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{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2011}}

{{Infobox military unit
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name=New Zealand Special Air Service
|unit_name=New Zealand Special Air Service
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|caption=Cap Badge of the New Zealand Special Air Service
|caption=Cap Badge of the New Zealand Special Air Service
|country={{NZL}}
|country={{NZL}}
|allegiance=[[Queen Elizabeth II]]
|allegiance=[[New Zealand]]
|type=[[Special Operations]]
|type=[[Special Operations]]
|branch=[[New Zealand Army]]
|branch=[[New Zealand Army]]
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The '''New Zealand Special Air Service''', abbreviated as the '''NZSAS''', was first formed on 7 July 1955 and is the [[special forces]] unit of the [[New Zealand Army]], closely modelled on the [[United Kingdom|British]] [[Special Air Service]] (SAS). It traces its origins to the Second World War and the famous [[Long Range Desert Group]] that a number of New Zealanders served with.
The '''New Zealand Special Air Service''', abbreviated as the '''NZSAS''', was first formed on 7 July 1955 and is the [[special forces]] unit of the [[New Zealand Army]], closely modelled on the [[United Kingdom|British]] [[Special Air Service]] (SAS). It traces its origins to the Second World War and the famous [[Long Range Desert Group]] that a number of New Zealanders served with.


The New Zealand Government states that NZSAS is the "premier combat unit of the [[New Zealand Defence Force]]"<ref>{{cite web|title=Army Today:NZSAS|url=http://www.army.mil.nz/downloads/pdf/public-docs/2013/nzsas.pdf|accessdate=8 July 2013|publisher=NZDF|year=2013|author=}}</ref>
The New Zealand Government states that NZSAS is the "premier combat unit of the [[New Zealand Defence Force]]"<ref>{{cite web|title=Army Today:NZSAS|url=http://www.army.mil.nz/downloads/pdf/public-docs/2013/nzsas.pdf|accessdate=8 July 2013|publisher=NZDF|year=2013|author=}}</ref> and it has been operationally deployed to a variety of locations, including the jungles of South-East Asia, the Pacific region and Afghanistan. As a result of their efforts, individual members of the NZSAS have received a variety of honours and awards, including the [[Victoria Cross for New Zealand]] awarded to Corporal [[Willie Apiata]]. In 2004, the unit was awarded the [[Presidential Unit Citation (United States)|United States Presidential Citation]] as a result of their contributions in Afghanistan.
and it has been operationally deployed to a variety of locations, including the jungles of South-East Asia, the Pacific region and Afghanistan. As a result of their efforts, individual members of the NZSAS have received a variety of honours and awards, including the [[Victoria Cross for New Zealand]] awarded to Corporal [[Willie Apiata]]. In 2004, the unit was awarded the [[Presidential Unit Citation (United States)|United States Presidential Citation]] as a result of their contributions in Afghanistan.


The NZSAS was accorded Regimental status in 2013 and presently has the responsibility of conducting domestic Counter-Terrorism operations, overseas Special Operations missions and performing the disposal of chemical, biological, radioactive and improvised explosive devices for both the military and civilian authorities.
The NZSAS was accorded Regimental status in 2013 and presently has the responsibility of conducting domestic Counter-Terrorism operations, overseas Special Operations missions and performing the disposal of chemical, biological, radioactive and improvised explosive devices for both the military and civilian authorities.


== History ==
== History ==

The NZSAS can trace its roots back to the famous [[Long Range Desert Group]], a British/Commonwealth army unit which fought in the [[North African Campaign|North African desert]] in [[World War II]]. A number of New Zealanders also served in the original [[Special Air Service]] force during World War II.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Thomas|first1=Malcolm|first2=Cliff|last2=Lord| title=New Zealand Army Distinguishing Patches 1911–1991| publisher=Malcolm Thomas and Cliff Lord | year=1995 | ISBN=0-473-03290-2 | pages=85 (Part 1)}}</ref> In February 1955 it was decided by the [[First National Government of New Zealand|New Zealand Government]] that a squadron based on the British Special Air Service should be formed as part of the [[New Zealand Army]], as an effective and economic contribution to the [[Far East Strategic Reserve]] and the British [[counter-insurgency]] effort in [[Malayan Emergency|Malaya]].<ref>{{cite book | first=Ron|last=Crosby| title=NZSAS: The First Fifty Years| publisher=Viking| year=2009 | ISBN=978-0-67-007424-2| pages=51}}</ref> Major [[Frank Rennie]] was appointed to form and command the unit, with the decision having been made to recruit mainly from the general public around a cadre of Regular Force personnel. Over 800 applied, from which 182 including 138 civilians (though 101 had previous military experience<ref name="Crosby 2009 58">{{cite book | first=Ron|last=Crosby| title=NZSAS: The First Fifty Years| publisher=Viking| year=2009 | ISBN=978-0-67-007424-2| pages=58}}</ref>) were selected for training beginning in June 1955. In late 1957, soon after the squadrons return to New Zealand from Malaya the unit was disbanded, having been operationally replaced by an infantry battalion.<ref name="Crosby, Ron p.118">{{cite book | first=Ron|last=Crosby| title=NZSAS: The First Fifty Years| publisher=Viking| year=2009 | ISBN=978-0-67-007424-2| pages=118}}</ref> The NZSAS was re-established in October 1959,<ref>{{cite book | first=Ron|last=Crosby| title=NZSAS: The First Fifty Years| publisher=Viking| year=2009 | ISBN=978-0-67-007424-2| pages=122}}</ref> with the unit celebrating its 50th Jubilee from 3–12 June 2005.<ref>{{cite web|title=NZSAS Operational History|url=http://www.fighttimes.com/magazine/magazine.asp?article=289|accessdate=7 July2013|publisher=Fight Times|date=|author=RSM 1NZSAS Group}}</ref>
The NZSAS can trace its roots back to the famous [[Long Range Desert Group]], a British/Commonwealth army unit which fought in the [[North African Campaign|North African desert]] in [[World War II]]. A number of New Zealanders also served in the original [[Special Air Service]] force during World War II.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Thomas|first1=Malcolm|first2=Cliff|last2=Lord| title=New Zealand Army Distinguishing Patches 1911–1991| publisher=Malcolm Thomas and Cliff Lord | year=1995 | ISBN=0-473-03290-2 | pages=85 (Part 1)}}</ref> In February 1955 it was decided by the [[First National Government of New Zealand|New Zealand Government]] that a squadron based on the British Special Air Service should be formed as part of the [[New Zealand Army]], as an effective and economic contribution to the [[Far East Strategic Reserve]] and the British [[counter-insurgency]] effort in [[Malayan Emergency|Malaya]].<ref>{{cite book | first=Ron|last=Crosby| title=NZSAS: The First Fifty Years| publisher=Viking| year=2009 | ISBN=978-0-67-007424-2| pages=51}}</ref> Major [[Frank Rennie]] was appointed to form and command the unit, with the decision having been made to recruit mainly from the general public around a cadre of Regular Force personnel. Over 800 applied, from which 182 including 138 civilians (though 101 had previous military experience<ref name="Crosby 2009 58">{{cite book | first=Ron|last=Crosby| title=NZSAS: The First Fifty Years| publisher=Viking| year=2009 | ISBN=978-0-67-007424-2| pages=58}}</ref>) were selected for training beginning in June 1955. In late 1957, soon after the squadrons return to New Zealand from Malaya the unit was disbanded, having been operationally replaced by an infantry battalion.<ref name="Crosby, Ron p.118">{{cite book | first=Ron|last=Crosby| title=NZSAS: The First Fifty Years| publisher=Viking| year=2009 | ISBN=978-0-67-007424-2| pages=118}}</ref> The NZSAS was re-established in October 1959,<ref>{{cite book | first=Ron|last=Crosby| title=NZSAS: The First Fifty Years| publisher=Viking| year=2009 | ISBN=978-0-67-007424-2| pages=122}}</ref> with the unit celebrating its 50th Jubilee from 3–12 June 2005.<ref>{{cite web|title=NZSAS Operational History|url=http://www.fighttimes.com/magazine/magazine.asp?article=289|accessdate=7 July2013|publisher=Fight Times|date=|author=RSM 1NZSAS Group}}</ref>


