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'''Muhammed Fethullah Gülen''' (born 27 April 1941) is a Turkish [[preacher]],<ref name=fguleninshort /> former [[imam]],<ref name=fguleninshort>[http://en.fgulen.com/about-fethullah-gulen/fethullah-gulen-in-short Fethullah Gülen's Official Web Site - Fethullah Gülen in Short]</ref><ref name="Helen Rose Fuchs Ebaugh p 26">Helen Rose Fuchs Ebaugh, The Gülen Movement: A Sociological Analysis of a Civic Movement Rooted in Moderate Islam, p 26. ISBN 1402098944</ref> [[writer]],<ref>[http://en.fgulen.com/gulens-works Fethullah Gülen's Official Web Site - Gülen's Works]</ref> and Islamic opinion leader. He is the founder of the [[Gülen movement]] (sometimes known as ''Hizmet''). He currently lives in a self-imposed exile in [[Saylorsburg, Pennsylvania|Saylorsburg]],<ref>Williams, Paul L. [http://www.canadafreepress.com/index.php/article/35130 "A visit to the Pennsylvania fortress of “The World’s most Dangerous Islamist”"]</ref><ref>Stakelbeck, Eric [http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/world/2011/may/the-gulen-movement-the-new-islamic-world-order/ "The Gülen Movement: A New Islamic World Order?"]</ref><ref>Berlinski, Claire [http://www.city-journal.org/2012/22_4_fethullah-gulen.html "Who Is Fethullah Gülen?"]</ref> [[Pennsylvania]], United States.
'''Muhammed Fethullah Gülen''' (born 27 April 1941) is a Turkish [[preacher]],<ref name=fguleninshort /> former [[imam]],<ref name=fguleninshort>[http://en.fgulen.com/about-fethullah-gulen/fethullah-gulen-in-short Fethullah Gülen's Official Web Site - Fethullah Gülen in Short]</ref><ref name="Helen Rose Fuchs Ebaugh p 26">Helen Rose Fuchs Ebaugh, The Gülen Movement: A Sociological Analysis of a Civic Movement Rooted in Moderate Islam, p 26. ISBN 1402098944</ref> [[writer]],<ref>[http://en.fgulen.com/gulens-works Fethullah Gülen's Official Web Site - Gülen's Works]</ref> and Islamic opinion leader. He is the founder of the [[Gülen movement]] (sometimes known as ''Hizmet''). He currently lives in a self-imposed exile in [[Saylorsburg, Pennsylvania|Saylorsburg]], [[Pennsylvania]], United States.<ref>Williams, Paul L. [http://www.canadafreepress.com/index.php/article/35130 "A visit to the Pennsylvania fortress of “The World’s most Dangerous Islamist”"]</ref><ref>Stakelbeck, Eric [http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/world/2011/may/the-gulen-movement-the-new-islamic-world-order/ "The Gülen Movement: A New Islamic World Order?"]</ref><ref>Berlinski, Claire [http://www.city-journal.org/2012/22_4_fethullah-gulen.html "Who Is Fethullah Gülen?"]</ref>


