false and incidence of Domestic violence far lower than indicated by the woozle.<ref name="WFN_PR_001">{{cite news | url=http://www.webcitation.org/6DOjH6K6N | title=Women's Freedom Network (WFN) Press Release - Domestic Violence | date=August 26, 1997 | agency=Women's Freedom Network | last=Young | first=Cathy}}</ref> The WFN specifically pointed out that pamphlets, brochures, and literature being disseminated widely as both information and advocacy included false claims that: 1) 20% to 35% of women visit medical emergency rooms did so due to injuries caused by domestic violence, 2) Battering was the primary cause of injury to American women in the age range 15 to 44, and 3) Domestic abuse caused more injuries to women than rape, auto accidents, and muggings combined.

In January 2013, 16 years later, diverse groups were still quoting the same information as fact, groups such as [[Stony Brook University]],<ref name=StonyBrook001>{{cite web|title=Domestic Violence Quiz - domestic-violence-quiz.pdf|url=http://www.webcitation.org/6DNjrZLOl|work=Employee Assistance Program|publisher=Stony Brook University|accessdate=3 January 2013}}</ref> the office of [[Clark County, Indiana|Clark County]] Prosecuting Attorney<ref name=ClarkCounty001>{{cite web|last=Clark County Prosecuting Attorney|first=Jeffersonville, IN 47130|title=Fast Facts on Domestic Violence|url=http://www.webcitation.org/6DNkQ2CJJ|work=clarkprosecutor.org|publisher=Steven D. Stewart|accessdate=2 January 2013}}</ref> and the US Federal Government.<ref name=USA.ANSWERS.GOV001>{{cite web|title=Domestic Violence|url=http://www.webcitation.org/6DNi9h5YB|work=Answers.usa.gov|publisher=U.S. General Services Administration's Office of Citizen Services and Innovative Technologies}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
Line 64: Line 143:
*[[Argumentum ad populum]]
*[[Argumentum ad populum]]
*[[Fallacy]]
*[[Fallacy]]
*[[Feminism]]
*[[Gender Studies]]
*[[Idola theatri|Idola theatri - Idols of the Theatre]]
*[[Idola theatri|Idola theatri - Idols of the Theatre]]
*[[Meme]]
*[[Memetics]]
*[[Memetic engineering]]
{{multicol-break}}
*[[Mimicry]]
*[[Men's rights movement]]
*[[Men's studies]]
*[[Psycholinguistics]]
*[[Spiral Dynamics]]
*[[Spiral Dynamics]]
*[[Viral phenomenon]]
*[[Viral phenomenon]]

Revision as of 23:12, 17 May 2013

Woozle effect, also known as Evidence by Citation,[1] or a woozle, occurs when frequent citation of previous publications that lack evidence mislead individuals, groups and the public into thinking or believing there is evidence, and nonfacts become urban myths and factoids.[2] Woozle effect is a term coined by Beverly Houghton in 1979.[3][4][5] It describes a pattern of bias seen within social sciences and which is identified as leading to multiple errors in individual and public perception, academia, policy making and government. A woozle is also a claim made about research which is not supported by original findings.[6]

Origin and usage

Woozle is the name of an imaginary character in the A.A. Milne book, Winnie-the-Pooh, published 1926.[7] In chapter three, "In Which Pooh and Piglet Go Hunting and Nearly Catch a Woozle", Winnie-the-Pooh and Piglet start following tracks left in snow believing they are the tracks of a Woozle. The tracks keep multiplying. Christopher Robin then explains that they have been following their own tracks around a tree.