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== Operational Deployments ==
== Operational Deployments ==

=== Malaya 1955–57 ===
=== Malaya 1955–57 ===
{{further2|[[Malayan Emergency]]}}
{{further2|[[Malayan Emergency]]}}
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[[File:NZSAS East Timor.jpg|thumb|right|New Zealand Special Forces escorting a port survey team in East Timor]]
[[File:NZSAS East Timor.jpg|thumb|right|New Zealand Special Forces escorting a port survey team in East Timor]]

In 1999 NZDF personnel were deployed to [[East Timor]] in response to a humanitarian and security crisis. The NZSAS deployed a Squadron sized contingent of 40 men under the command of (then) Major Peter Kelly, with two Troop Captains.<ref>{{cite book | first=Ron|last=Crosby| title=NZSAS: The First Fifty Years| publisher=Viking| year=2009 | ISBN=978-0-67-007424-2| pages=324}}</ref> On 9 September 1999, nine NZSAS personnel left New Zealand with an RNZAF C-130 aircraft, as the New Zealand Defence Force contribution to Operation DORIX, the evacuation of selected personnel from Dili, East Timor to Australia. Over 1500 personnel were evacuated during the operation under SASR and NZSAS protection.<ref>{{cite book | first=Ron|last=Crosby| title=NZSAS: The First Fifty Years| publisher=Viking| year=2009 | ISBN=978-0-67-007424-2| pages=324–325}}</ref>
In 1999 NZDF personnel were deployed to [[East Timor]] in response to a humanitarian and security crisis. The NZSAS deployed a Squadron sized contingent of 40 men under the command of (then) Major Peter Kelly, with two Troop Captains.<ref>{{cite book | first=Ron|last=Crosby| title=NZSAS: The First Fifty Years| publisher=Viking| year=2009 | ISBN=978-0-67-007424-2| pages=324}}</ref> On 9 September 1999, nine NZSAS personnel left New Zealand with an RNZAF C-130 aircraft, as the New Zealand Defence Force contribution to Operation DORIX, the evacuation of selected personnel from Dili, East Timor to Australia. Over 1500 personnel were evacuated during the operation under SASR and NZSAS protection.<ref>{{cite book | first=Ron|last=Crosby| title=NZSAS: The First Fifty Years| publisher=Viking| year=2009 | ISBN=978-0-67-007424-2| pages=324–325}}</ref>


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==== Training Malaysian Police Field Force personnel 1977–1980 ====
==== Training Malaysian Police Field Force personnel 1977–1980 ====
{{further2|[[Pasukan Gerakan Khas#VAT 69|Pasukan Gerakan Khas]]}}
{{further2|[[Pasukan Gerakan Khas#VAT 69|Pasukan Gerakan Khas]]}}

The New Zealand Military Attaché in Kuala Lumpur was alerted to the Malaysian Police Field Force's intention to raise a special forces unit. The NZSAS deployed a small training team, who were based at Ipoh and Sungai Pateni to assist with training the new unit. By rotating officers and non-commissioned officers, the NZSAS were able to sustain Operation RETURN ANGEL, for some two years until it reached a successful conclusion and the units were operational.<ref>{{cite book | first=Ron|last=Crosby| title=NZSAS: The First Fifty Years| publisher=Viking| year=2009 | ISBN=978-0-67-007424-2| pages=259–260}}</ref>
The New Zealand Military Attaché in Kuala Lumpur was alerted to the Malaysian Police Field Force's intention to raise a special forces unit. The NZSAS deployed a small training team, who were based at Ipoh and Sungai Pateni to assist with training the new unit. By rotating officers and non-commissioned officers, the NZSAS were able to sustain Operation RETURN ANGEL, for some two years until it reached a successful conclusion and the units were operational.<ref>{{cite book | first=Ron|last=Crosby| title=NZSAS: The First Fifty Years| publisher=Viking| year=2009 | ISBN=978-0-67-007424-2| pages=259–260}}</ref>


==== Rhodesia 1979–1980 ====
==== Rhodesia 1979–1980 ====
{{further2|[[Operation Midford|Operation MIDFORD]]}}
{{further2|[[Operation Midford|Operation MIDFORD]]}}

Seven individual NZSAS personnel deployed to [[Southern Rhodesia]] as part of the "New Zealand Army Truce Monitoring Contingent Rhodesia 1979–80" on Operation MIDFORD. The contingent also included a number of ex-NZSAS personnel and served in Rhodesia from 7 December 1979 – 10 March 1980.<ref>{{cite book | first=Ron|last=Crosby| title=NZSAS: The First Fifty Years| publisher=Viking| year=2009 | ISBN=978-0-67-007424-2| pages=263–266}}
Seven individual NZSAS personnel deployed to [[Southern Rhodesia]] as part of the "New Zealand Army Truce Monitoring Contingent Rhodesia 1979–80" on Operation MIDFORD. The contingent also included a number of ex-NZSAS personnel and served in Rhodesia from 7 December 1979 – 10 March 1980.<ref>{{cite book | first=Ron|last=Crosby| title=NZSAS: The First Fifty Years| publisher=Viking| year=2009 | ISBN=978-0-67-007424-2| pages=263–266}}
</ref>
</ref>
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==== Bosnia 1995–1996 ====
==== Bosnia 1995–1996 ====
{{further2|[[United Nations Protection Force]]}}
{{further2|[[United Nations Protection Force]]}}

