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{{Distinguish | Conclavist}}
{{refimprove|date=February 2009}}
'''Conclavism''' is the claim to election as [[pope]] by a group other than the established [[College of Cardinals]].<ref name=Chryssides/> This claim is usually associated with the claim, known as [[sedevacantism]], that the present holder of the title of pope is a [[heresy in Christianity|heretic]] and therefore not truly pope, as a result of which the faithful remnant of the Catholic Church has the right to elect a true pope.<ref>[http://www.mostholytrinityseminary.org/Explanation%20of%20the%20Thesis.pdf Donald J. Sanborn, "Explanation of the Thesis of Bishop Guérard de Lauriers", p. 8]</ref>
'''Conclavism''' is the belief and practice of some who, claiming that [[Pope Francis]] and other recent occupants of the [[Holy See|papal see]] are not true popes, elect someone else and propose him as the true pope to whom the allegiance of [[Catholics]] is due.


The term comes from the word "[[conclave]]", the term for a meeting of the [[College of Cardinals]] convened to elect a Bishop of Rome, when the [[episcopal see|see]] of [[Diocese of Rome|Rome]] is vacant.
The term comes from the word "[[conclave]]", the term for a meeting of the College of Cardinals convened to elect a [[Bishop]] of [[Diocese of Rome|Rome]], when that [[episcopal see|see]] is vacant, but which proponents of conclavism apply to the group that elects an alternative pope.


A similar phenomenon is that of those (referred to as "mysticalists") who base their claim to the papacy on supposed personal supernatural revelations.
A similar but distinct phenomenon is that of those (referred to as "mysticalists") who base their claim to the papacy on supposed personal supernatural revelations.


==History==
==Beginnings==


Conclavism as a phenomenon is inextricably linked with [[sedevacantism]], which itself developed in the late 1960s and 1970s, in the years following the [[Second Vatican Council]]. Though the sedevacantist pioneer Fr. [[Joaquín Sáenz y Arriaga]] of Mexico advocated holding a papal election in the mid-1970s and a number of other traditionalists discussed the idea in the following years, conclavism was primarily a movement of the 1990s, associated in particular with the [[English-speaking world]].
The phenomenon of [[sedevacantism]] developed in the late 1960s and the 1970s, the years that followed the [[Second Vatican Council]]. In the mid-1970s, the sedevacantist pioneer Father [[Joaquín Sáenz y Arriaga]] of [[Mexico]] advocated holding a papal election, and some other [[traditionalist Catholics]] discussed the idea in the following years.<ref name=Chryssides/> However, conclavism became an actual movement only in the 1990s.


The first to claim (in 1978) to have been elected Pope in this way was the [[Croatia]]n, Mirko Fabris,<ref name=Chryssides/> a stand-up comic who performed under the jocose name "Krav" (a masculinization of the feminine noun ''krava'', meaning "cow") and who accordingly called himself Pope Krav I.<ref>[http://en.standup.si/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=222&Itemid=154 Mirko Fabris Krav]</ref>
The first of the papal claimants listed below, [[David Bawden|Pope Michael]], began to promote the idea of a papal election in the late 1980s. Ultimately, he circulated notices to the editors of all sedevacantist publications that he could find, and notified all priests listed in a directory of traditionalists as being sedevacantists, sending in all over 200 copies of a book that he had written to recipients in 20 countries.<ref>[http://catholiccouncil.homestead.com/PopeMichaelreplyBateman.html Link to Letter]</ref>