Gülen teaches an [[Anatolia]]n ([[Hanafi]]) version of [[Islam]], deriving from [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] Muslim scholar [[Said Nursî]]'s teachings. Gülen has stated that he believes in science, [[interfaith]] dialogue among the [[People of the Book]], and [[multi-party democracy]].<ref name=economist10808408>{{cite web| title=How far they have travelled|url=http://www.economist.com/node/10808408?story_id=10808408|work=[[The Economist]]|accessdate=2 May 2012|date=6 March 2008}}</ref> He has initiated such dialogue with the Vatican<ref name="Helen Rose Fuchs Ebaugh p 38">Helen Rose Fuchs Ebaugh, The Gülen Movement: A Sociological Analysis of a Civic Movement Rooted in Moderate Islam, p 38. ISBN 1402098944</ref> and some Jewish organizations.<ref name="Toward a Global Civilization">[http://www.amazon.com/dp/1932099689 Toward a Global Civilization of Love and Tolerance]</ref>
Gülen teaches an [[Anatolia]]n ([[Hanafi]]) version of [[Islam]], deriving from [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] Muslim scholar [[Said Nursî]]'s teachings. Gülen has stated that he believes in science, [[interfaith]] dialogue among the [[People of the Book]], and [[multi-party democracy]].<ref name=economist10808408>{{cite web| title=How far they have travelled|url=http://www.economist.com/node/10808408?story_id=10808408|work=[[The Economist]]|accessdate=2 May 2012|date=6 March 2008}}</ref> He has initiated such dialogue with the Vatican<ref name="Helen Rose Fuchs Ebaugh p 38">Helen Rose Fuchs Ebaugh, The Gülen Movement: A Sociological Analysis of a Civic Movement Rooted in Moderate Islam, p 38. ISBN 1402098944</ref> and some Jewish organizations.<ref name="Toward a Global Civilization">[http://www.amazon.com/dp/1932099689 Toward a Global Civilization of Love and Tolerance]</ref>

Revision as of 02:52, 30 March 2014

Fethullah Gülen
File:Fethullah Gulen Interview with Nuriye Akman-America.jpg
Fethullah Gülen, July 2012
Born (1941-04-27) 27 April 1941 (age 83)[2]
Pasinler, Erzurum, Turkey
CitizenshipTurkish
EraModern era
RegionMuslim theologian
SchoolHanafi[1]
Main interests
Orthodox Islamic thought, Islamic conservatism, education, interfaith dialogue among the People of the Book, Sufism
Notable ideas
Gülen movement

Muhammed Fethullah Gülen (born 27 April 1941) is a Turkish preacher,[4] former imam,[4][5] writer,[6] and Islamic opinion leader. He is the founder of the Gülen movement (sometimes known as Hizmet). He currently lives in a self-imposed exile in Saylorsburg, Pennsylvania, United States.[7][8][9]

Gülen teaches an Anatolian (Hanafi) version of Islam, deriving from Sunni Muslim scholar Said Nursî's teachings. Gülen has stated that he believes in science, interfaith dialogue among the People of the Book, and multi-party democracy.[10] He has initiated such dialogue with the Vatican[11] and some Jewish organizations.[12]

Gülen is actively involved in the societal debate concerning the future of the Turkish state, and Islam in the modern world. He has been described in the English-language media as "one of the world's most important Muslim figures."[10] However, his Gülen movement has been described as "having the characteristics of a cult" and its secretiveness and influence in Turkish politics likened to "an Islamic Opus Dei".[13] In the Turkish context, Gülen appears as a religious conservative.

Biography

Gülen was born in the village of Korucuk, near Erzurum.[14] His father, Ramiz Gülen, was an imam.[5] His mother taught the Qur'an in their village despite religious instruction being banned by the Kemalist government.[15] Gülen started primary education at his home village, but did not continue after his family moved, and instead focused on informal Islamic education.[16] He gave his first sermon when he was 14.[17] He was influenced by the ideas of Said Nursî and Maulana Jalaluddeen Rumi.[18]

Comparing Gülen to leaders in the Nur movement, Hakan Yavuz said, "Gülen is more Turkish nationalist in his thinking. Also, he is somewhat more state-oriented, and is more concerned with market economics and neo-liberal economic policies."[19]

His pro-business stance has led some outsiders[who?] to dub his theology an Islamic version of Calvinism.[20] Oxford Analytica says:

"Gülen put Nursi's ideas into practice when he was transferred to a mosque in Izmir in 1966. Izmir is a city where political Islam never took root. However, the business and professional middle class came to resent the constraints of a state bureaucracy under whose wings it had grown, and supported market-friendly policies, while preserving at least some elements of a conservative lifestyle. Such businessmen were largely pro-Western, because it was Western (mainly U.S.) influence, which had persuaded the government to allow free elections for the first time in 1950 [sic] and U.S. aid, which had primed the pump of economic growth."[21]