Initially a number of individual NZSAS personnel were deployed as part of the infantry company that New Zealand contributed to the United Nations peacekeeping operation in Bosnia during the break-up of Yugoslavia. From the third rotation of this infantry company, a group of four NZSAS personnel were deployed in a Close Personal Protection capacity, with three rotations occurring over approximately eighteen months.<ref>{{cite book | first=Ron|last=Crosby| title=NZSAS: The First Fifty Years| publisher=Viking| year=2009 | ISBN=978-0-67-007424-2| pages=291–292}}</ref>
Initially a number of individual NZSAS personnel were deployed as part of the infantry company that New Zealand contributed to the United Nations peacekeeping operation in Bosnia during the break-up of Yugoslavia. From the third rotation of this infantry company, a group of four NZSAS personnel were deployed in a Close Personal Protection capacity, with three rotations occurring over approximately eighteen months.<ref>{{cite book | first=Ron|last=Crosby| title=NZSAS: The First Fifty Years| publisher=Viking| year=2009 | ISBN=978-0-67-007424-2| pages=291–292}}</ref>


==== Papua New Guinea Tsunami 1998 ====
==== Papua New Guinea Tsunami 1998 ====
{{further2|[[1998 Papua New Guinea earthquake]]}}
{{further2|[[1998 Papua New Guinea earthquake]]}}

On 17 July 1998 a massive earthquake off the northern coast of Papua New Guinea led to a tsunami causing massive destruction. In response to an international request for assistance, New Zealand dispatched a [[Royal New Zealand Air Force]] C-130 aircraft loaded with relief supplies and six NZSAS advanced medics. The short notice deployment of the medics helped preserve lives that otherwise might have been lost.<ref>{{cite book | first=Ron|last=Crosby| title=NZSAS: The First Fifty Years| publisher=Viking| year=2009 | ISBN=978-0-67-007424-2| pages=308–309}}</ref>
On 17 July 1998 a massive earthquake off the northern coast of Papua New Guinea led to a tsunami causing massive destruction. In response to an international request for assistance, New Zealand dispatched a [[Royal New Zealand Air Force]] C-130 aircraft loaded with relief supplies and six NZSAS advanced medics. The short notice deployment of the medics helped preserve lives that otherwise might have been lost.<ref>{{cite book | first=Ron|last=Crosby| title=NZSAS: The First Fifty Years| publisher=Viking| year=2009 | ISBN=978-0-67-007424-2| pages=308–309}}</ref>


==== Solomon Islands 2000 ====
==== Solomon Islands 2000 ====
{{further2|[[Solomon Islands#Civil War|Civil War in the Solomon Islands]]}}
{{further2|[[Solomon Islands#Civil War|Civil War in the Solomon Islands]]}}

By June 2000, after several years of tension, the situation in the Solomon Islands had become unstable, resulting in the NZSAS being tasked with developing an evacuation plan for the New Zealand High Commission and its staff, as well as other New Zealanders in the Solomon Islands. A small NZSAS Troop was deployed on {{HMNZS|Te Kaha|F77|6}}, one of two [[Royal New Zealand Navy]] vessels that were stationed off the island. The Troop performed reconnaissance activities, however the situation calmed and the Troop was returned to New Zealand in July 2000.<ref>{{cite book | first=Ron|last=Crosby| title=NZSAS: The First Fifty Years| publisher=Viking| year=2009 | ISBN=978-0-67-007424-2| pages=336}}</ref>
By June 2000, after several years of tension, the situation in the Solomon Islands had become unstable, resulting in the NZSAS being tasked with developing an evacuation plan for the New Zealand High Commission and its staff, as well as other New Zealanders in the Solomon Islands. A small NZSAS Troop was deployed on {{HMNZS|Te Kaha|F77|6}}, one of two [[Royal New Zealand Navy]] vessels that were stationed off the island. The Troop performed reconnaissance activities, however the situation calmed and the Troop was returned to New Zealand in July 2000.<ref>{{cite book | first=Ron|last=Crosby| title=NZSAS: The First Fifty Years| publisher=Viking| year=2009 | ISBN=978-0-67-007424-2| pages=336}}</ref>


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== Selection ==
== Selection ==

To join the NZSAS Regiment, New Zealand Army, Navy, or Air Force personnel must pass a selection course, with the course varying depending on the role they seek within the Regiment.<ref name=NZ_Army_News_Apr2012 /><ref name=NZ_Army_News_May2011 />
To join the NZSAS Regiment, New Zealand Army, Navy, or Air Force personnel must pass a selection course, with the course varying depending on the role they seek within the Regiment.<ref name=NZ_Army_News_Apr2012 /><ref name=NZ_Army_News_May2011 />


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== Honours and Awards ==
== Honours and Awards ==

=== Malaya ===
=== Malaya ===

==== Royal Honours ====
==== Royal Honours ====
*[[Military Cross]]: Lieutenant [[Ian Hamilton Burrows]],<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=41079 |date=28 May 1957 |startpage=3156 | supp=yes |accessdate=8 July 2013}}</ref> Major [[Frank Rennie]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=41392 |date=23 May 1958 |startpage=3238 | supp=yes |accessdate=8 July 2013}}</ref>
*[[Military Cross]]: Lieutenant [[Ian Hamilton Burrows]],<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=41079 |date=28 May 1957 |startpage=3156 | supp=yes |accessdate=8 July 2013}}</ref> Major [[Frank Rennie]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=41392 |date=23 May 1958 |startpage=3238 | supp=yes |accessdate=8 July 2013}}</ref>
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=== Borneo ===
=== Borneo ===

==== Royal Honours ====
==== Royal Honours ====
*[[Military Cross]]: Lieutenant Eru Ihaka Manuera.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=43837 |date=14 December 1965 |startpage=11681 | supp=yes |accessdate=8 July 2013}}</ref>
*[[Military Cross]]: Lieutenant Eru Ihaka Manuera.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=43837 |date=14 December 1965 |startpage=11681 | supp=yes |accessdate=8 July 2013}}</ref>
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=== Afghanistan ===
=== Afghanistan ===

==== Victoria Cross ====
==== Victoria Cross ====
It was announced on 2 July 2007 that Corporal [[Willie Apiata]] of the NZSAS had been awarded the [[Victoria Cross for New Zealand]] for carrying a severely injured comrade 70 metres "under heavy fire" from machine-guns, Rocket Propelled Grenades (RPGs) and grenades after their vehicle was destroyed in an ambush and then joined the rest of his comrades in a counter-attack.<ref name="SpecHons1" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/1/story.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10449084&pnum=0|title=I was only doing my job, says VC hero|date=2 July 2007|accessdate=January 2012|publisher=New Zealand Herald}}</ref>
It was announced on 2 July 2007 that Corporal [[Willie Apiata]] of the NZSAS had been awarded the [[Victoria Cross for New Zealand]] for carrying a severely injured comrade 70 metres "under heavy fire" from machine-guns, Rocket Propelled Grenades (RPGs) and grenades after their vehicle was destroyed in an ambush and then joined the rest of his comrades in a counter-attack.<ref name="SpecHons1" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/1/story.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10449084&pnum=0|title=I was only doing my job, says VC hero|date=2 July 2007|accessdate=January 2012|publisher=New Zealand Herald}}</ref>