In 1979 Houghton[3] illustrated the Woozle effect showing how work by Gelles 1974, Published in the book "The violent home"[8] had been transferred from applying to a small sample to a universal sample by Strauss who had written the foreword to the same book.[9] Both of these were then cited by Langley & Levy in their 1977 book, "Wife beating: the silent crisis".[10]

In 1982, Professor Wakter R Schumm of Kansas State University School of Family Studies and Human Services, warned of the danger of the Woozle effect when he said of it that it could be used to mistakenly "set policy in the prevention and treatment of family violence".[5][11]

In the 1998 book "Intimate Violence" Gelles and Straus use the Winnie-the-Pooh woozle to illustrate how poor practice in research and self-referential research causes older research to be taken as fresh evidence causing error and bias.[2]

A woozle effect, or a woozle, occurs when frequent citation of previous publications that lack evidence mislead individuals, groups and the public into thinking or believing there is evidence, and non-facts become urban myths and factoids.[2] The creation of woozles is often linked to the changing of language from qualified ("it may", "it might", "it could") to absolute form ("it is") firming up language and introducing ideas and views not held by an original author or supported by evidence.[12] Selection of data and design of research instruments to gather raw data are linked to the creation of the Woozle effect on many fields of study.[13]

The woozle effect is seen as an example of confirmation bias[14] and linked to belief perseverance.[15] Due to the nature of social sciences, where empirical evidence can be based more upon subjects' experiential report than absolute measure, there can be a tendency for researchers to align evidence with expectation. Social sciences are also seen as more likely to align with contemporary views and ideals of social justice, leading to bias towards those ideals and use of evidence to prove them.[16] Woozles have also been linked to groupthink, where social conformity within a group's accepted paradigm leads to the simplification, alteration and even deliberate ignoring of data which does not support the groupthink.[14]

The terms woozle and woozle effect are most frequently cited and used in the field of interpersonal violence (IPV) and domestic violence. This appears to be linked to the terms originating in the subject field in the 1998 book,"Intimate Violence".[2]

Other academic papers and publications have used the woozle as a motif and to show the presence of the woozle effect in many areas, such as school management,[17] nursing and gerentology,[18][19] developmental psychology[20] and public sector - governmental decision making.[21]

Woozle and factoid can be used interchangeably.[22] In 2007, Gelles further emphasised the nature of woozles when he likened them to the fictional game TEGWAR (The Exciting Game Without Any Rules) which appears in the 1956 book Bang the Drum Slowly. Gelles also traces the issues of woozles and TEGWAR around the field of domestic violence back in time to the 1990s and refers to matters “Nine Factoids and a Mantra”,[23] showing how the woozle had taken precedence and facts were not relevant.

Gender Bias

In the book "Rethinking Domestic Violence", Donald G Dutton raises concerns as to gender bias and potential political bias. He states:

"Woozles are usually not simply a matter of authentic misreporting. They also reveal a desire to read into the data an a priori position that is really not there, what Bacon calls "idols of the theatre". ... All the data reporting mistakes I have found in the literature, without exception, were made in the direction of supporting feminist preconceptions."[24]

Examples

The battered child syndrome

The 1962 AMA article on "The Battered-Child Syndrome"[25] Dr. C. Henry Kempe et al. is used to illustrate. The article was accompanied by an editorial which read:

"it is likely that [the battered child syndrome] will be found to be a more frequent cause of death than such well recognized and thoroughly studied diseases as leukemia, cystic fibrosis, and muscular dystrophy."[26][27]

At no point did the original article make this claim, but shortly afterwards it was being reported that the work of Kempe et al. did make the claim. A number of publications including Time, Life Magazine and Newsweek reported the editorial opinion, and not the findings of the original publication.[28][29] It was also quoted by politicians and social activists.[30] The same content was being quoted and referenced by the New York Times 7 years later in 1969.[31]

Domestic violence

Canada

Statistics Canada carried out The 2009 General Social Survey (GSS).[32] From this they published “Family Violence in Canada: A Statistical Profile”.[33] The report found that in the five year period covered 585,000 men and 601,000 women reported being victims of domestic violence: a total of 1.186 million Canadians.[34] Statistics Canada also interpreted the data as:

A similar proportion of men and women reported experiencing spousal violence during the five years prior to the survey. Among men, 6.0% or about 585,000, encountered spousal violence during this period, compared with 6.4% or 601,000 women.[35]

