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==Timeline==
==Timeline==
*The first commercial offshore [[saturation diving|saturation dive]] was performed by Westinghouse in the Gulf of Mexico following [[Hurricane Betsy]] in March 1966.<ref name=OffshoreMar2010>{{cite journal |author=O'Neill, WJ |title=Where it began: The first commercial offshore saturation dive. |journal=Offshore |year=2010 |url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/naylor/ADCS0210/index.php#/16 |accessdate=2011-09-08}}</ref>
*The first commercial offshore [[saturation diving|saturation dive]] was performed by Westinghouse in the Gulf of Mexico following [[Hurricane Betsy]] in March 1966.<ref name=OffshoreMar2010>{{cite journal |author=O'Neill, WJ |title=Where it began: The first commercial offshore saturation dive. |journal=Offshore |year=2010 |url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/naylor/ADCS0210/index.php#/16 |accessdate=2011-09-08}}</ref>
*A casualty of commercial diving in North Sea oil exploration occurred as early as October 2, 1967<ref>{{cite web |title=3 Dødsulykker under dykking i Nordsjøen 1965–1990 |url=http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dep/fad/dok/nouer/2003/nou-2003-5/12.html?id=381706 |accessdate=2011-09-08}}</ref>
*A casualty of commercial diving in North Sea oil exploration occurred as early as October 2, 1967<ref>{{cite web |title=Dødsulykker under dykking i Nordsjøen 1965–1990 |url=http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dep/fad/dok/nouer/2003/nou-2003-5/12.html?id=381706 |accessdate=2011-09-08}}</ref>
*Saturation diving at [[Ekofisk]] commenced in 1970.<ref name=2013movie12>{{cite news|last=Maugesten|first=Hanne Marie|title=Pionéren - Vi kan takke Magn Muledal og hans kolleger for velferden vår, mener [[Aksel Hennie]]. Han spiller nordsjødykker i ny, norsk film.|newspaper=Aftenposten [[A-magasinet]]|date=2013-08-09|quote=|page=12|language=Norwegian}}</ref>
*Saturation diving at [[Ekofisk]] commenced in 1970.<ref name=2013movie12>{{cite news|last=Maugesten|first=Hanne Marie|title=Pionéren - Vi kan takke Magn Muledal og hans kolleger for velferden vår, mener [[Aksel Hennie]]. Han spiller nordsjødykker i ny, norsk film.|newspaper=Aftenposten [[A-magasinet]]|date=2013-08-09|quote=|page=12|language=Norwegian}}</ref>


Revision as of 11:04, 11 August 2013

One type of individual setup for commercial offshore diving

Commercial diving offshore is a branch of commercial diving, with divers working in support of the exploration and production sector of the oil and gas industry in places such as the Gulf of Mexico in the United States the North Sea in the United Kingdom and Norway and along the coast of Brazil. The work in this area of the industry includes maintenance of oil platforms and the building of underwater structures used in the production process.

For many newly qualified divers, this is the entry point to the industry. The lack of experienced divers and the excess of qualified divers within the industry push down wages for younger, less experienced divers beginning their careers. The low wages, relative inexperience of the workforce combined with difficult and dangerous operating conditions make offshore diving the most dangerous[citation needed] area of employment for professional divers. Workers often live and work on the platform or ship for several weeks at a time, working 12-hour shifts without any days off.

Equipment used for offshore diving tends to be surface supplied equipment but this does vary depending on the nature of the work and location. For instance Gulf of Mexico based divers may use wetsuits whilst North Sea divers need drysuits or even hot water suits due to the temperature of the water.[1]

Timeline

  • The first commercial offshore saturation dive was performed by Westinghouse in the Gulf of Mexico following Hurricane Betsy in March 1966.[2]
  • A casualty of commercial diving in North Sea oil exploration occurred as early as October 2, 1967[3]
  • Saturation diving at Ekofisk commenced in 1970.[4]