Meant more seriously was the claim of [[David Bawden]], who in the late 1980s promoted the idea of a papal election and ultimately sent out over 200 copies of a book of his to the editors of all the sedevacantist publications he could find, and to all the priests listed in a directory of traditionalists as being sedevacantists.<ref>[http://catholiccouncil.homestead.com/PopeMichaelreplyBateman.html Link to Letter]</ref> He was then elected by a group of six people who included himself and his parents, and took the name "Pope Michael".<ref>{{cite book|last=Fox|first=Robin|title=The Tribal Imagination: Civilization and the Savage Mind|year=2011|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|pages=104|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=MMm30y9a1G0C&pg=PA104|isbn=9780674059016}}</ref>
A U.S. traditionalist Catholic, Ken Mock, is sometimes credited with being the father of the conclavist movement. Mock's actual record of involvement in the various elections seems somewhat ambivalent. In the Bawden case, Pope Michael claims that Mock arrived the day before the election and attempted to stop it; he also claims that Mock later told Von Pentz that he (Michael) had abdicated in favour of him, and that he tried to stop the Von Pentz election.<ref>[http://www.vaticaninexile.com/WamegoTimes.html Wamego Times 1990]</ref> He was involved in the preparations for the election of Pulvermacher, but he reportedly lost faith in him, coming to believe that he was rigging the election in his favour.


==Conclavist claimants to papacy==
==Conclavism claimants to papacy==


* Mirko Fabris ('''Pope Krav I''') (1978-2012), elected in [[Zagreb]], [[Croatia]], died in 2012.<ref name=Chryssides/>
* '''Pope Krav I'''. Mirko Fabris, elected in 1978 in [[Zagreb]], [[Croatia]], died in 2012.<ref name=Chryssides/>
* '''Pope Michael''' (1990). In 1990, [[Teresa Stanfill-Benns]] and [[David Bawden]] of [[Kansas]] in the [[United States of America|USA]], called for a conclave to elect a pope. They publicised their request around the world, but only six people participated in the election. On July 16, 1990, the six gathered in [[Belvue]], Kansas, and elected Bawden who took the name ''Pope Michael''.<ref name=Chryssides>[http://books.google.com/books?id=LgvvaMgTsZ0C&pg=PT75&dq=%22Victor+von+Pentz%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=2FSPUbfuF-bD7AbczYH4BA&redir_esc=y George D. Chryssides, ''Historical Dictionary of New Religious Movements'' (Rowman & Littlefield 2011 978-0-81087967-6)]</ref><ref>[http://www.oddee.com/item_65612.aspx 10 Most Bizarre People on Earth]</ref>
* '''Pope Michael''' (1990). In 1990, [[Teresa Stanfill-Benns]] and [[David Bawden]] of [[Kansas]] in the [[United States of America|USA]], called for a conclave to elect a pope. They publicised their request around the world, but only six people participated in the election. On July 16, 1990, the six gathered in [[Belvue]], Kansas, and elected Bawden who took the name ''Pope Michael''.<ref name=Chryssides>[http://books.google.com/books?id=LgvvaMgTsZ0C&pg=PT75&dq=%22Victor+von+Pentz%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=2FSPUbfuF-bD7AbczYH4BA&redir_esc=y George D. Chryssides, ''Historical Dictionary of New Religious Movements'' (Rowman & Littlefield 2011 978-0-81087967-6), p. 99]</ref><ref>[http://www.oddee.com/item_65612.aspx 10 Most Bizarre People on Earth]</ref>