In November 2011, OCTEVAW:"Ottawa Coalition to End Violence Against Women" published a report titled “Hidden from Sight Volume II: A Profile of Violence Against Women in Ottawa”.[36] The report was funded by Community Foundation of Ottawa[37], written by Trina Forrester,[38] research assistant to Dr. Holly Johnson of The Institute for the Prevention of Crime, University of Ottawa. The report states:

Woman Abuse in Canada - Woman abuse can be found in every province, territory, city, and community within Canada (Statistics Canada, 2011). It affects women from all socio-economic statuses, ethnicities, and religions. In Canada:

Almost 1.2 million women reported having been similarly assaulted sometime in the previous five years.[39]

The Woozle created not only inflated the incidence of Domestic Violence against women by 200%, but also erased 585,000 male domestic violence victims across Canada. The report further further states:

More than 450,000 Ontario women reported to Statistics Canada’s 2009 GSS that they had been assaulted by their partner sometime in the previous five years prior to the 2009 survey (Statistics Canada, 2011).[39]

The 450,000 figure is for both male and female. Statistics Canada have not published a breakdown of partner assaualt by province segregated by sex.[40] The report was widely disseminated to statutory authorities to assist in informing their decision making processes concerning medical care, court proceeding and priorities, law enforcement and funding decisions for regional and national programs. In their 2010-2011 annual report, OCTEVAW:Ottawa Coalition To End Violence Against Women, said of the report:

Hidden from Sight Statistical Report. Given the success of the first report, OCTEVAW secured funding from the Community Foundation of Ottawa to replicate the report for the 2009-2010 timeframe and expand upon the project with the inclusion of a snapshot component. Our goal is to double our agency participation from sixteen to thirty-two.[41]

United Kingdom

In 2004 Walby and Allen prepared a report for the UK Government Home Office: “Home Office Research Study 276 Domestic violence, sexual assault and stalking: Findings from the British Crime Survey”.[42] Walby and Allen state:

Domestic violence has a detrimental impact on employment. Among employed women who suffered domestic violence in the last year, 21 per cent took time off work and two per cent lost their jobs. Among men in this situation, six per cent took time off work and two per cent lost their jobs.[43]

In April 2013 the Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC) were found to be Woozling Walby and Allen, not only misreporting the effects of domestic violence against women, but also against men. The men were made to vanish with statistics about them transferred and made about only women. It arose in the publication of ‘Managing and supporting staff experiencing domestic abuse’[44] claiming:

In the UK, in any one year, more than 20% of employed women take time off work because of domestic violence, and 2% lose their jobs as a direct result of the abuse[44]

Walby and Allen, not attributed by the EHRC, is clear that 2% of men loose employment due to domestic violence. The origination source makes no comment on the number of employed women who loose employment. Walby and Allen also makes it clear that the 20% figure is for women who experience domestic violence in a year and not the general population.

The same woozle featured on the web-pages of Women's Aide in response to the EHRC announcement.[45] The Woozle contradicted Women's Aid's own website, and woozled it at the same time:

How many employees are affected by domestic violence? In the UK, in any one year, more than 20% of employed women take time off work because of domestic violence, and 2% lose their jobs as a direct result of the abuse. (Walby and Allen, 2004) [46]

This has lead to Women's Aide not only Woozling Walby and Allen, but also self Woozling on their own website, as well as potentialy creating the double woozle quoted by the EHRC 10 April 2013.

The woozle identified from the EHRC announcement has also been found to have multiple and mixed concurrent manifestations and earlier occurrences:

  • Bristol City Council - Domestic Violence and Abuse Policy & Guidelines (Source given as EHRC)[47]
  • Walsall Domestic Violence Forum[48][49][50]
  • The NHS - East of England Social Partnership Forum Statement on Domestic Abuse (May 2011)[51]
  • Onus (NI) Ltd (established in 2007 by Women’s Aid branches in Ulster)[52] being reported since at least 05 November 2011[53] Attributes Walby and Allen, 2004 as source
  • WiredGov[54]
  • Florid - East London NHS Foundation Trust[55] Attributes Walby and Allen, 2004 as source
  • HRMagazine July 2012[56]