North Sea

Norway's sector

In Norway's sector of the North Sea, 17 divers died during a 20 year-period from 1967 — 11 individuals were British.[5] In 2013 media[clarification needed] said that "During the pioneering period, most of the [oil] companies related to (forholdt seg til) dive tables based on research by U.S. Navy. The dive tables were supposed to ensure that the divers avoided so called bends. The problem was that the U.S tables were formulated for divers during a transportation phase in a crisis situation. Not for shift work over several hours. The tables were also created for survival possibilities during an acute (akutt) evacuation—not necessarily concerning oneself with issues of long-term health. Authors Kristin Øye Gjerde and Helge Ryggvik indicate that several international companies often competed in pressing (å presse) the tables further. Status was acquired by beating the records. Effectivity (effektivitet) put [more] money in the till."[6]

In 2013 media said that "The first trade union came in 1977."[7]

On 1 July 1978 a set of "temporary rules" [for diving] were instituted—12 years after diving had started and 11 years after the first serious[7] accident.

Furthermore "According to the Lossius Commission (a fact-finding commission ordered by the Cabinet in 2000) around 3 of 4 divers had accidents or diving related illnesses. Over half had bends, and 83% encountered life-endangering situations while diving."[7]

Norway's government has claimed responsibility for pioneering divers on a moral and political foundation, without taking a judicial responsibility for medical injuries.[7]

80 applicants, out of 340, have been denied governmental compensation for pioneering divers.[7]

In 2012 European Court of Human Rights stated it will try the case of three commercial divers that lost their case in Norway's supreme court in 2010.[8][9]

See also

References

  1. ^ Beyerstein G. (2006). "Commercial Diving: Surface-Mixed Gas, Sur-D-O2, Bell Bounce, Saturation". In: Lang, MA and Smith, NE (eds.). Proceedings of Advanced Scientific Diving Workshop: February 23–24, 2006. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. Retrieved 2011-09-08.
  2. ^ O'Neill, WJ (2010). "Where it began: The first commercial offshore saturation dive". Offshore. Retrieved 2011-09-08.
  3. ^ "Dødsulykker under dykking i Nordsjøen 1965–1990". Retrieved 2011-09-08.
  4. ^ Maugesten, Hanne Marie (2013-08-09). "Pionéren - Vi kan takke Magn Muledal og hans kolleger for velferden vår, mener Aksel Hennie. Han spiller nordsjødykker i ny, norsk film". Aftenposten A-magasinet (in Norwegian). p. 12.
  5. ^ Gray, Sadie. The Times. London http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article3613778.ece. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  6. ^ Maugesten, Hanne Marie (2013-08-09). "Pionéren - Vi kan takke Magn Muledal og hans kolleger for velferden vår, mener Aksel Hennie. Han spiller nordsjødykker i ny, norsk film". Aftenposten A-magasinet (in Norwegian). pp. 14, 16. I pionértiden forholdt de fleste selskapene seg til dykketabeller basert på forskning fra den amerikanske marinen. Dykketabellene skulle sikre at dykkerne ungikk dykkersyke, såkalt bends, eller trykkfallssyke. Problemet var bare at de amerikanske tabellene var utarbeidet med tanke på dykkingen som en transportetappe i en krisesituasjon. Ikke for skiftarbeid over flere timer. De var også utarbeidet med tanke på hva som var mulig å overleve i en akutt evakueringssituasjon, ikke nødvendigvis med tanke på hva som var helseskadelig på sikt. Forfatterne Kristin Øye Gjerde og Helge Ryggvik peker på at flere internasjonale selskaper ofte konkurrerte om å presse tabellene ytterligere. Og det ga status å slå rekordene. Effectivity ga penger i kassen.
  7. ^ a b c d e Maugesten, Hanne Marie (2013-08-09). "Pionéren - Vi kan takke Magn Muledal og hans kolleger for velferden vår, mener Aksel Hennie. Han spiller nordsjødykker i ny, norsk film". Aftenposten A-magasinet (in Norwegian). p. 14. Den første fagforeningen kom i 1977. Cite error: The named reference "2013movie14" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  8. ^ http://www.dagbladet.no/2012/06/27/nyheter/nordsjodykkere/strasbourg/22304574/
  9. ^ http://e24.no/lov-og-rett/pionerdykkerne-faar-saken-opp-i-strasbourg/20247370
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