Revision as of 16:56, 26 October 2013

New Zealand Special Air Service
File:Uk-sas.svg
Cap Badge of the New Zealand Special Air Service
Active7 July 1955 − 1957
October 1959 – present
Country New Zealand
AllegianceNew Zealand
BranchNew Zealand Army
TypeSpecial Operations
RoleClose Target Reconnaissance
Special Reconnaissance
Direct action
Counter-Terrorism
Unconventional Warfare
SizeOne regiment
Garrison/HQPapakura Military Camp, Auckland, New Zealand
Motto(s)Who Dares Wins
EngagementsMalayan Emergency
Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation
Vietnam War
Operation Desert Thunder
INTERFET
Operation Enduring Freedom
Operation Anaconda
Decorations United States Navy Presidential Unit Citation

The New Zealand Special Air Service, abbreviated as the NZSAS, was first formed on 7 July 1955 and is the special forces unit of the New Zealand Army, closely modelled on the British Special Air Service (SAS). It traces its origins to the Second World War and the famous Long Range Desert Group that a number of New Zealanders served with.

The New Zealand Government states that NZSAS is the "premier combat unit of the New Zealand Defence Force"[1] and it has been operationally deployed to a variety of locations, including the jungles of South-East Asia, the Pacific region and Afghanistan. As a result of their efforts, individual members of the NZSAS have received a variety of honours and awards, including the Victoria Cross for New Zealand awarded to Corporal Willie Apiata. In 2004, the unit was awarded the United States Presidential Citation as a result of their contributions in Afghanistan.

The NZSAS was accorded Regimental status in 2013 and presently has the responsibility of conducting domestic Counter-Terrorism operations, overseas Special Operations missions and performing the disposal of chemical, biological, radioactive and improvised explosive devices for both the military and civilian authorities.

History

The NZSAS can trace its roots back to the famous Long Range Desert Group, a British/Commonwealth army unit which fought in the North African desert in World War II. A number of New Zealanders also served in the original Special Air Service force during World War II.[2] In February 1955 it was decided by the New Zealand Government that a squadron based on the British Special Air Service should be formed as part of the New Zealand Army, as an effective and economic contribution to the Far East Strategic Reserve and the British counter-insurgency effort in Malaya.[3] Major Frank Rennie was appointed to form and command the unit, with the decision having been made to recruit mainly from the general public around a cadre of Regular Force personnel. Over 800 applied, from which 182 including 138 civilians (though 101 had previous military experience[4]) were selected for training beginning in June 1955. In late 1957, soon after the squadrons return to New Zealand from Malaya the unit was disbanded, having been operationally replaced by an infantry battalion.[5] The NZSAS was re-established in October 1959,[6] with the unit celebrating its 50th Jubilee from 3–12 June 2005.[7]

The NZSAS were granted the Freedom of the Borough of Thames on 27 September 1967.[8]

Unit Location

When the unit was first established in 1955, prior to the departure to Malaya all training was conducted at Waiouru Military Camp.[4] Upon re-establishment of the Squadron in October 1959, it was based at Papakura Military Camp,[9] until the unit was relocated to Hobsonville Air Force Base in the mid-1990s, however the NZSAS Counter-Terrorism and demolitions training facilities remained at Papakura and Ardmore Military Camps.[10] In 2001–2002 a new facility for the unit was built at Papakura Military Camp. The facility was named 'Rennie Lines', after the founding NZSAS Commanding Officer Major Frank Rennie and officially opened on 14 December 2002.[11]

Unit Designation

On 1 May 1955, after Cabinet had given its approval the 'New Zealand Special Air Service Squadron' was formally established.[12] From 24 August 1963[13] the unit was renamed to '1 Ranger Squadron New Zealand Special Air Service', in recognition of the 'Forest Rangers' who fought in the New Zealand Wars being one of New Zealand's first Special Forces units.[14] The unit reverted to '1st New Zealand Special Air Service Squadron' on 1 April 1978.[13] From 1 January 1985 the unit was known as '1st New Zealand Special Air Services Group'[15] until its re-designation as a '1st New Zealand Special Air Services Regiment' before February 2013.[16]

  • 1955 - 1957 New Zealand Special Air Service Squadron
  • 1959 - 1963 New Zealand Special Air Service Squadron
  • 1962 - 1978 1 Ranger Squadron New Zealand Special Air Service
  • 1978 - 1985 1st New Zealand Special Air Service Squadron
  • 1985 - 2013 1st New Zealand Special Air Service Group
  • 2013- present 1st New Zealand Special Air Service Regiment

Dress Distinctions

When the unit was established in 1955, approval was given for members to wear a maroon beret.[17] The maroon beret was chosen as it was the then colour of the British Special Air Service beret. However the British changed their beret colour to ecru (sandy-coloured) in late 1957, the same colour as had been worn by the SAS during the early stages of World War 2.[citation needed] On 19 December 1985, approval was granted by the (then) New Zealand Chief of General Staff, Major General John Mace, who had previously deployed to Malaya with the original NZSAS Squadron, for the NZSAS to switch from maroon to the sandy-coloured beret worn by other commonwealth Special Air Service units. A parade was held on 21 March 1986 to formally hand the new beret over to the unit.[18]

To show the close association between the NZSAS and the British Special Air Service, members of NZSAS are authorised to wear black rank on all orders of dress except mess dress and to wear black web belts whenever web belts are ordered to be worn.[8]

Operational Deployments

Malaya 1955–57

Further information: Malayan Emergency

On 20 November 1955 the NZSAS Squadron departed from New Zealand and after completing parachute training in Changi, Singapore, a 133-strong NZSAS Squadron was attached to the British SAS in Malaya.[19] After undertaking jungle training in the rugged mountains of Perak, the Squadron went on to spend approximately 18 of the 24 months it was in Malaya operating in the jungle against communist insurgents.[20]

SAS operations in Malaya consisted of going deep into the jungle, locating local people and moving them for their protection, then seeking out terrorists in the area and 'destroying' them.[21] From 2 April 1956 when the New Zealand Squadron became operational it was deployed to the Fort Brooke area, bordering the states of Perak and Kelantan.[22] From late 1956 the Squadron operated in the 'mountainous' area of Negri Sembilan,[23] between the towns of Seremban, Kuala Pilah, and Tampin. In both locations the squadron was involved in successful operations eliminating the local Malayan Races Liberation Army groups.[24] During the two year tour New Zealand patrols were involved in 14 separate engagements with the enemy, killing fifteen, capturing one and taking the surrender of nine others.[5] The Squadron suffered two fatalities. On 2 May 1956 while patrolling, Trooper A.R. Thomas was fatally wounded,[25] and on 11 May 1957 Corporal A.G. Buchanan died of heat stroke while on patrol.[26] The Squadron returned home in December 1957.[5]

