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SCREW YOU
[[File:Super Outbreak Map.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A map of the tornado paths in the [[Super Outbreak]]]]
This article lists various '''[[tornado]] [[List of weather records|records]]'''. The most extreme tornado in [[recorded history]] was the [[Tri-State Tornado]], which roared through parts of [[Missouri]], [[Illinois]], and [[Indiana]] on March 18, 1925. It was likely an F5, though tornadoes were not ranked on any scale in that era. It holds records for longest path length at {{convert|219|mi|km|abbr=on}}, longest duration at about 3.5 hours, and fastest forward speed for a significant tornado at {{convert|73|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} anywhere on Earth. In addition, it is the deadliest single tornado in United States history (695 dead).<ref name="Significant Tornadoes"/> It was also the second costliest tornado in history at the time, but has been surpassed by several others non-normalized. When costs are normalized for wealth and inflation, it still ranks third today.<ref name="tornado damage cost">{{cite web| url = http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/users/brooks/public_html/damage/tdam1.html | title = Normalized Damage from Major Tornadoes in the United States: 1890–1999| accessdate = 2007-02-28| last = Brooks| first = Harold E. | coauthors = Doswell, Charles A, III |date=September 2000}}</ref>

The deadliest tornado in world history was the [[Daulatpur–Saturia tornado]] in [[Bangladesh]] on April 26, 1989, which killed approximately 1,300 people.<ref name="Bangladesh tornado">{{cite web| url = http://www.colorado.edu/hazards/qr/qr169/qr169.pdf| title = The April 2004 Tornado in North-Central Bangladesh: A Case for Introducing Tornado Forecasting and Warning Systems| accessdate = 2006-08-17| author = Paul, Bhuiyan| year = 2004|format=PDF}}</ref> Bangladesh has had at least 19 tornadoes in its history kill more than 100 people, almost half of the [[List of tornadoes causing 100 or more deaths|total for the rest of the world]].

For 37 years, the most extensive [[tornado outbreak]] on record, in almost every category, was the [[Super Outbreak]], which affected a large area of the central United States and extreme southern [[Ontario]] in Canada on April 3 and April 4, 1974. Not only did this outbreak feature an incredible 148 tornadoes in only 18 hours, but an unprecedented number of them were violent; 7 were of F5 intensity and 23 were F4. This outbreak had a staggering 16 tornadoes on the ground at the same time at the peak of the outbreak. More than 300 people, possibly as many as 330, were killed by tornadoes during this outbreak. However, this record was later broken during the [[April 25–28, 2011 tornado outbreak]], which resulted in 325 tornadic fatalities and had 358 tornadoes touch down.<ref name="super outbreak">{{cite web| url = http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/extremes/1999/april/TornOut.pdf| title = Tornado Outbreak of April 3–4, 1974; Synoptic Analysis| accessdate = 2007-03-02| author = Hoxit, Lee R| coauthors = Chappell, Charles F|date=October 1975| format = PDF| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration}}</ref>

== Tornado outbreaks ==

=== Most tornadoes in single 24-hour period ===
The [[April 25–28, 2011 tornado outbreak#April 27 event|April 25–28, 2011 tornado outbreak]] is the most prolific tornado outbreak in US history. It produced approximately 358 tornadoes, with 209 of those in a single 24-hour period on April 27<ref name="tornado-largest-tornado-outbreak">http://wmo.asu.edu/tornado-largest-tornado-outbreak</ref> with 11 EF4 and 4 EF5 tornadoes. 349 deaths occurred in that same 24-hour time period of which 325 were tornado related. The outbreak has also helped smash the record for most tornadoes in the month of April with 770 tornadoes, almost triple the prior record (267 in April 1974). The overall record for a single month was 542 in May 2003, which was also broken.<ref name="April 2011 tornado information">{{cite web|title=April 2011 tornado information|url=http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/april_2011_tornado_information.html |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]|accessdate=2011-05-03}}</ref>

