Republic of Mountainous Armenia: Difference between revisions
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==Background== |
==Background== |
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===Post World War I=== |
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Following [[World War I]], the signing of the [[Treaty of Sèvres]], and in the ensuing [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|peace negotiations in Paris]], the Allies had vowed to punish the Young Turks and reward some, if not all, the [[Six vilayets|eastern provinces]] of the empire to the nascent Armenian Republic.<ref>Hovannisian, Richard G. "[http://www.jstor.org/stable/259971?&Search=yes&term=Hovannisian&term=G.&term=Richard&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3DRichard%2BG.%2BHovannisian%26wc%3Don%26acc%3Don&item=6&ttl=424&returnArticleService=showFullText The Allies and Armenia, 1915–18]." ''[[Journal of Contemporary History]]''. Vol. 3, No. 1 (Jan., 1968), pp. 145–168.</ref> But the Allies were more concerned with concluding the peace treaties with Germany and the other European members of the Central Powers. In matters related to the Near East, the principal powers, [[United Kingdom|Great Britain]], [[France]], [[Italy]] and the [[United States]], had conflicting interests over the spheres of influence they were to assume. While there were crippling internal disputes between the Allies, and the United States was reluctant to accept a [[League of Nations mandates|mandate]] over Armenia. Meanwhile, the recently formed [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]] and [[Turkish National Movement]] had both set their sights on taking over the [[Caucasus]], including Armenia.<ref>{{cite book|last =Hovannisian|first =Richard G.|title =The Republic of Armenia, Vol. II: From Versailles to London, 1919–1920|publisher = University of California Press|year =1982|location =Berkeley|isbn =0-520-04186-0|pages =20–39, 316–364, 404–530}}</ref> The [[Bolshevik]]s sympathized with the Turkish Movement due to their mutual opposition to the western powers, or "Western Imperialism," as the Bolsheviks referred to it. The Soviet government formed an alliance with the Turkish nationalists and started sending them gold and weapons. This proved disastrous for the Armenians, and eventually [[Western Armenia]] fell to the invading forces.<ref>Hovannisian, Richard G. "[http://www.jstor.org/stable/162238?&Search=yes&term=Hovannisian&term=G.&term=Richard&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3DRichard%2BG.%2BHovannisian%26wc%3Don%26acc%3Don&item=2&ttl=424&returnArticleService=showFullText Armenia and the Caucasus in the Genesis of the Soviet-Turkish Entente]." ''[[International Journal of Middle East Studies]]'', Vol. 4, No. 2 (April, 1973), pp. 129–147.</ref> |
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{{See also|Turkish–Armenian War}} |
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On 20 September 1920, the Turkish General [[Kazım Karabekir]] invaded the borders of the [[First Republic of Armenia]], which was delineated by the United States.{{Fact|date=February 2013}} In response, the Armenia declared war on Turkey on September 24 and the [[Turkish-Armenian War]] began. In the regions of [[Oltu]], [[Sarıkamış]], [[Kars]], Alexandropol ([[Gyumri]]) Armenian forces clashed with those of Turkey. This proved disastrous for the Armenians. |
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On November 18, an armistice was concluded, and then a peace treaty, the [[Treaty of Alexandropol]], on 2 December 1920 between the Governments of [[Government of the Grand National Assembly|Turkey]] and [[First Republic of Armenia|Armenia]]. |
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===Sovietization of Armenia=== |
===Sovietization of Armenia=== |
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[[File:11thRedArmyYerevan.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The Soviet [[11th Red Army]] enters [[Yerevan]] in 1920, effectively ending Armenian self-rule.]] |
[[File:11thRedArmyYerevan.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The Soviet [[11th Red Army]] enters [[Yerevan]] in 1920, effectively ending Armenian self-rule.]] |