Thailand 1962

Further information: Military history of Thailand

At the request of the Royal Thai Government a detachment of 30 men were stationed in Thailand from 2 June to 16 September 1962 during the Laotian crisis.[27] The detachment was split into two Troops, with one working with United States Special Forces and the Marines at Udon in the north-east and the other deployed with a reinforced United States Army battle group at Khao in the central region.[28] Neither Troop took part in any operations involving action against the enemy, but the deployment provided the detachment with an opportunity to train in jungle and mounted operations while working with American and Thai forces.[29]

Borneo 1965–66

Further information: Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation

In late 1964, during the Indonesian Confrontation (Konfrontasi) in West Malaysia, the New Zealand Government authorised the deployment of a New Zealand Special Air Service detachment[30] to assist with countering Indonesian Communist insurgents in Borneo. The unit was deployed alongside its British and Australian Special Air Service counterparts.[31] The Detachments served under the operational command of the 22nd Special Air Service Regiment and were employed on reconnaissance tasks and ambushing operations[32] including CLARET operations. These involved crossing the border into Indonesia to gain intelligence information, and later, to deter the Indonesians from infiltrating across the border into Borneo.[33]

In February 1965, the first detachment of 40 men under the command of Major W.J.D. (Bill) Meldrum, known as 1 Detachment, 1st Ranger Squadron, New Zealand Special Air Service, departed for Malaysia.[31] However, as a result of a perceived operational security breach Meldrum was replaced by Major Brian Worsnop from 3 April 1965.[34] After a period of training with 22 SAS, 1 Detachment inserted its initial patrols on 8 April 1965.[35] 1 Detachment carried out patrols, stopping for a training break from June to July 1965, until it was replaced by 2 Detachment on 11 October 1965.[36] 2 Detachment was commanded by Major Rod Dearing and again considered of 40 men. It performed similar tasks to 1 Detachment, 2 Detachments later patrols were conducted in the Sabah area which was "particularly rugged, steep and rocky".[37] The detachment was withdrawn from operations on 10 Feb 1966,[38] and was replaced by 3 Detachment which was commanded by Major David Ogilvy, who had previously deployed to Malaya with the original NZSAS Squadron.[38] 3 Detachment conducted patrols from February, with Detachment's last patrol conducted over the period 16 to 28 May 1966,[39] which was also the last CLARET patrol conducted by the NZSAS.[40] 4 Detachment arrived in Borneo in June 1966 under the command of Major David Moloney, just after CLARET operations had been stopped.[41] As a result, this Detachment was utilised to continue a 'hearts-and-mind' campaign to gain support of local Punan tribes living near the border.[41] On 12 August 1966 a formal peace treaty was signed by Indonesia and Malaysia[42] and with the Confrontation finally at an end, 4 Detachment officially became non-operational on 9 September 1966. However the Detachment remained in Borneo until October 1966 before it returned to New Zealand.[43]

Vietnam 1969–71

Further information: New Zealand in the Vietnam War

On 16 November 1968, a Troop from 1 Ranger Squadron, NZSAS known as 4 Troop, New Zealand Special Air Service, was deployed to the Republic of South Vietnam.[44] The Troop consisting of one officer and 25 other ranks,[44] was based in Nui Dat, South Vietnam and served under Australian command, attached to the Australian SASR.[45] The troopers were primarily employed on long-range patrols to collect information for the Australian Task Force and were sometimes additionally tasked to conduct ambushes of communist forces.[46] After a build-up period, the first New Zealand commanded patrol commenced on 7 January 1969.[47]

Each tour of duty in South Vietnam was for 12 months. At the end of each year, the Troop was replaced by another Troop from 1 Ranger Squadron, NZSAS.[46] The first Troop was commanded by Captain Terry Culley, this Troop was replaced in full in late 1969 by a Troop commanded by Captain Graye Shattky. Members of this first replacement Troop took part in an operational Squadron parachute insertion on 15–16 December 1969.[48] The final rotation occurred in late 1970, when the Troop was again replaced by a new body of men commanded by Second Lieutenant Jack Hayes.[49] 4 Troop was withdrawn from South Vietnam on 20 February 1971, as a part of the New Zealand Government’s withdrawal policy.[50] On 14 January 1970 Sergeant G.J. Campbell was killed in action, being the first and only fatal NZSAS casualty during the unit's time in Vietnam.[51]

Bougainville 1997–98

Further information: History of Bougainville

From November 1997 to 15 February 1998 a 19 man Troop sized detachment of NZSAS personnel were deployed as part of Operation BELISI, a peacekeeping operation in Bougainville.[52] The Troop was tasked with providing security, medium-to-long range communications and medical support.[52] While the troopers were unarmed except for pepper spray, they were involved in a number of heated situations which required careful negotiation to defuse.[53] The troopers also conducted 'hearts-and-minds' patrols, staying in local villages and developing relationships with leaders.[54]

In addition, the NZSAS were involved in providing security and close protection to the various groups involved in peace negotiations that were held in New Zealand during 1998, including escorting the delegates from their home locations in Papua New Guinea, Bougainville and the Solomon Islands to New Zealand.[55]

Kuwait 1998

Further information: Operation Desert Thunder

Twenty-four NZSAS personnel were deployed to Kuwait in February 1998 on Operation GRIFFIN during a period of international tension with Iraq, tasked with rescuing downed airmen in hostile territory in the event of a US-led aerial campaign.[56] A smaller force replaced them in May 1998 for a further two-month tour. There were no missions into Iraq undertaken during the deployment, though it was considered a useful opportunity to practice mobile desert warfare skills, and to have contact with US Forces which had been limited since the United States suspended its ANZUS relations with New Zealand in 1986.[57]

Once the NZSAS contingent was withdrawn, a New Zealand Coalition force liaison officer was maintained, with the position being commonly held by an NZSAS officer. On 12 March 2001, NZSAS Officer, Acting Major John McNutt was fulfilling this role when he was accidentally killed during a bombing demonstration. The position was withdrawn after this incident.[58]

East Timor 1999–2001

Further information: History of East Timor
New Zealand Special Forces escorting a port survey team in East Timor

In 1999 NZDF personnel were deployed to East Timor in response to a humanitarian and security crisis. The NZSAS deployed a Squadron sized contingent of 40 men under the command of (then) Major Peter Kelly, with two Troop Captains.[59] On 9 September 1999, nine NZSAS personnel left New Zealand with an RNZAF C-130 aircraft, as the New Zealand Defence Force contribution to Operation DORIX, the evacuation of selected personnel from Dili, East Timor to Australia. Over 1500 personnel were evacuated during the operation under SASR and NZSAS protection.[60]