The infamous [[Super Outbreak]] of April 3–4, 1974, which spawned 148 confirmed tornadoes across eastern North America, held the record for the most prolific tornado outbreak for many years. Not only did it produce an exceptional number of tornadoes, but it was also an inordinately intense outbreak producing dozens of large, long-track tornadoes, including 7 F5 and 23 F4 tornadoes. More significant tornadoes occurred within 24&nbsp;hours than any other week in the tornado record.<ref name="tornado outbreak sequences">{{cite conference |first=Russell |last=Schneider |coauthors=H.E. Brooks, J.T. Schaefer |title=Tornado Outbreak Day Sequences: historic events and climatology (1875-2003)
|booktitle=Preprints of the 22nd Conference on Severe Local Storms |publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]] |date=October 2004 |location=Hyannis, MA |url=http://ams.confex.com/ams/11aram22sls/techprogram/paper_81933.htm }}</ref>

=== Largest outbreak in the fall ===
Most [[tornado outbreak]]s occur in the spring, but there is a secondary peak of tornado activity in the fall. In 1992, 95 tornadoes broke out in 41&nbsp;hours of continuous [[November 1992 tornado outbreak|tornado activity]] from November 21 to 23. Many other very large outbreaks have occurred in the fall, especially in November and early December.<ref name="Significant Tornadoes">{{cite book |last=Grazulis |first=Thomas P. |authorlink=Thomas P. Grazulis |title=Significant Tornadoes 1680–1991: A Chronology and Analysis of Events |date=July 1993 |publisher=The Tornado Project of Environmental Films |location=St. Johnsbury, VT |isbn=1-879362-03-1 }}</ref>

in autumn in the southern hemisphere, there was a outbreak of tornadoes largest in [[Argentina]], in April, more than 300 tornadoes in less than 24 hours

=== Greatest number of tornadoes spawned from a hurricane ===
The greatest number of tornadoes spawned from a hurricane is 118 from [[Hurricane Ivan]] in 2004.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Edwards|first=Roger|title=Tropical Cyclone Tornadoes: A Review of Knowledge in Research and Prediction|journal=Electronic Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology|year=2012|volume=7|issue=6|page=3|url=http://www.spc.noaa.gov/publications/edwards/ejssmtct.pdf|accessdate=2013-05-22}}</ref>

== Tornado casualties and damage ==
{{Mainlist|List of tornadoes causing 100 or more deaths}}
{{10 deadliest Canadian tornadoes}}
{{Deadliest United States tornadoes}}
{{25 deadliest US tornadoes}}
{{10 costliest US tornadoes}}
{{Deadliest tornadoes by state}}

=== Deadliest single tornado in world history ===
April 26, 1989 - [[Bangladesh]] - A [[Daulatpur–Saturia tornado|massive tornado]] took at least 1,300 lives<ref>{{cite web |last=Grazulis |first=Tom |authorlink=Thomas P. Grazulis |title=Tornadoes in Bangladesh |work=Worldwide Tornadoes |publisher=The Tornado Project |year=2000 |url=http://www.tornadoproject.com/alltorns/bangladesh.htm }}</ref>

=== Deadliest single tornado in US history ===
The [[Tri-State Tornado]] of March 18, 1925 killed 695&nbsp;people in [[Missouri]] (11), [[Illinois]] (613), and [[Indiana]] (71). The outbreak it occurred with was also the deadliest known [[tornado outbreak]], with a combined death toll of 747 across the Mississippi River Valley.<ref name="Significant Tornadoes"/>