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| ⚫ | Armenia gave way to communist power in late 1920. The Soviet 11th Red Army's invasion of the First Republic of Armenia started on the 29th of November 1920. The actual transfer of power took place on December 2 in Yerevan, when the Armenian leadership approved an ultimatum presented to it by the Soviet plenipotentiary [[Boris Legran]]. Armenia agreed to join the Soviet sphere, while Soviet Russia agreed to protect its remaining territory from the advancing Turkish army. The Soviets also pledged to take steps to rebuild the army, to protect the Armenians and not to persecute non-communists, although the final condition of this pledge was reneged when the Dashnaks were forced out of the country. The Soviet Government proposed the annexation of the [[Nagorno-Karabagh]] and [[Syunik]] regions of Armenia to [[Soviet Azerbaijan]]. This step was strongly rejected by [[Garegin Nzhdeh]], who declared Syunik as a self-governing region on December 25, 1920. In January 1921 [[Drastamat Kanayan]] sent a telegram to Njdeh, suggesting allowing the sovietisation of Syunik, through which they could gain the support of the Bolshevik government in solving the problems of the Armenian lands. Njdeh again proved himself as a long-sighted politician, he did not depart from Syunik and continued his struggle against the Red Army and Soviet Azerbaijan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.njdeh.com/njdehbio.htm |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20090504103404/http://www.njdeh.com/njdehbio.htm |archivedate=May 4, 2009 |title=Garegin Njdeh biography |publisher=Njdeh.com |accessdate=2009-11-19}}</ref> |
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Armenia gave way to communist power in late 1920. |
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| ⚫ | The Soviet 11th Red Army's invasion of the First Republic of Armenia started on the 29th of November 1920. The actual transfer of power took place on December 2 in Yerevan, when the Armenian leadership approved an ultimatum presented to it by the Soviet plenipotentiary [[Boris Legran]]. Armenia agreed to join the Soviet sphere, while Soviet Russia agreed to protect its remaining territory from the advancing Turkish army. The Soviets also pledged to take steps to rebuild the army, to protect the Armenians and not to persecute non-communists, although the final condition of this pledge was reneged when the Dashnaks were forced out of the country. The Soviet Government proposed the annexation of the [[Nagorno-Karabagh]] and [[Syunik]] regions of Armenia to [[Soviet Azerbaijan]]. This step was strongly rejected by [[Garegin Nzhdeh]], who declared Syunik as a self-governing region on December 25, 1920. In January 1921 [[Drastamat Kanayan]] sent a telegram to Njdeh, suggesting allowing the sovietisation of Syunik, through which they could gain the support of the Bolshevik government in solving the problems of the Armenian lands. Njdeh again proved himself as a long-sighted politician, he did not depart from Syunik and continued his struggle against the Red Army and Soviet Azerbaijan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.njdeh.com/njdehbio.htm |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20090504103404/http://www.njdeh.com/njdehbio.htm |archivedate=May 4, 2009 |title=Garegin Njdeh biography |publisher=Njdeh.com |accessdate=2009-11-19}}</ref> |
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==Declaration== |
==Declaration== |
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Revision as of 17:48, 14 February 2014
Republic of Mountainous Armenia Լեռնահայաստանի Հանրապետութիւն | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1921–1921 | |||||||||||
 Flag | |||||||||||
 | |||||||||||
| Capital | Goris (de facto)[1] | ||||||||||
| Common languages | Armenian (de facto) | ||||||||||
| Commander | |||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||
• Sovietization of Armenia | 2 December 1920 | ||||||||||
| 18 Feb – 2 Apr 1921 | |||||||||||
• Declared | 26 April 1921 | ||||||||||
• Disestablished | 13 July 1921 | ||||||||||
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| History of Armenia |
|---|
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| Timeline • Origins • Etymology |
Mountainous Armenia (Armenian: Լեռնահայաստան Leřnahayastan), officially the Republic of Mountainous Armenia (Armenian: Լեռնահայաստանի Հանրապետութիւն Leřnahayastani Hanrapetutyun) was an anti-Bolshevik Armenian state roughly corresponding with the territory that is now the present-day Armenian provinces of Vayots Dzor and Syunik, and some parts of the present-day Republic of Azerbaijan (Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic in the west and the de facto Nagorno-Karabakh Republic in the east).[2]
Mountainous Armenia was established by the Armenian Revolutionary Federation forces under command of Garegin Nzhdeh, after the suppression of the February Uprising in April 1921. It existed until mid-July.