On 20 September 1999 a 'Response Force' consisting of 3 Squadron, Special Air Service Regiment, NZSAS troopers and elements of the United Kingdom Special Boat Service, departed Darwin by Royal Australian Air Force transport.[61] They were tasked with securing the airport, a seaport and a heli-port to enable regular forces to land and deploy. This was achieved without any shots being fired.[62] The NZSAS patrols were then utilised to perform to a variety of tasks including direction-action, special reconnaissance and close protection missions.[63] The NZSAS element departed East Timor for New Zealand on 14 December 1999.[64]

Following the deaths of two members of the New Zealand Battalion Group in late June and early August 2000, combat tracking support was requested from the NZSAS. In August 2000, a Troop of about 12 NZSAS combat trackers were deployed with the task of locating militia who were crossing the border into East Timor.[62] The Troops' efforts lead to the successful placing of a number of ambushes, resulting in the deaths of three militia.[65] In addition to performing combat tracking, on 6 September 2000, this Troop was utilised to conduct a permissive cross-border helicopter extraction operation of United Nations staff based at Atambua, West Timor.[66] The Troop departed East Timor for New Zealand in January 2001.[65]

Afghanistan 2001–2012

Further information: War in Afghanistan (2001–present)

Afghanistan 2001–2005

On 11 December 2001, as a part of New Zealand’s contribution to Operation ENDURING FREEDOM, the NZSAS commenced Operation CONCORD. This deployment saw the NZSAS deploying a Squadron as a component of Task Force K-Bar to perform operations as part of the War on Terrorism in Afghanistan.[67] The Squadron performed a variety of missions including special reconnaissance, direct action, close personal protection and sensitive site exploitation.[68] Initially special reconnaissance patrols were performed on foot with insertion and extraction being conducted by helicopter in the high-altitude snow covered areas of southern and central Afghanistan.[69] Three NZSAS patrols were involved in this manner during Operation ANACONDA in March 2002.[70] In May 2002 the focus changed to mounted operations with patrols using American Dumvees, supported by motorbikes to conduct 'long-range extended-duration patrols'. These patrols would often last 20 to 30 days and cover between 1000 and 2000 kilometres.[71] Three six month 'roulements' of between 40 and 65 soldiers from the NZSAS served in Afghanistan during this time, before the unit returned to New Zealand on 12 December 2002.[72]

The NZSAS returned to Afghanistan in February 2004 on Operation CONCORD II in the led up to the Afghanistan Presidential elections.[73] Operations occurred in a number of provinces, utilising the same style of operations as the previous deployment.[74] On 17 June 2004, two NZSAS soldiers were wounded in a pre-dawn gun-battle in central Afghanistan. In recognition of his actions during this engagement, SAS trooper Willie Apiata was awarded the Victoria Cross for New Zealand.[75] The Squadron returned home in September 2004.[76]

In 2005, with Afghani Parliamentary elections looming, Operation CONCORD III was conducted.[77] The Squadron sized deployment was to utilise the NZSAS's newly delivered Pinzgauer Special Operations Vehicles.[77] The deployment was originally scheduled to commence in March 2005, however, due to problems with the new vehicles, this deployment date slipped to June 2005.[78] Again, the Squadron performed long-range patrols as a well as direct action operations,[79] before being withdrawn in November 2005.[80][81]

Over the three CONCORD deployments to Afghanistan there were "casualties on both sides" during gun battles, with injuries also sustained as a result of vehicle crashes and striking mines or other unexploded ordnance[82] but no New Zealanders were killed.[83]

The casket of Corporal Douglas Grant at Papakura Army Camp

Afghanistan 2009–2012

82 NZSAS and NZDF support personnel deployed to Afghanistan in September 2009, under Operation WĀTEA to form Task Force 81.[84] This deployment was different to the unit's previous deployments to Afghanistan, as it was based in the capital city of Kabul, primarily to direct counter-insurgency operations in greater Kabul in cooperation with the Afghanistan Police's Crisis Response Unit (Task Force 24), which was operating under NZSAS mentorship.[85][86] Originally the location of the deployment was not revealed publicly, however, its location was inadvertently revealed in the Norwegian press.[87] Three rotations of troops were conducted to sustain the initial deployment,[88] which was initially due to end in March 2011. However the mission was extended for a further year, although personnel numbers were reduced to 45.[89][90]

As part of the mentoring activities, NZSAS personnel were among the forces which responded to the January 2010 attack in central Kabul.[91] Two personnel were injured during the terrorist attack against the Inter-Continental hotel in Kabul on 29 June 2011, where members of the NZSAS also provided 'helo sniping' support.[90][92] Two members of the unit were killed during the deployment while mentoring operations. On 19 August 2011, Corporal Douglas Grant was killed when responding to an attack on the British Council building in the centre of Kabul, where the NZSAS was required to utilise specialist entry capabilities[92][93] and Lance Corporal Leon Smith was killed on 28 September 2011 during an operation in Wardak Province.[94]

In January 2011, General David Petraeus announced that, since 2009, the NZSAS had made 60 "high-risk" arrests of suspected militants or Taliban leaders, seized 20 weapons caches, and foiled four attacks. He added that the unit had successfully executed more than 90% of its operations and raids without firing a shot.[95] The unit was withdrawn from Afghanistan on 31 March 2012.[96]

Other Deployments and Activities

Regular exchanges of personnel with foreign special forces units are conducted in order to build and maintain skills. This primarily occurs with 22 Special Air Service and the Special Air Service Regiment, but has also included units from Germany, Thailand, Brunei and Malayisia, with NZSAS personnel often providing combat tracking training in return. In addition "a number" of individual NZSAS personnel have successfully served alongside other New Zealand soldiers on peacekeeping operations and in peace-monitoring roles, including the New Zealand Contingent attached to the Multinational Force and Observers in Sinai.[97][98]

Training Malaysian Police Field Force personnel 1977–1980

Further information: Pasukan Gerakan Khas

The New Zealand Military Attaché in Kuala Lumpur was alerted to the Malaysian Police Field Force's intention to raise a special forces unit. The NZSAS deployed a small training team, who were based at Ipoh and Sungai Pateni to assist with training the new unit. By rotating officers and non-commissioned officers, the NZSAS were able to sustain Operation RETURN ANGEL, for some two years until it reached a successful conclusion and the units were operational.[99]

Rhodesia 1979–1980

Further information: Operation MIDFORD

Seven individual NZSAS personnel deployed to Southern Rhodesia as part of the "New Zealand Army Truce Monitoring Contingent Rhodesia 1979–80" on Operation MIDFORD. The contingent also included a number of ex-NZSAS personnel and served in Rhodesia from 7 December 1979 – 10 March 1980.[100]

Bosnia 1995–1996

Further information: United Nations Protection Force

Initially a number of individual NZSAS personnel were deployed as part of the infantry company that New Zealand contributed to the United Nations peacekeeping operation in Bosnia during the break-up of Yugoslavia. From the third rotation of this infantry company, a group of four NZSAS personnel were deployed in a Close Personal Protection capacity, with three rotations occurring over approximately eighteen months.[101]