=== Most damaging tornado ===
Similar to fatalities, damage (and observations) of a tornado are a coincidence of what character of tornado interacts with certain characteristics of built up areas. That is, destructive tornadoes are in a sense "accidents" of a large tornado striking a large population. In addition to population and changes thereof, comparing damage historically is subject to changes in wealth and inflation. The [[1896 St. Louis–East St. Louis tornado]] on May 27, incurred the most damages adjusted for wealth and inflation, at an estimated $2.9&nbsp;billion (1997&nbsp;USD). In raw numbers, the [[2011 Joplin tornado|Joplin tornado]] of May 22, 2011 is considered the costliest tornado in recent history, with damage totals near $2.8 billion (2011 USD). Until 2011, the "[[1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak|Oklahoma City tornado]]" of May 3, 1999 was the most damaging.<ref name="tornado damage normalization">{{cite journal |last=Brooks |first=Harold E. |authorlink=Harold E. Brooks |coauthors=Charles A. Doswell III |title=Normalized Damage from Major Tornadoes in the United States: 1890–1999 |journal=[[Weather and Forecasting]] |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=168–176 |publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]] |date=February 2001 | url=http://ams.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1175%2F1520-0434(2001)016%3C0168%3ANDFMTI%3E2.0.CO%3B2 |doi=10.1175/1520-0434(2001)016<0168:NDFMTI>2.0.CO;2 |bibcode = 2001WtFor..16..168B }}</ref>

== Largest and most powerful tornadoes ==

=== Highest winds observed in a tornado ===
During the F5 [[1999 Bridge Creek–Moore tornado]] on May 3, 1999, a [[Doppler on Wheels]] situated near the tornado measured winds of {{convert|301|+/-|20|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} momentarily in a small area inside the funnel approximately {{convert|100|m|ft|abbr=on}} above ground level.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wurman |first=Joshua |authorlink=Joshua Wurman |title=Doppler On Wheels |publisher=Center for Severe Weather Research |year=2007 |url=http://www.cswr.org/dow/DOW.htm }}</ref>

On May 31, 2013, a tornado hit rural area south of [[El Reno, Oklahoma]]. The tornado was originally rated as an EF3 based on damage; however, after mobile radar data analysis was conducted, it was concluded to have an EF5 due to a measured wind speed which topped at 296&nbsp;mph (476 kmh), second only to the Bridge Creek - Moore tornado. Despite the recorded windspeed, the El Reno tornado was later downgraded back to EF3 due to the fact that no actual EF5 damage was found.<ref>http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/capital-weather-gang/wp/2013/06/04/deadly-el-reno-okla-tornado-was-widest-ever-measured-on-earth-had-nearly-300-mph-winds/</ref><ref>http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/tv/showtracker/la-et-st-discovery-channel-to-host-special-for-storm-chasers20130604,0,3911911.story</ref>
On May 31, 2013, a tornado hit rural area south of [[El Reno, Oklahoma]]. The tornado was originally rated as an EF3 based on damage; however, after mobile radar data analysis was conducted, it was concluded to have an EF5 due to a measured wind speed which topped at 296&nbsp;mph (476 kmh), second only to the Bridge Creek - Moore tornado. Despite the recorded windspeed, the El Reno tornado was later downgraded back to EF3 due to the fact that no actual EF5 damage was found.<ref>http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/capital-weather-gang/wp/2013/06/04/deadly-el-reno-okla-tornado-was-widest-ever-measured-on-earth-had-nearly-300-mph-winds/</ref><ref>http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/tv/showtracker/la-et-st-discovery-channel-to-host-special-for-storm-chasers20130604,0,3911911.story</ref>


Revision as of 15:38, 24 March 2014

SCREW YOU On May 31, 2013, a tornado hit rural area south of El Reno, Oklahoma. The tornado was originally rated as an EF3 based on damage; however, after mobile radar data analysis was conducted, it was concluded to have an EF5 due to a measured wind speed which topped at 296 mph (476 kmh), second only to the Bridge Creek - Moore tornado. Despite the recorded windspeed, the El Reno tornado was later downgraded back to EF3 due to the fact that no actual EF5 damage was found.[1][2]

Winds were measured at 257–268 mph (414–431 km/h) using portable Doppler radar in the Red Rock, Oklahoma tornado during the 1991 Andover, Kansas tornado outbreak. Though these winds are possibly indicative of an F5 strength tornado, this particular tornado's path never encountered any significant structures and caused minimal damage. Thus it was rated an F4.[3]

Longest damage path and duration

The longest track single tornado is the Tri-State Tornado, which traversed greater than 219 miles (352 km) across southeastern Missouri, southern Illinois, and southwestern Indiana in about 3.5 hours. Though there has been some discussion as to whether this was a single tornado or a tornado family, recent and ongoing detailed reanalysis has found no break in the path and in fact that the tornado began 15 miles (24 km) before previously thought.[4]