USA

It is frequently reported that multiple sources, primarily the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, report that domestic violence is the leading cause of injury to women ages 15 to 44 in the USA. The most frequent quotations read in the form:

In the USA, domestic violence ranks as the leading cause of injury to women from age 15 to 44[57][58]

The claims can be traced backwards from Congress[59] (October 1992), to the Surgeon General, Antonia Novello[60] (June 1992), to researchers Flitcraft and Stark and the CDC (1988), and on back to earlier works with Flitcraft and Stark from 1984 (Unpublished dissertation)[61][62] and 1981.[63] The creation of the woozle is traced to the period around 1988.[23] Other sources quoting, referencing and containing contributions by Flitcraft and Stark do not hold the claim, most notably the Surgeon General's Workshop on Violence and Public Health : Leesburg, Virginia, October 27–29, 1985, held under Surgeon general Charles Everett Koop.[64] References from 1989[65] start to read in the recognised form, with further back referencing to sources from 1977.[66]

In 1997, Cathy Young of The Women's Freedom Network (WFN), referencing newly published findings by the Justice Department,[67][68][69] showed that the claim was false and incidence of Domestic violence far lower than indicated by the woozle.[70] The WFN specifically pointed out that pamphlets, brochures, and literature being disseminated widely as both information and advocacy included false claims that: 1) 20% to 35% of women visit medical emergency rooms did so due to injuries caused by domestic violence, 2) Battering was the primary cause of injury to American women in the age range 15 to 44, and 3) Domestic abuse caused more injuries to women than rape, auto accidents, and muggings combined.

In January 2013, 16 years later, diverse groups were still quoting the same information as fact, groups such as Stony Brook University,[71] the office of Clark County Prosecuting Attorney[72] and the US Federal Government.[73]