Papua New Guinea Tsunami 1998

Further information: 1998 Papua New Guinea earthquake

On 17 July 1998 a massive earthquake off the northern coast of Papua New Guinea led to a tsunami causing massive destruction. In response to an international request for assistance, New Zealand dispatched a Royal New Zealand Air Force C-130 aircraft loaded with relief supplies and six NZSAS advanced medics. The short notice deployment of the medics helped preserve lives that otherwise might have been lost.[102]

Solomon Islands 2000

Further information: Civil War in the Solomon Islands

By June 2000, after several years of tension, the situation in the Solomon Islands had become unstable, resulting in the NZSAS being tasked with developing an evacuation plan for the New Zealand High Commission and its staff, as well as other New Zealanders in the Solomon Islands. A small NZSAS Troop was deployed on HMNZS Te Kaha, one of two Royal New Zealand Navy vessels that were stationed off the island. The Troop performed reconnaissance activities, however the situation calmed and the Troop was returned to New Zealand in July 2000.[103]

Support to New Zealand Police

In 1964, NZSAS troopers were utilised to instruct early New Zealand Police Armed Offenders Squad members in field craft and weapon handling.[104] This training relationship continued with the establishment of the Police Anti-Terrorist Squad (now known as the Special Tactics Group) and also included joint exercises.[105] On 25 January 1968, David Maxwell Heron entered a farm house, murdered his brother-in-law and assaulted his brother-in-laws wife with a heavy object, before tying her up and fleeing. Five days after the incident armed NZSAS troopers joined the search for the suspect in a large area of swamp near Meremere, however Heron surrendered without incident the next day.[106] During the Mount Eden Prison riots which occurred on 20–21 July 1965, the “battle trained” NZSAS troopers with automatic rifles with bayonets fixed, who “were prepared to shoot if necessary” were called to support Police on the prison perimeter. The rioting prisoners eventually surrendered.[107] Following the arrest of two of the French agents who involved in the sinking of the ship the Rainbow Warrior on 10 July 1985, the NZSAS were requested to support the New Zealand Police at an emergency holding prison established in Ardmore. The prison was used to hold Dominique Prieur, one of the arrested agents, due to concerns that French authorities may launch a rescue operation.[108]

Current organisation

As at February 2013, the main elements of the 1st New Zealand Special Air Service Regiment were:[16]

  • Headquarters
  • A Squadron – New Zealand Special Air Service Squadron
  • B Squadron – New Zealand Special Air Service Squadron
  • D Squadron – Commando Squadron
  • E Squadron – Explosive Ordnance Disposal Squadron
  • Support Squadron

A and B Squadrons – New Zealand Special Air Service

The two NZSAS Squadrons are combat units capable of conducting a wide range of Special Operations tasks. After completing the full NZSAS Regiment selection course, NZSAS candidates go on to undertake an intensive training cycle to build core skills. Those who complete the training cycle are accepted into the NZSAS and wear the sand beret with NZSAS badge and blue NZSAS stable belt. NZSAS operators then conduct further training to learn advanced special operations skills.[16]

D Squadron – Commando

The Commando Squadron (formerly Counter Terrorist Tactical Assault Group until 5 December 2009[109]) was formed in 2005 in a bid to provide a dedicated counter terrorist capability within 1 NZSAS and the New Zealand Defence Force. The squadron consists of an undisclosed number of Counter Terrorist operators. Members of the Commando Squadron wear the sand beret with the Commando badge and stable belt. The Commando Squadron has the role of responding to domestic terrorist and special recovery incidents in New Zealand.[110][111] The Commando Squadron are based full-time alongside the badged squadrons at the Papakura Military Camp in Auckland and are under the command of the Commanding Officer, 1 NZSAS. The Commando Squadron also use the Ardmore Military Camp to conduct their Close Quarter Battle urban, dynamic entry and room clearing drills as well as their marksmen skills.[112]

E Squadron – Explosive Ordnance Disposal

The 1st New Zealand Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) Squadron is a specialist task unit within the NZSAS Regiment. It was established in August 2005 as an independent Force Troops Squadron, before coming under Operational Command of 1 NZSAS Regiment in July 2009. It provides support to the New Zealand police to "render safe" chemical, biological, radioactive and improvised explosive devices, commercial explosives and military munitions, domestically as well as overseas where New Zealand troops are operating. Personnel who serve in the squadron wear the sand beret with the EOD Squadron badge and stable belt. The Squadron badge includes the motto "Into Harms Way". The Squadron is based at Trentham Military Camp, with Troops located in Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch.[16][113][114]

Support Squadron

The Support Squadron is responsible for meeting the support needs of the NZSAS Regiment and includes logistics, intelligence, medical, administration and communications personnel.[115] Personnel are given specific trade training upon joining the Regiment as well as having the opportunity to complete other specialist courses such as parachuting. Qualified Support Squadron personnel wear the sand beret with their corps badge.[16]

Selection

To join the NZSAS Regiment, New Zealand Army, Navy, or Air Force personnel must pass a selection course, with the course varying depending on the role they seek within the Regiment.[116][117]

Special Air Service / Commando

The SAS selection standard remains the same, with the full course aiming to identify "self-disciplined individuals who are capable of working effectively as part of a small group under stressful conditions for long periods of time".[83] However, the earlier phases of the selection course have been opened up to candidates who wish to join the Regiment as a Commando. This is described as advancing through a series of 'gates'.[117]

  • Gate 1: After four days the first gate is reached which allows a candidate to be considered for a role as a Commando. This phase involves completing "1 NZSAS Regt fitness testing and mixed terrain navigation".[116]
  • Gate 2: Gate 2 is reached after nine days and is the conclusion of the selection course. This phase involves completing "close country navigation and other activities" and those who get to this point are considered for SAS training. Those who are selected go on to complete an intensive period of training to build core special forces skills.[83][116] On average 10–15% of candidates pass both selection and cycle training.[118]
  • Commando and SAS commissioned Officer candidates also undergo an additional two days of selection to test the their suitability to solve problems when tired and under pressure.[117]

Support / Explosive Ordnance Disposal

All support and EOD personnel who wish to join the NZSAS Regiment must complete a ten day 'Special operations Forces Induction Course'. This involves completing a revised version of the first two days of NZSAS Selection. Given the nature of their roles, support and EOD candidates are given more time to complete the activities than NZSAS and Commando candidates and are provided with normal sleep and food intake.[117] The course also "provides familiarisation with specialist weapons and equipment, and educates personnel on the ethos and values of the Unit".[119]

Honours and Awards

Malaya

Royal Honours

Malaysian Awards

  • Negri Sembilan Distinguished Conduct Medal: Trooper Grey Otene,[126] Lance Corporal Robert Percy Withers,[126] Lance Corporal Raymond Stennett Hurle.[126]