Gülen retired from formal preaching duties in 1981. From 1988 to 1991 he gave a series of sermons in popular mosques of major cities. In 1994, he participated in the founding of "Journalists and Writers Foundation"[22] and was given the title "Honorary President" by the foundation.[23] He did not make any comment regarding the closures of the Welfare Party in 1998[24] or the Virtue Party in 2001.[25] He has met some politicians like Tansu Çiller and Bülent Ecevit, but he avoids meeting with the leaders of Islamic political parties.[25]

In 1999, Gülen emigrated to the United States, claiming the trip for medical treatment,[26] although arguably it was in anticipation of being tried over remarks (aired after his emigration to U.S.) which seemed to favor an Islamic state.[27] In June 1999, after Gülen had left Turkey, videotapes were sent to some Turkish television stations with recordings of Gülen saying,

"The existing system is still in power. Our friends who have positions in legislative and administrative bodies should learn its details and be vigilant all the time so that they can transform it and be more fruitful on behalf of Islam in order to carry out a nationwide restoration. However, they should wait until the conditions become more favorable. In other words, they should not come out too early."[28]

Gülen complained that the remarks were taken out of context,[29] and his supporters raised questions about the authenticity of the tape,[30] which he accused of having been "manipulated". Gülen was tried in absentia in 2000, and acquitted in 2008 under the new Justice and Development Party (AKP) government of Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.[26][31]

Gülen procured a green card in 2001.[32]

Theology

Gülen does not advocate a new theology but refers to classical authorities of theology, taking up their line of argument.[33] His understanding of Islam tends to be conservative and mainstream.[34][35] Though he has never been a member of a Sufi tarekat and does not see tarekat membership as a necessity for Muslims, he teaches that "Sufism is the inner dimension of Islam" and "the inner and outer dimensions must never be separated."[36]

His teachings differ in emphasis from those of other mainstream Islamic scholars in two respects, both based on his interpretations of particular verses of the Quran. He teaches that the Muslim community has a duty of service (Turkish: hizmet)[37] to the "common good" of the community and the nation[38] and to Muslims and non-Muslims all over the world;[39] and that the Muslim community is obliged to conduct interfaith dialogue with the "People of the Book" (Jews and Christians), although this does not extend to other religions and atheists.[40] Gülen has appeared to be intolerant of atheism, commenting in 2004 that "terrorism was as despicable as atheism".[41] In a follow-up interview, he claimed he did not intend to equate atheists and murderers; rather, he wanted to highlight the fact that according to Islam, both were destined to suffer eternal punishment.[42]

Activities

The Gülen movement is a transnational Islamic civic society movement inspired by Gülen's teachings. His teachings about hizmet (altruistic service to the "common good") have attracted a large number of supporters in Turkey, Central Asia, and increasingly in other parts of the world.[43]

Education

In his sermons, Gülen has reportedly stated: "Studying physics, mathematics, and chemistry is worshipping Allah."[26] Gülen's followers have built over 1,000 schools around the world.[44] In Turkey, Gülen's schools are considered among the best: expensive modern facilities and English taught from the first grade.[26] However, former teachers from outside the Gülen community have called into question the treatment of women and girls in Gülen schools, reporting that female teachers were excluded from administrative responsibilities, allowed little autonomy, and—along with girls from the sixth grade and up—segregated from male colleagues and pupils during break and lunch periods.[45]

Interfaith and intercultural dialogue

Gülen with Pope John Paul II. in 1998

Gülen movement participants have founded a number of institutions across the world which claim to promote interfaith and intercultural dialogue activities.[citation needed] Gülen's earlier works are (in Bekim Agai's words) "full of anti-missionary and anti-Western passages",[46] and "vitriolic" diatribes against Jews, Christians, and others.[47] During the 1990s, he began to advocate interreligious tolerance and dialogue.[12] He has personally met with leaders of other religions, including Pope John Paul II,[11] the Greek Orthodox Patriarch Bartholomeos, and Israeli Sephardic Head Rabbi Eliyahu Bakshi-Doron.[48]