Longest path and duration tornado family

What at one time was thought to be the record holder for the longest tornado path is now thought to be the longest tornado family, with a track of at least 293 miles (472 km) on May 26, 1917 from the Missouri border across Illinois into Indiana. It caused severe damage and mass casualties in Charleston and Mattoon, Illinois.[5]

What was probably the longest track supercell thunderstorm tracked 790 miles (1,270 km) across 6 states in 17.5 hours on March 12, 2006 as part of the March 2006 tornado outbreak sequence. It began in Noble County, Oklahoma and ended in Jackson County, Michigan, producing many tornadoes in Missouri and Illinois.[6]

Widest damage width

The widest tornado on record may be the El Reno, Oklahoma tornado of May 31, 2013 with a width of 2.6 miles (4.2 km) at its peak. This is the width found by the National Weather Service based on preliminary data from University of Oklahoma RaxPol mobile radar that also sampled winds of 296 mph (476 km/h) which was used to upgrade the tornado to EF5.[7] The radar measurement was later dismissed and the tornado was rated EF3 based on damage.[8] However, a possible contender for the widest tornado as measured by radar was the F4 Mulhall tornado in north-central Oklahoma which occurred during the 1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak. The diameter of the maximum winds (over 110 mph (49 m/s)) was over 5,200 feet (1,600 m) as measured by a DOW radar. Although the tornado passed largely over rural terrain, the width of the wind swath capable of producing damage was as wide as 4 mi (6.4 km).[9][10]

The F4 Hallam, Nebraska tornado during the outbreak of May 22, 2004 was the previous official record holder for the widest tornado, surveyed at 2.5 miles (4.0 km) wide. A similar size tornado struck Edmonson, Texas on May 31, 1968, when a damage path width between 2 to 3 miles (3.2 to 4.8 km) was recorded from an F3 tornado.[11]

Highest forward speed

73 miles per hour (117 km/h) from the Tri-State Tornado (other weak tornadoes have approached or exceeded this speed, but this is the fastest forward movement observed in a major tornado).[5]

Greatest pressure drop

A pressure deficit of 100 millibars (2.95 inHg) was observed when a violent tornado near Manchester, South Dakota on June 24, 2003 passed directly over an in-situ probe that storm chasing researcher Tim Samaras deployed.[12] In less than a minute, the pressure dropped to 850 millibars (25.10 inHg), which are the greatest pressure decline and the lowest pressure ever recorded at the Earth's surface when adjusted to sea level.[13][14]

On April 21, 2007, a 194 millibars (5.73 inHg) pressure deficit was reported when a tornado struck a storm chasing vehicle in Tulia, Texas.[15] The tornado was relatively weak and caused only EF2 damage as it passed through Tulia.[citation needed] The reported pressure drop far exceeds that which would be expected based on theoretical calculations.[16]

There is a questionable and unofficial citizen's barometer measurement of a 192 millibars (5.67 inHg) drop around Minneapolis in 1904.[17]

Early tornadoes

Earliest known tornado in Europe

  • The earliest recorded tornado in Europe struck Rosdalla, near Kilbeggan, Ireland on April 30, 1054. The earliest known British tornado hit central London on October 23, 1091 and was especially destructive.[18]

Earliest known tornado in the Americas

  • An apparent tornado is recorded to have struck Tlatelolco (present day Mexico City), on August 21, 1521, two days before the Aztec capital's fall to Cortés. Many other tornadoes are documented historically within the Basin of Mexico.[19]

First confirmed tornado and first tornado fatality in present-day United States

Exceptional tornado droughts

Longest span without a tornado rated F5 or EF5

Before the Greensburg EF5 tornado on May 4, 2007, it had been 8 years and one day since the US had had a confirmed F5 or EF5 tornado. The last confirmed F5 or EF5 hit southern Oklahoma City and surrounding communities during the May 3, 1999 event. This is the longest interval without an F5 or EF5 tornado since official records began in 1950.