Borneo

Royal Honours

Afghanistan

Victoria Cross

It was announced on 2 July 2007 that Corporal Willie Apiata of the NZSAS had been awarded the Victoria Cross for New Zealand for carrying a severely injured comrade 70 metres "under heavy fire" from machine-guns, Rocket Propelled Grenades (RPGs) and grenades after their vehicle was destroyed in an ambush and then joined the rest of his comrades in a counter-attack.[75][130]

Other Royal Honours

When announced, some names of personnel were withheld for security reasons.[131]

In July 2012, Smith was also posthumously awarded the Charles Upham Bravery Award, performing in the opinion of the Upham trust, the most outstanding act of heroism during the two previous years.[134]

United States Awards

Presidential Unit Citation

At a ceremony held at the Marine Corps Air Station, Miramar, California on 7 December 2004, the United States Navy Presidential Unit Citation was awarded to the NZSAS and the other units that comprised the Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force-SOUTH/Task Force K-BAR between 17 October 2001 and 30 March 2002.[135] It was awarded for “extraordinary heroism and outstanding performance of duty in action” and noted that those awarded established “benchmark standard of professionalism, tenacity, courage, tactical brilliance, and operational brilliance, and operational excellence while demonstrating superb esprit de corps and maintaining the highest measures of combat readiness.”[135]

New Year and Birthday Honours

In addition, a number of awards have been made for services while posted to the NZSAS in the New Year and the Queen’s Birthday Honours lists.[nb 1][126]

Notable members

Alliances

Memorial

The regimental memorial, known as the "Granite Parachute", is at Rennie Lines, Papakura Military Camp. Inscribed upon it is an extract from the poem The Golden Road to Samarkand by James Elroy Flecker:[171][172]

We are the Pilgrims, master; we shall go
Always a little further: it may be
Beyond that last blue mountain barred with snow
Across that angry or that glimmering sea ...

References

Footnotes
  1. ^ As the NZSAS official history withheld names of some personnel, unless they are otherwise publicly identified as being associated with the NZSAS, they have also been redacted in this list.
  2. ^ Whi Wanoa's name at the time of award was misspelt phonetically as Phee,
Citations
  1. ^ "Army Today:NZSAS" (PDF). NZDF. 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
  2. ^ Thomas, Malcolm; Lord, Cliff (1995). New Zealand Army Distinguishing Patches 1911–1991. Malcolm Thomas and Cliff Lord. pp. 85 (Part 1). ISBN 0-473-03290-2.
  3. ^ Crosby, Ron (2009). NZSAS: The First Fifty Years. Viking. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-67-007424-2.
  4. ^ a b Crosby, Ron (2009). NZSAS: The First Fifty Years. Viking. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-67-007424-2.
  5. ^ a b c Crosby, Ron (2009). NZSAS: The First Fifty Years. Viking. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-67-007424-2.
  6. ^ Crosby, Ron (2009). NZSAS: The First Fifty Years. Viking. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-67-007424-2.
  7. ^ RSM 1NZSAS Group. "NZSAS Operational History". Fight Times. Retrieved 7 July2013. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ a b Thomas, Malcolm; Lord, Cliff (1995). New Zealand Army Distinguishing Patches 1911–1991. Malcolm Thomas and Cliff Lord. pp. 104–105 (Part 2). ISBN 0-473-03290-2.
  9. ^ Crosby, Ron (2009). NZSAS: The First Fifty Years. Viking. pp. 124–125. ISBN 978-0-67-007424-2.
  10. ^ Crosby, Ron (2009). NZSAS: The First Fifty Years. Viking. p. 290. ISBN 978-0-67-007424-2.
  11. ^ Crosby, Ron (2009). NZSAS: The First Fifty Years. Viking. pp. 291, 377. ISBN 978-0-67-007424-2.
  12. ^ Pugsley, Christopher (2003). From Emergency to Confrontation: The New Zealand Armed Forces in Malaya and Borneo 1949–1966. Oxford University Press. p. 88. ISBN 0-19-558453-8.
  13. ^ a b c Lord, Cliff; Tennant, Julian (2000). ANZAC Elite. IPL Books. pp. 110–112. ISBN 0-908876-10-6.
  14. ^ Crosby, Ron (2009). NZSAS: The First Fifty Years. Viking. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-67-007424-2.
  15. ^ Crosby, Ron (2009). NZSAS: The First Fifty Years. Viking. p. 275. ISBN 978-0-67-007424-2.
  16. ^ a b c d e "1st New Zealand Special Air Service Regiment" (PDF). New Zealand Army News. February 2013. p. 9. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
  17. ^ Thomas, Malcolm; Lord, Cliff (1995). New Zealand Army Distinguishing Patches 1911–1991. Malcolm Thomas and Cliff Lord. p. 95 (Part 1). ISBN 0-473-03290-2.
  18. ^ Crosby, Ron (2009). NZSAS: The First Fifty Years. Viking. pp. 276–277. ISBN 978-0-67-007424-2.
  19. ^ Taylor, Richard (1996). Tribe of the War God: Ngati Tumatauenga. Heritage. p. 90. ISBN 9780908887187.
  20. ^ Rennie, Frank (1986). Regular Soldier: A Life in the New Zealand Army. Endeavour Press. p. 225. ISBN 0-86481-170-5.
  21. ^ Pugsley, Christopher (2003). From Emergency to Confrontation: The New Zealand Armed Forces in Malaya and Borneo 1949–1966. Oxford University Press. p. 89. ISBN 0-19-558453-8.
  22. ^ Pugsley, Christopher (2003). From Emergency to Confrontation: The New Zealand Armed Forces in Malaya and Borneo 1949–1966. Oxford University Press. p. 98. ISBN 0-19-558453-8.
  23. ^ Pugsley, Christopher (2003). From Emergency to Confrontation: The New Zealand Armed Forces in Malaya and Borneo 1949–1966. Oxford University Press. p. 113. ISBN 0-19-558453-8.
  24. ^ Pugsley, Christopher (2003). From Emergency to Confrontation: The New Zealand Armed Forces in Malaya and Borneo 1949–1966. Oxford University Press. p. 121. ISBN 0-19-558453-8.
  25. ^ Pugsley, Christopher (2003). From Emergency to Confrontation: The New Zealand Armed Forces in Malaya and Borneo 1949–1966. Oxford University Press. p. 104. ISBN 0-19-558453-8.
  26. ^ Crosby, Ron (2009). NZSAS: The First Fifty Years. Viking. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-67-007424-2.
  27. ^ Crosby, Ron (2009). NZSAS: The First Fifty Years. Viking. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-67-007424-2.
  28. ^ Crosby, Ron (2009). NZSAS: The First Fifty Years. Viking. pp. 131–133. ISBN 978-0-67-007424-2.
  29. ^ Crosby, Ron (2009). NZSAS: The First Fifty Years. Viking. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-67-007424-2.
  30. ^ Crosby, Ron (2009). NZSAS: The First Fifty Years. Viking. p. 136. ISBN 978-0-67-007424-2.
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Bibliography
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