Gülen has said that he favors cooperation between followers of different religions as well as religious and secular elements within society.[according to whom?][citation needed]

Views on contemporary issues

Secularism

Gülen has criticized secularism in Turkey as "reductionist materialism." However, he has in the past said that a secular approach that is "not anti-religious" and "allows for freedom of religion and belief, is compatible with Islam." [2]

According to one Gülen press release, in democratic-secular countries, 95% of Islamic principles are permissible and practically feasible, and there is no problem with them. The remaining 5% "are not worth fighting for."[49]

Turkey bid to join the EU

Gülen has supported Turkey's bid to join the European Union and has said that neither Turkey nor the EU have anything to fear, but have much to gain, from a future of full Turkish membership in the EU.[3]

Women's roles

According to Aras and Caha, Gülen's views on women are "progressive" but "modern professional women in Turkey still find his ideas far from acceptable."[24] Gülen says the coming of Islam saved women, who "were absolutely not confined to their home and they were never oppressed" in the early years of the religion. He feels that western-style feminism, however, is "doomed to imbalance like all other reactionary movements" and eventually "being full of hatred towards men."[50]

However, Gülen's views are vulnerable to the charge of misogyny. As noted by Berna Turam, Gülen has argued: "the man is used to more demanding jobs... but a woman must be excluded during certain days during the month. After giving birth, she sometimes cannot be active for two months. She cannot take part in different segments of the society all the time. She cannot travel without her husband, father, or brother."[51]

Terrorism

Gülen has condemned terrorism.[52] He warns against the phenomenon of arbitrary violence and aggression against civilians and said that it "has no place in Islam". He wrote a condemnation article in the Washington Post on September 12, 2001, one day after the September 11 attacks, and stated that "A Muslim can not be a terrorist, nor can a terrorist be a true Muslim."[53][54] Gülen lamented the "hijacking of Islam" by terrorists.[12]

Gaza flotilla

Gülen criticized the Turkish-led Gaza flotilla for trying to deliver aid without Israel's consent. He spoke of watching the news coverage of the deadly confrontation between Israeli commandos and multinational aid group members as its flotilla approached Israel's sea blockade of Gaza. He said, "What I saw was not pretty, it was ugly." He has since continued his criticism, saying later that the organizers' failure to seek accord with Israel before attempting to deliver aid was "a sign of defying authority, and will not lead to fruitful matters."[55]

Syrian Civil War

Gülen is strongly against Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War.[56]

Influence in Turkish society and politics

Main article: Gülen movement

The Gülen movement has millions of members in Turkey, as well as many more abroad. Beyond the schools established by the Movement members, it is believed that many of the members hold positions of power in Turkey's police forces and judiciary.[57][58] The movement controls the widely-read Islamic conservative Zaman newspaper, the private Bank Asya, the Samanyolu TV television station, and many other media and business organizations, including the Turkish Confederation of Businessmen and Industrialists (TUSKON).[59] Gülen affiliates claim the movement is "civic" in nature and that it does not have political aspirations.[59]

Split with Erdoğan

Main article: 2013 corruption scandal in Turkey

In March 2011, the Turkish government arrested the investigative journalist Ahmet Şık and seized his book The Imam's Army which is on the Gülen movement.[60]

Despite Gülen's and his followers' claims that the organization is non-political in nature, analysts believe that a number of corruption-related arrests made against allies of Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan reflect a growing political power struggle between Gülen and the prime minister.[57][61] These arrests led to the 2013 corruption scandal in Turkey, which the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP)'s supporters (along with Erdoğan himself) and the opposition parties alike have said was choreographed by Gülen after Erdoğan's government came to the decision early in December 2013 to shut down many of his movement's private Islamic schools in Turkey.[62]

The Erdoğan government has said that the corruption investigation and comments by Gülen are the long term political agenda of Gülen's movement to infiltrate security, intelligence, and justice institutions of the Turkish state, a charge almost identical to the charges against Gülen by the Chief Prosecutor of the Republic of Turkey in his trial in 2000 before Erdoğan's party had come into power.[59] Gülen had previously been tried in absentia in 2000, and acquitted in 2008 under Erdoğan's AKP government from these charges.[26][63]