Exceptional survivors

Longest distance carried by a tornado

Matt Suter of Fordland, Missouri holds the record for the longest-known distance traveled by anyone picked up by a tornado who lived to tell about it. On March 12, 2006 he was carried 1,307 feet (398 m), 13 feet (4.0 m) shy of one-quarter mile (400 m), according to National Weather Service measurements.[23][24]

Exceptional coincidences

Codell, Kansas

The small town of Codell, Kansas, was hit by a tornado on the same date (May 20) three consecutive years: 1916, 1917, and 1918.[25] The U.S. has about 100,000 thunderstorms a year; less than one percent produce a tornado. The odds of this coincidence occurring again is extremely small.

Tanner/Harvest, Alabama

Tanner, a small town in northern Alabama, was hit by an F5 tornado on April 3, 1974 and was struck again 45 minutes later by a second F5 (however the rating is disputed and it may have been high-end F4), demolishing what remained of the town. 37 years later, on April 27, 2011 (the largest and deadliest outbreak since 1974), Tanner was hit yet again by the EF5 2011 Hackleburg–Phil Campbell, Alabama tornado, which produced high-end EF4 damage in the southern portion of town. The suburban community of Harvest, Alabama, just to the north, also sustained major impacts from all three Tanner tornadoes, and was also hit by destructive tornadoes in 1995 and 2012.

Moore, Oklahoma

The Oklahoma City suburb of Moore was hit by devastating tornadoes in 1973, 1999, 2003, 2010, and 2013, five of which were of F4/EF4 strength or greater. The 1999 and 2013 events were rated F5 and EF5. In total, about 20 tornadoes have struck within the immediate vicinity of Moore since 1890.[26]

Tuscaloosa, Alabama

The college town of Tuscaloosa, Alabama was directly hit by killer tornadoes in 1932, 1975, 1997, 2000, and 2011, all but one of which were rated F4 or EF4 (the 1997 tornado was rated F2). The 2011 tornado went on to devastate parts of Birmingham, Alabama.

Birmingham, Alabama

The northwestern suburbs of Birmingham, Alabama have been devastated by violent and deadly tornadoes in 1954, 1977, 1998, and 2011. The 1977 and 1998 tornadoes were rated F5, and the 1954 and 2011 tornadoes were rated F4 and EF4. The suburb of McDonald Chapel was hit directly by the 1956, 1998, and 2011 tornadoes.

St. Louis, Missouri

Throughout history, the Greater St. Louis area has been hit by destructive and deadly tornado numerous times, most notably in 1871, 1896, 1927, 1959, 1967, and 2011. The 1896 tornado killed 255 people, and was the third deadliest in American history, and the 1896 tornado was the costliest whereas as the 1927 tornado was the second costliest (adjusted for inflation and increasing population). Additionally, the first and second most costly hailstorms also struck St. Louis on 10 April 2001 and 28 April 2012, respectively, with the former causing more damage in real dollars than the 1999 Oklahoma City tornado did.

McConnell AFB/Haysville, Kansas

The southern portions of the Wichita, KS Metropolitan Statistical Area, particularly the suburb of Haysville and nearby McConnell Air Force Base, have been hit by destructive tornadoes in 1991, 1999, and 2012. The April 1991 tornado went on to strike nearby Andover at F5 strength, killing 17 people. Remarkably, an F3 tornado followed a very similar path through the area the next month, causing an additional $1,000,000 in damage. The 2012 tornado followed a path that was almost identical to both of the 1991 tornadoes.