* '''Pope Linus II''' (1994). Another conclave, this time held in [[Assisi]], Italy, elected the South African Victor von Pentz, an ex-seminarian of the [[Society of St Pius X]], as ''Pope Linus II'' in 1994. Linus took up residence in [[Hertfordshire]], England.<ref name=Chryssides/><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=_-IdqOpqbYYC&pg=PT56&dq=%22Victor+von+Pentz%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=plKPUd_kNefC7AaamoDgDw&redir_esc=y Claudio Rendina, ''La santa casta della Chiesa'' (Newton Compton Editori 2010 ISBN 978-8-85412683-1)]</ref><ref name=PM2011>[http://books.google.com/books?id=CiImBJgYhXUC&pg=PA140&dq=%22Victor+von+Pentz%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=2FSPUbfuF-bD7AbczYH4BA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22Victor%20von%20Pentz%22&f=false Pope Michael, ''54 Years That Changed the Catholic Church'' (Christ the King Library 2011 ISBN 978-1-45649509-1), p. 140]</ref>
* '''Pope Linus II''' (1994). Another conclave, this time held in [[Assisi]], Italy, elected the South African Victor von Pentz, an ex-seminarian of the [[Society of St Pius X]], as ''Pope Linus II'' in 1994. Linus took up residence in [[Hertfordshire]], England.<ref name=Chryssides/><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=_-IdqOpqbYYC&pg=PT56&dq=%22Victor+von+Pentz%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=plKPUd_kNefC7AaamoDgDw&redir_esc=y Claudio Rendina, ''La santa casta della Chiesa'' (Newton Compton Editori 2010 ISBN 978-8-85412683-1)]</ref><ref name=PM2011>[http://books.google.com/books?id=CiImBJgYhXUC&pg=PA140&dq=%22Victor+von+Pentz%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=2FSPUbfuF-bD7AbczYH4BA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22Victor%20von%20Pentz%22&f=false Pope Michael, ''54 Years That Changed the Catholic Church'' (Christ the King Library 2011 ISBN 978-1-45649509-1), p. 140]</ref>
* '''Pope Pius XIII''' (1998-2009). In October 1998, the U.S.-based "''[[true Catholic Church]]''" elected [[Lucian Pulvermacher|Fr. Lucian Pulvermacher]] as ''Pope Pius XIII''. He died November 30, 2009. No successor has been named since.<ref name=Chryssides/><ref name=PM2011/>
* '''Pope Pius XIII''' (1998-2009). In October 1998, the U.S.-based "''[[true Catholic Church]]''" elected [[Lucian Pulvermacher|Fr. Lucian Pulvermacher]] as ''Pope Pius XIII''. He died November 30, 2009. No successor has been named since.<ref name=Chryssides/><ref name=PM2011/>
* '''Pope Leo XIV''' (2006-2007). On 24 March 2006 a group of 34 [[episcopi vagantes]] elected the Argentine Oscar Michaelli as ''Pope Leo XIV''. On his death on 14 February 2007, he was succeeded by Juan Bautista Bonetti, who took the name of '''Pope Innocent XIV''', but resigned on 29 May 2007. He was succeeded by Alejandro Tomas Greico, who took the name of '''Pope Alexander IX'''.<ref name=Chryssides/><ref name=PM2011/>
* '''Pope Leo XIV''' (2006-2007). On 24 March 2006 a group of 34 [[episcopi vagantes]] elected the Argentine Oscar Michaelli as ''Pope Leo XIV''. On his death on 14 February 2007, he was succeeded by Juan Bautista Bonetti, who took the name of '''Pope Innocent XIV''', but resigned on 29 May 2007. He was succeeded by Alejandro Tomas Greico, who took the name of '''Pope Alexander IX'''.<ref name=Chryssides/><ref name=PM2011/>