See also

Template:Multicol

Template:Multicol-break

Template:Multicol-end

References

  1. ^ Strauss, Murray A. (14 July 2007). "Processes Explaining the Concealment and Distortion of Evidence on Gender Symmetry in Partner Violence". European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research. 74 (13): 227–232. doi:10.1007/s10610-007-9060-5..
  2. ^ a b c d Richard J. Gelles; Murray Arnold Straus (July 1988). Intimate violence. Simon and Schuster. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-671-61752-3.
  3. ^ a b Houghton, B. (1979). "Review of research on women abuse". annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Philadelphia. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  4. ^ Richard J. Gelles (1980). "Violence in the Family: A Review of Research in the Seventies". Journal of Marriage and Family. 42 (4): 873–885. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. ^ a b Verbatim. 1984. p. 23. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  6. ^ Richard J. Gelles; Murray Arnold Straus (July 1988). "2". Intimate violence. Simon and Schuster. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-671-61752-3.
  7. ^ Milne, A.A. (1926). "3". Winnie The Pooh (1 ed.). London: Methuen & Co Ltd. In Which Pooh and Piglet Go Hunting and Nearly Catch a Woozle
  8. ^ Richard J. Gelles (November 1974). The violent home: a study of physical aggression between husbands and wives. Sage Publications. ISBN 978-0-8039-0381-4.
  9. ^ Forward By Straus, Murray A. (November 1974). The violent home: a study of physical aggression between husbands and wives. Sage Publications. pp. 13–17. ISBN 978-0-8039-0381-4. Original Author Richard J. Gelles {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |trans_title=, |laydate=, |authormask=, and |laysummary= (help)
  10. ^ Roger Langley; Richard C. Levy (1977). Wife beating: the silent crisis. Dutton. ISBN 978-0-87690-231-8.
  11. ^ Schumm, W. R.; Martin, M. J.; Bollman, S. R.; Jurich, A. P. (1982). "Classifying Family Violence: Whither the Woozle?". Journal of Family Issues. 3 (3): 335. doi:10.1177/019251382003003004. ISSN 0192-513X.
  12. ^ Donald G. Dutton (30 May 2006). Rethinking Domestic Violence. UBC Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-7748-1304-4.
  13. ^ Roth, Philip L. (1999). "Missing Data: Instrument-Level Heffalumps and Item-Level Woozles". Research Methods Forum. 4. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ a b Donald G. Dutton (30 May 2006). Rethinking Domestic Violence. UBC Press. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-7748-1304-4.
  15. ^ Roy F. Baumeister; Kathleen D. Vohs (2007). Belief perseverance - Encyclopedia of social psychology. Sage Publications. pp. 109–110. ISBN 978-1-4129-1670-7.
  16. ^ Donald G. Dutton (30 May 2006). Rethinking Domestic Violence. UBC Press. p. 110. ISBN 978-0-7748-1304-4.
  17. ^ Soder, Roger; Bentzen, Mary (1989). "Looking for the Woozle and Other Tales: An Examination of "The Myths of School Self-Renewal"". Curriculum Inquiry. 19 (2). Wiley: 207–219. doi:10.2307F1991. JSTOR 1179411. {{cite journal}}: Check |doi= value (help)
  18. ^ Fox-wasylyshyn, Susan M.; El-masri, Maher M. (2005), "Handling missing data in self-report measures", Research in Nursing & Health, 28 (6): 488–495, doi:10.1002/nur.20100, retrieved 2013-01-02
  19. ^ Manthorpe, Jill; Watson, Roger (2002), "Editorial", Journal of Advanced Nursing, 38 (6): 541–542, doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.2002.02265.x, retrieved 2013-01-02
  20. ^ Ann M. Bingham-Newman, Frank H. Hooper (75). "The Search for the Woozle circa 1975: Commentary on Brainerd's Observation". American Educational Research Journal. 12 (3): 379–387. JSTOR 1162319. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |year= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  21. ^ Kinchin, Niamh (20 MAR 2007). "More than Writing on a Wall: Evaluating the Role that Codes of Ethics Play in Securing Accountability of Public Sector Decision-Makers". Australian Journal of Public Administration. 66 (1): 112–120. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8500.2007.00519.x. Retrieved 2013-01-02. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  22. ^ "I-VAWA: Foreign Policy Based on a Woozle?". Respecting Accuracy in Domestic Abuse Reporting.
  23. ^ a b "THE POLITICS OF RESEARCH: THE USE, ABUSE, AND MISUSE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE DATA—THE CASES OF INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE" (PDF). FAMILY COURT REVIEW. 45 (1): 42–51. 1, January 2007. {{cite journal}}: |first= missing |last= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
  24. ^ Donald G. Dutton. Rethinking Domestic Violence. UBC Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-7748-1304-4.
  25. ^ Kempe, Silverman; Silver (1962), "The Battered Child Syndrome", Journal of the American Medical Association, 17 (181): 17–24, retrieved 2013-01-02
  26. ^ Richard J. Gelles (15 January 1997). Intimate Violence in Families. SAGE. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-7619-0123-5. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