See also

References

  1. ^ http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/capital-weather-gang/wp/2013/06/04/deadly-el-reno-okla-tornado-was-widest-ever-measured-on-earth-had-nearly-300-mph-winds/
  2. ^ http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/tv/showtracker/la-et-st-discovery-channel-to-host-special-for-storm-chasers20130604,0,3911911.story
  3. ^ Bluestein, Howard B. (August 1993). "Doppler Radar Wind Spectra of Supercell Tornadoes". Monthly Weather Review. 121 (8). American Meteorological Society: 2200–22. Bibcode:1993MWRv..121.2200B. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1993)121<2200:DRWSOS>2.0.CO;2. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ Doswell, Charles A. "The Tri-State Tornado of 18 March 1925 Reanalysis Project: Preliminary Results". ibid. {{cite conference}}: Unknown parameter |booktitle= ignored (|book-title= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference Significant Tornadoes was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ Martinelli, Jason T. (August 2007). "A detailed analysis of an extremely long-tracked supercell". Preprints of the 33rd Conference on Radar Meteorology. Cairns, Australia: American Meteorological Society and Australian Bureau of Meteorology Research Centre. {{cite conference}}: Unknown parameter |booktitle= ignored (|book-title= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ "Central Oklahoma Tornadoes and Flash Flooding - May 31, 2013". National Weather Service Norman Oklahoma. 2013. Retrieved 2013-06-04.
  8. ^ "Event Details". National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved 1 October 2013.
  9. ^ Wurman, Joshua (January 2007). "Low-Level Winds in Tornadoes and Potential Catastrophic Tornado Impacts in Urban Areas". B. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 88 (1): 31–46. Bibcode:2007BAMS...88...31W. doi:10.1175/BAMS-88-1-31. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ Lee, Wen-Chau (2005). "Diagnosed Three-Dimensional Axisymmetric Structure of the Mulhall Tornado on 3 May 1999". J. Atmos. Sci. 62 (7): 2379–93. Bibcode:2005JAtS...62.2373L. doi:10.1175/JAS3489.1. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ "May 1968 Storm Data". National Climatic Data Center.
  12. ^ Lee, Julian J. (October 2004). "Pressure Measurements at the ground in an F-4 tornado". 22nd Conf Severe Local Storms. Hyannis, Massachusetts: American Meteorological Society. {{cite conference}}: Unknown parameter |booktitle= ignored (|book-title= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ "World: Lowest Sea Level Air Pressure (excluding tornadoes)". World Weather / Climate Extremes Archive. Arizona State University.
  14. ^ Cerveny, Randall S. (2007). "Extreme Weather Records: Compilation, Adjudication, and Publication". B. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 88 (6): 853–60. doi:10.1175/BAMS-88-6-853. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ Blair, Scott F. (2008). "In Situ Observations of the 21 April 2007 Tulia, Texas Tornado". Electronic Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology. 3 (3): 1–27. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ Lee, W.-C. (Jul 2005). "The diagnosed structure of the Mulhall tornado". J. Atmos. Sci. 62 (7): 2373–93. Bibcode:2005JAtS...62.2373L. doi:10.1175/JAS3489.1. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ Samaras, Tim M. (October 2004). "A historical perspective of In-Situ observations within Tornado Cores". Preprints of the 22nd Conference on Severe Local Storms. Hyannis, MA: American Meteorological Society. {{cite conference}}: Unknown parameter |booktitle= ignored (|book-title= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ British & European Tornado Extremes
  19. ^ Fuentes, Oscar Velasco (November 2010). "The Earliest Documented Tornado in the Americas: Tlatelolco, August 1521". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 91 (11): 1515–23. Bibcode:2010BAMS...91.1515F. doi:10.1175/2010BAMS2874.1.
  20. ^ Grazulis, Thomas P. (2001). The Tornado: Nature's Ultimate Windstorm. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-3258-2.
  21. ^ Erck, Amy. "Answers archive: Tornado history, climatology". USA Today Weather. USA Today. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
  22. ^ Baker, Tim. "Tornado History". tornadochaser.net. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
  23. ^ "Mo. Teen Survives Tornado, Confronts Media Storm". USA Today. March 22, 2006. Retrieved May 25, 2010.
  24. ^ HE SURVIVED A RIDE IN A TORNADO !
  25. ^ "Tornado Climatology". A SEVERE WEATHER PRIMER: Questions and Answers about TORNADOES.
  26. ^ "Moore, Oklahoma Tornadoes (1890-Present)". National Weather Service Norman Oklahoma. 2013. Retrieved 2013-06-05.
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