In emailed comments to the Wall Street Journal in January 2014, Gülen said that "Turkish people ... are upset that in the last two years democratic progress is now being reversed", but he denied being part of a plot to unseat the government.[32] Later, in January 2014 in an interview with BBC World, Gulen said "If I were to say anything to people I may say people should vote for those who are respectful to democracy, rule of law, who get on well with people. Telling or encouraging people to vote for a party would be an insult to peoples' intellect. Everybody very clearly sees what is going on."[64]

Publications

Gülen's official website[65] lists 43 publications by him; these are, however, more akin to essays and collections of sermons than books on specific subjects with a specific thesis. He is also said to have authored many articles on a variety of topics[citation needed]: social, political and religious issues, art, science and sports, and recorded thousands of audio and video cassettes.

He contributes to a number of journals and magazines owned by his followers [citation needed]. He writes the lead article for the Fountain, Yeni Ümit, Sızıntı, and Yağmur Islamic philosophical magazines[citation needed]. Several of his books have been translated into English.[66]

Reception

Fethullah Gulen topped the 2008 Top 100 Public Intellectuals Poll and came out as the most influential thinker.[67]

Fethullah Gulen was named as one of TIME magazine's World's 100 Most Influential People in 2013.[68]

Fethullah Gulen was listed as one of the 500 most influential Muslims by the Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre in Amman, Jordan.[69]

See also

References

Specific citations:

  1. ^ Erol Nazim Gulay, The Theological thought of Fethullah Gulen: Reconciling Science and Islam (St. Antony's College Oxford University May 2007). p. 57
  2. ^ Robert A. Hunt, Yuksel A. Aslandogan, Muslim Citizens of the Globalized World: Contributions of the Gulen Movement, p 85. ISBN 1597840734
  3. ^ a b Erol Nazim Gulay, The Theological thought of Fethullah Gulen: Reconciling Science and Islam (St. Antony's College Oxford University May 2007). p. 56 (http://users.ox.ac.uk/~metheses/GulayThesis.pdf)
  4. ^ a b Fethullah Gülen's Official Web Site - Fethullah Gülen in Short
  5. ^ a b Helen Rose Fuchs Ebaugh, The Gülen Movement: A Sociological Analysis of a Civic Movement Rooted in Moderate Islam, p 26. ISBN 1402098944
  6. ^ Fethullah Gülen's Official Web Site - Gülen's Works
  7. ^ Williams, Paul L. "A visit to the Pennsylvania fortress of “The World’s most Dangerous Islamist”"
  8. ^ Stakelbeck, Eric "The Gülen Movement: A New Islamic World Order?"
  9. ^ Berlinski, Claire "Who Is Fethullah Gülen?"
  10. ^ a b "How far they have travelled". The Economist. 6 March 2008. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
  11. ^ a b Helen Rose Fuchs Ebaugh, The Gülen Movement: A Sociological Analysis of a Civic Movement Rooted in Moderate Islam, p 38. ISBN 1402098944
  12. ^ a b c Toward a Global Civilization of Love and Tolerance
  13. ^ "Turkey: up from the depths". The Guardian. 27 December 2013. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
  14. ^ M. Hakan Yavuz, John L. Esposito, Turkish Islam and the Secular State: The Gülen Movement, p. 20
  15. ^ Helen Rose Fuchs Ebaugh, The Gülen Movement: A Sociological Analysis of a Civic Movement Rooted in Moderate Islam, p. 24. ISBN 1402098944
  16. ^ An interview with Fethullah Gülen's primary school teacher
  17. ^ http://tr.fgulen.com/a.page/hayati/hayat.kronolojisi/a4443.html
  18. ^ "The Gulen Movement: Communicating Modernization, Tolerance, and Dialogue in the Islamic World." The International Journal of the Humanities, Volume 6, Issue 12, pp. 67–78.
  19. ^ http://religion.info/english/interviews/article_74.shtml
  20. ^ http://en.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-478/_nr-907/i.html
  21. ^ "Gulen Inspires Muslims Worldwide". Forbes. 21 January 2008.
  22. ^ http://www.gyv.org.tr/changelang.asp?lang=2&page2go=http://www.gyv.org.tr/
  23. ^ The Journalists and Writers Foundation Official Web Site
  24. ^ a b http://www.biu.ac.il/SOC/besa/meria/journal/2000/issue4/jv4n4a4.html
  25. ^ a b Clement M. Henry, Rodney Wilson, The politics of Islamic Finance, Edinburgh University Press (2004), p 236
  26. ^ a b c d e "U.S. charter schools tied to powerful Turkish imam". 60 Minutes. CBS News. May 13, 2012. Retrieved 2012-05-14.
  27. ^ "Turkish investigation into Islamic sect expanded". BBC News. 21 June 1999. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
  28. ^ Clement M. Henry, Rodney Wilson, The Politics of Islamic Finance, (Edinburgh University Press 2004), p. 236
  29. ^ Gülen's answers to claims made based on the video tapes taken from some of his recorded speeches
  30. ^ Dogan Koc, Strategic Defamation of Fethullah Gülen: English Vs. Turkish, p. 24. ISBN 0761859306
  31. ^ WorldWide Religious News-Gulen acquitted of trying to overthrow secular government
  32. ^ a b "From His Refuge in the Poconos, Reclusive Imam Fethullah Gulen Roils Turkey". The Wall Street Journal. 20 January 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  33. ^ Erol Nazim Gulay, The Theological thought of Fethullah Gulen: Reconciling Science and Islam (St. Antony's College Oxford University May 2007). p. 1
  34. ^ Robert W. Hefner, Muhammad Qasim Zaman, Schooling Islam: The Culture and Politics of Modern Muslim Education (Princeton University Press, 2007) p. 162-3.
  35. ^ Portrait of Fethullah Gülen, A Modern Turkish-Islamic Reformist
  36. ^ Thomas Michel S.J., Sufism and Modernity in the Thought of Fethullah Gülen, The Muslim World, Vol. 95 No. 3, July 2005, pp. 345-5
  37. ^ Mehmet Kalyoncu, A Civilian Response to Ethno-Religious Conflict: The Gülen Movement in Southeast Turkey (Tughra Books, 2008), pp. 19–40
  38. ^ Berna Turam, Between Islam and the State: The Politics of Engagement (Stanford University Press 2006) p. 61
  39. ^ Saritoprak, Z. and Griffith, S. Fethullah Gülen and the 'People of the Book': A Voice from Turkey for Interfaith Dialogue, The Muslim World, Vol. 95 No. 3, July 2005, p.337-8
  40. ^ Saritoprak, Z. and Griffith, S. Fethullah Gülen and the 'People of the Book': A Voice from Turkey for Interfaith Dialogue, The Muslim World, Vol. 95 No. 3, July 2005, pp. 337–8
  41. ^ Fethullah Gülen and Atheist-Terrorist Comparison
  42. ^ http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=219352