Background
Post World War I
Following World War I, the signing of the Treaty of Sèvres, and in the ensuing peace negotiations in Paris, the Allies had vowed to punish the Young Turks and reward some, if not all, the eastern provinces of the empire to the nascent Armenian Republic.[3] But the Allies were more concerned with concluding the peace treaties with Germany and the other European members of the Central Powers. In matters related to the Near East, the principal powers, Great Britain, France, Italy and the United States, had conflicting interests over the spheres of influence they were to assume. While there were crippling internal disputes between the Allies, and the United States was reluctant to accept a mandate over Armenia. Meanwhile, the recently formed Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and Turkish National Movement had both set their sights on taking over the Caucasus, including Armenia.[4] The Bolsheviks sympathized with the Turkish Movement due to their mutual opposition to the western powers, or "Western Imperialism," as the Bolsheviks referred to it. The Soviet government formed an alliance with the Turkish nationalists and started sending them gold and weapons. This proved disastrous for the Armenians, and eventually Western Armenia fell to the invading forces.[5]
Sovietization of Armenia
Armenia gave way to communist power in late 1920. The Soviet 11th Red Army's invasion of the First Republic of Armenia started on the 29th of November 1920. The actual transfer of power took place on December 2 in Yerevan, when the Armenian leadership approved an ultimatum presented to it by the Soviet plenipotentiary Boris Legran. Armenia agreed to join the Soviet sphere, while Soviet Russia agreed to protect its remaining territory from the advancing Turkish army. The Soviets also pledged to take steps to rebuild the army, to protect the Armenians and not to persecute non-communists, although the final condition of this pledge was reneged when the Dashnaks were forced out of the country. The Soviet Government proposed the annexation of the Nagorno-Karabagh and Syunik regions of Armenia to Soviet Azerbaijan. This step was strongly rejected by Garegin Nzhdeh, who declared Syunik as a self-governing region on December 25, 1920. In January 1921 Drastamat Kanayan sent a telegram to Njdeh, suggesting allowing the sovietisation of Syunik, through which they could gain the support of the Bolshevik government in solving the problems of the Armenian lands. Njdeh again proved himself as a long-sighted politician, he did not depart from Syunik and continued his struggle against the Red Army and Soviet Azerbaijan.[6]
Declaration
On 18 February 1921, the Dashnaks led an anti-Soviet rebellion in Yerevan and seized power. The ARF controlled Yerevan and the surrounding regions for almost 42 days before being defeated by the numerically superior Red Army troops later in April 1921. The leaders of the rebellion then retreated into the Syunik region.
On 26 April 1921, the 2nd Pan-Zangezurian congress, held in Tatev monastery, announced the independence of the self-governing regions of Daralakyaz (Vayots Dzor), Zangezur, and Mountainous Artsakh, under the name of the Republic of Mountainous Armenia and later on 1 June 1921, it was renamed the Republic of Armenia.[7]
Policies
The city of Goris became the capital of the unrecognized state, and Garegin Nzhdeh was chosen as prime minister and minister of defence. Later, in July, Simon Vratsian took the office as prime minister while Nzhdeh became the governor and the general commander. Nzhdeh actively engaged in liberation of Zangezur from the Azeri population.[8]
Between April and July 1921, the Red Army conducted massive military operations in the region, attacking Syunik from the north and east. After months of fierce battles with the Red Army, the Republic of Mountainous Armenia capitulated in July 1921 following Soviet Russia's promises to keep the mountainous region as a part of Soviet Armenia. After losing the battle, Garegin Nzhdeh, his soldiers, and many prominent Armenian intellectuals, including leaders of the first Independent Republic of Armenia, crossed the border into neighboring Persian city of Tabriz.
See also
References
- ^ "Լեռնահայաստանի 85-ամյակը նշեցին միայն Սյունիքի մարզկերտում". Armtown.com. April 27, 2006.
- ^ Republic of Mountainous Armenia (26 April 1921, capital: Goris, including: Syunik, Vayots Dzor and parts of modern-day NKR)
- ^ Hovannisian, Richard G. "The Allies and Armenia, 1915–18." Journal of Contemporary History. Vol. 3, No. 1 (Jan., 1968), pp. 145–168.
- ^ Hovannisian, Richard G. (1982). The Republic of Armenia, Vol. II: From Versailles to London, 1919–1920. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 20–39, 316–364, 404–530. ISBN 0-520-04186-0.
- ^ Hovannisian, Richard G. "Armenia and the Caucasus in the Genesis of the Soviet-Turkish Entente." International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 4, No. 2 (April, 1973), pp. 129–147.
- ^ "Garegin Njdeh biography". Njdeh.com. Archived from the original on May 4, 2009. Retrieved 2009-11-19.
- ^ Mountainous Armenia
- ^ "Garegin Nzhdeh and the KGB: Report of Interrogation of Ohannes Hakopovich Devedjian". August 28, 1947. Archived from the original on 2007-10-30. Retrieved July 18, 2012.
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- Հայոց Գաղափարաբանության Հենասյուները from noravank.am
- Other Armenian States from freenet.am