  27. ^ Barbara J. Nelson (15 April 1986). Making an Issue of Child Abuse: Political Agenda Setting for Social Problems. University of Chicago Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-226-57201-7.
  28. ^ "Medicine: Battered-Child Syndrome". Time Magazine. Time Inc. July 20, 1962. Archived from the original on 29 Jun 08. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |archivedate= (help)
  29. ^ Barbara J. Nelson (15 April 1986). Making an Issue of Child Abuse: Political Agenda Setting for Social Problems. University of Chicago Press. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-226-57201-7.
  30. ^ Richard J. Gelles; Murray Arnold Straus (1 July 1988). Intimate violence. Simon and Schuster. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-671-61752-3.
  31. ^ RUSK, M.D., HOWARD A. (May 18, 1969,). "Rise in Child Abuse; Problem Requires More Trained Help, More Funds and the Cooperation of All". New York Times. p. 84. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  32. ^ Statistics Canada. "General Social Survey: An overview, 2009". Archived from the original on 18 Apr 2013.
  33. ^ Statistics Canada. "Family Violence in Canada: A Statistical Profile". Archived from the original on 21 Apr 2013.
  34. ^ Statistics Canada (2010). "Table 1.2 Victims of self-reported spousal violence within the past 5 years, by sex, 2009 Status". Family Violence in Canada: A Statistical Profile Catalogue no. 85-224-X: 16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 Apr 2013.
  35. ^ "Family violence in Canada: A statistical profile". The Daily. Statistics Canada. Archived from the original on 21 Apr 2013.
  36. ^ Ottawa Coalition to End Violence Against Women. "Reports and Research". OCTEVAW. Archived from the original on 21 Apr 2013. Hidden from Sight II: A look at the Prevalence of Violence Against Women in Ottawa By: OCTEVAW | Posted: Dec, 2011
  37. ^ OCTEVAW. "Hidden From Sight Volume II: The Prevalence of Violence Against Women in Ottawa": 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 Apr 2013. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  38. ^ "Trina Forrester". The Canadian observatory on the justice system. Muriel McQueen Fergusson Centre for Family Violence Research. Archived from the original on 21 Apr 2013.
  39. ^ a b OCTEVAW. "Hidden From Sight Volume II: The Prevalence of Violence Against Women in Ottawa": 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 Apr 2013. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  40. ^ Statistics Canada (2010). "Table 1.2 Victims of self-reported spousal violence within the past 5 years, by sex, 2009 Status". Family Violence in Canada: A Statistical Profile Catalogue no. 85-224-X: 17. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 Apr 2013.
  41. ^ "OCTEVAW Ottawa Coalition To End Violence Against Women Annual Report 2010-2011". 2011: 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 Apr 2013. Hidden from Sight Statistical Report Given the success of the first report, OCTEVAW secured funding from the Community Foundation of Ottawa to replicate the report for the 2009-2010 time frame and expand upon the project with the inclusion of a snapshot component. Our goal is to double our agency participation from sixteen to thirty-two. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  42. ^ Walby, Sylvia (2004). "Home Office Research Study 276 Domestic violence, sexual assault and stalking: Findings from the British Crime Survey". Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 Apr 2013. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  43. ^ Walby, Sylvia (2004). "Home Office Research Study 276 Domestic violence, sexual assault and stalking: Findings from the British Crime Survey" (PDF): viii. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  44. ^ a b The Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC) (10 April 2013). "New guidance launched to help employers support staff experiencing domestic abuse". Archived from the original on 19 Apr 2013.
  45. ^ Women's Aid. "Topic: Advice for employers". Women's Aid Federation of England. Archived from the original on 19 Apr 2013.
  46. ^ Women's Aid. "What are the effects of domestic abuse on women? 01.08.06". 01 Sept 2006: Women's Aid Federation of England. Archived from the original on 19 Apr 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  47. ^ Bristol City Council (November 2012). "Bristol City Council Domestic Violence and Abuse Policy & Guidelines" (PDF): 5. In the UK in any one year, more than 20% of employed women take time off work because of domestic violence and abuse, and 2% lose their job as a direct result of the abuse - (statistics from http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/) {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); External link in |quote= (help)
  48. ^ "Domestic Abuse in the Workplace". Walsall Domestic Violence Forum. Archived from the original on 19 Apr 2013.
  49. ^ "Walsall Domestic Violence Forum CPD accredited training programme". Walsall Domestic Violence Forum. p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 Apr 2013.