  43. ^ In Lester Kurtz's (of University of Texas, Austin) words, "One of the most striking operationalizations of Gulen's fusion of commitment and tolerance is the nature of the Gulen movement, as it is often called, which has established hundreds of schools in many countries as a consequence of his belief in the importance of knowledge, and example in the building of a better world. The schools are a form of service to humanity designed to promote learning in a broader sense and to avoid explicit Islamic propaganda." Kurtz also cites in the same work the comments of Thomas Michel, General Secretary of the Vatican Secretariat for Inter-religious Dialogue, after a visit to a school in Mindanao, Philippines, where the local people suffered from a civil war, as follows: "In a region where kidnapping is a frequent occurrence, along with guerrilla warfare, summary raids, arrests, disappearances and killings by military and para-military forces, the school is offering Muslim and Christian Filipino children, along with an educational standard of high quality, a more positive way of living and relating to each other." Kurtz adds: "The purpose of the schools movement, therefore, is to lay the foundations for a more humane, tolerant citizenry of the world where people are expected to cultivate their own faith perspectives and also promote the well being of others... It is significant to note that the movement has been so successful in offering high quality education in its schools, which recruit the children of elites and government officials, that it is beginning to lay the groundwork for high-level allies, especially in Central Asia, where they have focused much of their effort." See, Lester R. Kurtz, "Gulen's Paradox: Combining Commitment and Tolerance," Muslim World, Vol. 95, July 2005; 379–381.
  44. ^ Helen Rose Fuchs Ebaugh, The Gülen Movement: A Sociological Analysis of a Civic Movement Rooted in Moderate Islam, p 4. ISBN 1402098944
  45. ^ Spiegelman, Margaret. "What Scares Turkey's Women?". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
  46. ^ http://en.fgulen.com/conference-papers/294-the-fethullah-gulen-movement-i/2132-discursive-and-organizational-strategies-of-the-gulen-movement.html
  47. ^ Pınar Doğan; Dani Rodrik (5 December 2012). "Fethullah Gülen, the Jews, and hypocrisy". balyozdavasivegercekler.com. Retrieved 22 December 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  48. ^ Advocate of Dialogue: Fethullah Gülen
  49. ^ http://tr.fgulen.com/content/view/227/141/
  50. ^ http://en.fgulen.com/recent-articles/2897-women-confined-and-mistreated.html
  51. ^ Berna Turam, Between Islam and the State: The Politics of Engagement (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2007), 125.
  52. ^ Fethullah Gülen: A life dedicated to peace and humanity- True Muslims Cannot Be Terrorists
  53. ^ http://www.fethullah-gulen.org/op-ed/gulen-movement-9-11.html
  54. ^ Muslims Cannot Be Terrorists
  55. ^ [1] Wall Street Journal, Joe Lauria, "Reclusive Turkish Imam Criticizes Gaza Flotilla", June 4, 2010
  56. ^ http://www.economist.com/news/europe/21578046-turkish-government-under-attack-home-its-assertive-policy-towards-syria-explosive Turkey and Syria: An explosive border
  57. ^ a b "Profile: Fethullah Gulen's Hizmet movement". BBC News. Retrieved 22 December 2013.
  58. ^ Arango, Tim (26 February 2014). "Turkish Leader Disowns Trials That Helped Him Tame Military". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 February 2014. In 2005, years before the trials, a man affiliated with the Gulen movement approached Eric S. Edelman, then the American ambassador, at a party in Istanbul and handed him an envelope containing a handwritten document that supposedly laid out a plan for an imminent coup. But as Mr. Edelman recounted, he gave the documents to his colleagues and they were determined to be forgeries.
  59. ^ a b c "Turkey Feels Sway of Reclusive Cleric in the U.S." New York Times. 24 April 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  60. ^ Hurriyet Daily News, 16 November 2011, Banned book goes on sale in Istanbul book fair
  61. ^ Arango, Tim (26 February 2014). "Turkish Leader Disowns Trials That Helped Him Tame Military". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 February 2014. Whether the corruption charges are justified or not — there has been plenty of leaked evidence, especially wiretapped conversations, that appears incriminating — the corruption probe has laid bare the influence of the Gulen movement within the Turkish state, which had largely been suspected but hard to prove.
  62. ^ "Turkey's Fethullah Gulen denies corruption probe links". BBC News. 27 January 2014. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
  63. ^ WorldWide Religious News-Gulen acquitted of trying to overthrow secular government
  64. ^ Tim Franks (27 January 2014). "Fethullah Gulen: Powerful but reclusive Turkish cleric". BBC. Retrieved 5 February 2014.
  65. ^ Gulen's publications (Turkish), last visisted 2nd March 2014
  66. ^ "Gulen books in English". en.fgulen.com. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
  67. ^ "2008 top 100 public intellectual poll"
  68. ^ "World's 100 Most Influential People for 2013
  69. ^ "The 500 Most Influential Muslims

General references:

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