⚫
==Mysticalists==
⚫
Technically distinct from the conclavism claimants are the "popes" (sometimes called "mysticalists") whose claims to the papacy derive from alleged divine revelations or apparitions. In these cases, there is no "conclave" process.

⚫
Alleged divine appointment was the basis for the pre-Vatican II (1950) claim of [[Michel Collin]] (1905–1974) to the papacy as Clement XV.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=8OL9tyvN5YcC Michael W. Cuneo: ''The Smoke of Satan: Conservative and Traditionalist Dissent in Contemporary American Catholicism'' (JHU Press, 1999 ISBN 0-8018-6265-5, ISBN 978-0-8018-6265-6)], pp. 121&ndash;134</ref><ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,904866,00.html "Pope Clement XV"] ''Time'' magazine, (15 March 1971)</ref> Colin's sect survives, divided into different factions, to this day.


===Mysticalist claimants===
⚫
==Mysticalists==
{{BLPunref|section|date=October 2014}}
{{BLPunref|section|date=October 2014}}
⚫
As can be seen, several of the mysticalists in the following list have styled themselves [[Pope Peter II]], a name that has [[apocalypticism|apocalyptic]] connotations in view of the so-called "[[prophecy of Saint Malachy]]".
⚫
Technically distinct from the above conclavist antipopes is the category of "popes" (sometimes called "mysticalists") whose claims to the papacy derive from alleged divine revelations or apparitions. In these cases, there is no "conclave" process, and hence the term "conclavism" is arguably inappropriate.

⚫
As can be seen, several of these individuals have styled themselves [[Pope Peter II|Peter II]], a name that is normally considered taboo for a Pope and which has [[apocalypticism|apocalyptic]] connotations in Catholic circles.


* The leaders of the '''[[Palmarian Catholic Church]]''': [[Clemente Domínguez y Gómez]] ('''Pope Gregory XVII''', 1978-2005), [[Manuel Alonso Corral]] ('''Pope Peter II''', 2005-2011), and [[Sergio Maria]] ('''Pope Gregory XVIII''', since 2011). Their group was the first post-Vatican II antipope to come to wide public notice.
* The leaders of the '''[[Palmarian Catholic Church]]''': [[Clemente Domínguez y Gómez]] ('''Pope Gregory XVII''', 1978-2005), [[Manuel Alonso Corral]] ('''Pope Peter II''', 2005-2011), and [[Sergio Maria]] ('''Pope Gregory XVIII''', since 2011). Their group was the first post-Vatican II antipope to come to wide public notice.
Line 42: Line 44:
* '''Pope Joseph I''', of [[Lucerne]], Switzerland.
* '''Pope Joseph I''', of [[Lucerne]], Switzerland.
* '''Pope Gregory XVII''', the [[Quebec|Québécois]] successor to "Clement XV" (Michel Collin).<ref>http://clericalwhispers.blogspot.ca/2012/01/death-of-abusive-cult-leader-could-free.html</ref>
* '''Pope Gregory XVII''', the [[Quebec|Québécois]] successor to "Clement XV" (Michel Collin).<ref>http://clericalwhispers.blogspot.ca/2012/01/death-of-abusive-cult-leader-could-free.html</ref>

⚫
Alleged divine appointment was also the basis for the pre-Vatican II (1950) claim of [[Michel Collin]] to the papacy as Clement XV.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=8OL9tyvN5YcC Michael W. Cuneo: ''The Smoke of Satan: Conservative and Traditionalist Dissent in Contemporary American Catholicism'' (JHU Press, 1999 ISBN 0-8018-6265-5, ISBN 978-0-8018-6265-6)], pp. 121&ndash;134</ref><ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,904866,00.html "Pope Clement XV"] ''Time'' magazine, (15 March 1971)</ref> Colin's sect survives, divided into different factions, to this day.


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 21:32, 13 November 2014

Not to be confused with Conclavist.

Conclavism is the claim to election as pope by a group other than the established College of Cardinals.[1] This claim is usually associated with the claim, known as sedevacantism, that the present holder of the title of pope is a heretic and therefore not truly pope, as a result of which the faithful remnant of the Catholic Church has the right to elect a true pope.[2]

The term comes from the word "conclave", the term for a meeting of the College of Cardinals convened to elect a Bishop of Rome, when that see is vacant, but which proponents of conclavism apply to the group that elects an alternative pope.

A similar but distinct phenomenon is that of those (referred to as "mysticalists") who base their claim to the papacy on supposed personal supernatural revelations.

Beginnings

The phenomenon of sedevacantism developed in the late 1960s and the 1970s, the years that followed the Second Vatican Council. In the mid-1970s, the sedevacantist pioneer Father Joaquín Sáenz y Arriaga of Mexico advocated holding a papal election, and some other traditionalist Catholics discussed the idea in the following years.[1] However, conclavism became an actual movement only in the 1990s.