  50. ^ "Domestic Abuse In Your Business". Walsall Domestic Violence Forum. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 Apr 2013.
  51. ^ "Social Partnership Forum Statement on Domestic Abuse (May 2011)". NHS - East of England. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 Apr 2013.
  52. ^ "DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IN THE WORKPLACE FIVE COMPELLING REASONS WHY EMPLOYERS SHOULD ADDRESS DOMESTIC VIOLENCE". Onus (NI) Ltd. Archived from the original on 19 Apr 2013. In the UK, in any one year, more than 20% of employed women take time off work because of domestic violence, and 2% lose their jobs as a direct result of the abuse. <superscript>2</superscript> - 2 Walby and Allen, 2004
  53. ^ "Domestic Violence in the Workplace Five Compelling Reasons Why Employers Should Address Domestic Violence". Onus (NI) Ltd. Archived from the original on 5 Feb 2011.
  54. ^ "New guidance launched to help employers support staff experiencing domestic abuse". wiredgov. Wired Gov Ltd. 11 Apr 2013. Archived from the original on 19 Apr 2013. n the UK, in any one year, more than 20% of employed women take time off work because of domestic violence, and 2% lose their jobs as a direct result of the abuse
  55. ^ "Common Myths about Domestic Violence". Florid. Archived from the original on 19 Apr 2013. MYTH: "It's an issue for the home, not the workplace." In the UK, in any one year, more than 20% of employed women take time off work because of domestic violence, and 2% lose their jobs as a direct result of the abuse (Walby and Allen, 2004).
  56. ^ Stephen Bevan (23 Jul 2012). "Domestic violence has a significant, yet invisible, impact on the wellbeing of a large number of UK employees". HR magazine. Archived from the original on 19 Apr 2013.
  57. ^ Dictionary.com. "Domestic Violence". Dictionary.com, LLC. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
  58. ^ Domestic Violence. © Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. 2013. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
  59. ^ "VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN: A WEEK IN THE LIFE OF AMERICA" (Pdf). A MAJORITY STAFF REPORT FOR THE COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY UNITED STATES SENATE. 102 (118): 3. October 1992. {{cite journal}}: |first= missing |last= (help)
  60. ^ Novello, A.C.; Rosenberg, M.; Saltzman, L.; Shosky, J. (1992), "From the Surgeon General, US Public Health Service", JAMA, 267 (23): 3132, PMID 1593724
  61. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1111/j.1744-1617.2007.00127.x, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1111/j.1744-1617.2007.00127.x instead.
  62. ^ Stark, Evan (Spring 2002). "The Battered Mother in the Child Protective Service Caseload: Developing An Appropriate Response" (PDF). Women's Rights Law Reporter. 23 (2): 111. Retrieved 2013-01-03.
  63. ^ National Clearinghouse on Domestic Violence (U.S.); Yale Trauma Program; Yale University. Center for Health Studies (1981). Wife abuse in the medical setting: an introduction for health personnel. National Clearinghouse on Domestic Violence.
  64. ^ Mark L. Rosenberg; Mary Ann Fenley (1991). Violence in America: A Public Health Approach. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-506437-7.
  65. ^ MCLEER, SUSAN V. (Jan 1989). "A study of battered women presenting in an emergency department". American Journal Of Public Health. pp. 65–66. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  66. ^ Flitcraft, Anne (1977). "Battered Women: An Emergency Room Epidemiology and Description of a Clinical Syndrome and Critique of Present Therapeutics". Doctoral Thesis (Unpublished). Yale Medical School. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  67. ^ "Bureau of Justice Statistics". Violence-Related Injuries Treated in Hospital Emergency Departments. US Department Of Justice.
  68. ^ Rand, Michael R. (24). "Violence-Related Injuries Treated in Hospital Emergency Departments" (PDF). Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report. NCJ-156921. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  69. ^ Smith, Stu (AUGUST 24, 1997). "U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Press Release, 1.4 MILLION PEOPLE TREATED IN HOSPITAL EMERGENCY ROOMS FOR VIOLENCE-RELATED INJURIES". {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  70. ^ Young, Cathy (August 26, 1997). "Women's Freedom Network (WFN) Press Release - Domestic Violence". Women's Freedom Network.
  71. ^ "Domestic Violence Quiz - domestic-violence-quiz.pdf". Employee Assistance Program. Stony Brook University. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
  72. ^ Clark County Prosecuting Attorney, Jeffersonville, IN 47130. "Fast Facts on Domestic Violence". clarkprosecutor.org. Steven D. Stewart. Retrieved 2 January 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  73. ^ "Domestic Violence". Answers.usa.gov. U.S. General Services Administration's Office of Citizen Services and Innovative Technologies.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Woozle_effect&oldid=555581250"