The first to claim (in 1978) to have been elected Pope in this way was the Croatian, Mirko Fabris,[1] a stand-up comic who performed under the jocose name "Krav" (a masculinization of the feminine noun krava, meaning "cow") and who accordingly called himself Pope Krav I.[3]

Meant more seriously was the claim of David Bawden, who in the late 1980s promoted the idea of a papal election and ultimately sent out over 200 copies of a book of his to the editors of all the sedevacantist publications he could find, and to all the priests listed in a directory of traditionalists as being sedevacantists.[4] He was then elected by a group of six people who included himself and his parents, and took the name "Pope Michael".[5]

Conclavism claimants to papacy

  • Pope Krav I. Mirko Fabris, elected in 1978 in Zagreb, Croatia, died in 2012.[1]
  • Pope Michael (1990). In 1990, Teresa Stanfill-Benns and David Bawden of Kansas in the USA, called for a conclave to elect a pope. They publicised their request around the world, but only six people participated in the election. On July 16, 1990, the six gathered in Belvue, Kansas, and elected Bawden who took the name Pope Michael.[1][6]
  • Pope Linus II (1994). Another conclave, this time held in Assisi, Italy, elected the South African Victor von Pentz, an ex-seminarian of the Society of St Pius X, as Pope Linus II in 1994. Linus took up residence in Hertfordshire, England.[1][7][8]
  • Pope Pius XIII (1998-2009). In October 1998, the U.S.-based "true Catholic Church" elected Fr. Lucian Pulvermacher as Pope Pius XIII. He died November 30, 2009. No successor has been named since.[1][8]
  • Pope Leo XIV (2006-2007). On 24 March 2006 a group of 34 episcopi vagantes elected the Argentine Oscar Michaelli as Pope Leo XIV. On his death on 14 February 2007, he was succeeded by Juan Bautista Bonetti, who took the name of Pope Innocent XIV, but resigned on 29 May 2007. He was succeeded by Alejandro Tomas Greico, who took the name of Pope Alexander IX.[1][8]

Mysticalists

Technically distinct from the conclavism claimants are the "popes" (sometimes called "mysticalists") whose claims to the papacy derive from alleged divine revelations or apparitions. In these cases, there is no "conclave" process.

Alleged divine appointment was the basis for the pre-Vatican II (1950) claim of Michel Collin (1905–1974) to the papacy as Clement XV.[9][10] Colin's sect survives, divided into different factions, to this day.

Mysticalist claimants

As can be seen, several of the mysticalists in the following list have styled themselves Pope Peter II, a name that has apocalyptic connotations in view of the so-called "prophecy of Saint Malachy".

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h George D. Chryssides, Historical Dictionary of New Religious Movements (Rowman & Littlefield 2011 978-0-81087967-6), p. 99
  2. ^ Donald J. Sanborn, "Explanation of the Thesis of Bishop Guérard de Lauriers", p. 8
  3. ^ Mirko Fabris Krav
  4. ^ Link to Letter
  5. ^ Fox, Robin (2011). The Tribal Imagination: Civilization and the Savage Mind. Harvard University Press. p. 104. ISBN 9780674059016.
  6. ^ 10 Most Bizarre People on Earth
  7. ^ Claudio Rendina, La santa casta della Chiesa (Newton Compton Editori 2010 ISBN 978-8-85412683-1)
  8. ^ a b c Pope Michael, 54 Years That Changed the Catholic Church (Christ the King Library 2011 ISBN 978-1-45649509-1), p. 140
  9. ^ Michael W. Cuneo: The Smoke of Satan: Conservative and Traditionalist Dissent in Contemporary American Catholicism (JHU Press, 1999 ISBN 0-8018-6265-5, ISBN 978-0-8018-6265-6), pp. 121–134
  10. ^ "Pope Clement XV" Time magazine, (15 March 1971)
  11. ^ http://clericalwhispers.blogspot.ca/2012/01/death-of-abusive-cult-leader-could-free.html

External links

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