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|alt = George Shima
|alt = George Shima
|caption =
|caption =
|birth_date hello
|birth_date = 1864
|birth_place = [[Kurume, Fukuoka|Kurume]], [[Fukuoka prefecture|Fukuoka]], [[Japan]]
|death_date = 1926
|death_date = 1926
|death_place = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]]
|death_place = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]]
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|other_names = {{nihongo|Ushijima Kinji|牛島謹爾}}
|other_names = {{nihongo|Ushijima Kinji|牛島謹爾}}
|known_for = Agriculture
|known_for = Agriculture











|occupation = Businessman
|occupation = Businessman
}}
}}
'''George Shima''' (1864–1926) was a [[Japanese American]] businessman in [[California]] who became the first American millionaire.<ref>Hoobler, Dorothy ''et al.'' (1995). ''The Japanese American Family Album,'' p. 64.</ref> At one point, he produced about 85% of the state's [[potato]] crop,<ref>[http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F60A17FA3B5D1A728DDDA10A94DB405B868EF1D3 "'Potato King' Is Dead; George Shima, Japanese Who Made Millions, Dies of a Stroke,"] ''New York Times.'' March 28, 1926</ref> which earned him the nickname "The Potato King".<ref name="Kim">Kim, Hyung-chan. (1999). {{Google books|prhRl6DYXRMC|''Distinguished Asian Americans: A Biographical Dictionary'', pp. 316-317.|page=316}}</ref>
'''George Shima''' (1864–1926) was a [[Japanese American]] businessman in [[California]] who became the first Japanese American millionaire.<ref>Hoobler, Dorothy ''et al.'' (1995). ''The Japanese American Family Album,'' p. 64.</ref> At one point, he produced about 85% of the state's [[potato]] crop,<ref>[http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F60A17FA3B5D1A728DDDA10A94DB405B868EF1D3 "'Potato King' Is Dead; George Shima, Japanese Who Made Millions, Dies of a Stroke,"] ''New York Times.'' March 28, 1926</ref> which earned him the nickname "The Potato King".<ref name="Kim">Kim, Hyung-chan. (1999). {{Google books|prhRl6DYXRMC|''Distinguished Asian Americans: A Biographical Dictionary'', pp. 316-317.|page=316}}</ref>


Born {{nihongo|'''Ushijima Kinji'''|牛島謹爾}} in [[Kurume, Fukuoka|Kurume]], [[Fukuoka prefecture|Fukuoka]], [[Japan]],<ref name="Hirano">{{cite news | last=Hirano | first=Miki | work=[[Mainichi Shimbun]] | url = http://mainichi.jp/area/fukuoka/archive/news/2007/12/14/20071214ddlk40070524000c.html | title=「ポテト王」の魅力伝えたい－－広津芳信さん (Mr. Yoshinobu Hirotsu: I want to tell you about the Potato King's charm) | date=2007-12-14 | accessdate=2008-01-11 | language=Japanese}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> he entered a preliminary course at the Tokyo Commercial School (now [[Hitotsubashi University]]), but failed the [[entrance examination]] for the regular course. He emigrated to [[San Francisco]] in 1889 determined to learn [[English language|English]], the subject that gave him the most trouble on the exam.<ref name="Kim"/>
Born {{nihongo|'''Ushijima Kinji'''|牛島謹爾}} in [[Kurume, Fukuoka|Kurume]], [[Fukuoka prefecture|Fukuoka]], [[Japan]],<ref name="Hirano">{{cite news | last=Hirano | first=Miki | work=[[Mainichi Shimbun]] | url = http://mainichi.jp/area/fukuoka/archive/news/2007/12/14/20071214ddlk40070524000c.html | title=「ポテト王」の魅力伝えたい－－広津芳信さん (Mr. Yoshinobu Hirotsu: I want to tell you about the Potato King's charm) | date=2007-12-14 | accessdate=2008-01-11 | language=Japanese}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> he entered a preliminary course at the Tokyo Commercial School (now [[Hitotsubashi University]]), but failed the [[entrance examination]] for the regular course. He emigrated to [[San Francisco]] in 1889 determined to learn [[English language|English]], the subject that gave him the most trouble on the exam.<ref name="Kim"/>


Upon his arrival, he changed his name to George Shima. He first worked as a [[domestic servant]] in San Francisco,<ref name="hata">{{cite web | title=George Shima: The Potato King of California | first=Don and Nadine | last=Hata | publisher=[[Journal of the West]] | format=PDF | url=http://www.calwater.ca.gov/Admin_Record/C-075808.pdf | accessdate=2009-12-09}}</ref> then became a [[migrant worker|migrant farm laborer]] in the [[Sacramento Delta]] for a while. Soon afterward, turned his eye to management, when he began supplying Japanese farm workers to white farmers. By the late 1890s, he leased some land and began his own farming operations. He was successful enough to purchase some inexpensive swampland (considered undesirable by white American farmers<ref name="hata"/>) in the San Joaquin Delta. After draining and diking the land, he found that potatoes grew best in that type of soil, and using corporate [[management]] techniques and the latest [[agricultural technology]], began to corner the market in potatoes. By 1913, he had {{convert|28000|acre|km2|0}} in production and by 1920, he had 85% of the market share with his "Shima Fancy" brand, valued at more than $18 million (${{formatnum:{{inflation|US|18000000|1920}}}}I'll
Upon his arrival, he changed his name to George Shima. He first worked as a [[domestic servant]] in San Francisco,<ref name="hata">{{cite web | title=George Shima: The Potato King of California | first=Don and Nadine | last=Hata | publisher=[[Journal of the West]] | format=PDF | url=http://www.calwater.ca.gov/Admin_Record/C-075808.pdf | accessdate=2009-12-09}}</ref> then became a [[migrant worker|migrant farm laborer]] in the [[Sacramento Delta]] for a while. Soon afterward, turned his eye to management, when he began supplying Japanese farm workers to white farmers. By the late 1890s, he leased some land and began his own farming operations. He was successful enough to purchase some inexpensive swampland (considered undesirable by white American farmers<ref name="hata"/>) in the San Joaquin Delta. After draining and diking the land, he found that potatoes grew best in that type of soil, and using corporate [[management]] techniques and the latest [[agricultural technology]], began to corner the market in potatoes. By 1913, he had {{convert|28000|acre|km2|0}} in production and by 1920, he had 85% of the market share with his "Shima Fancy" brand, valued at more than $18 million (${{formatnum:{{inflation|US|18000000|1920}}}} today).<ref name="Kim"/>


His business success did not bring him respite from [[racism]], however. In 1909, while trying to purchase a home in [[BeroCalifornia|Berkeley]], he was actively opposed by [[real estate agent]]s and other homeowners. Despite being the subject of such newspaper headlines as "[[Yellow Peril]] in College Town", Shima becmunity, donating $500 to the local [[YMCA]], and gradually won over his neighbors.<ref>Kawakami, Kiyoshi K. "How California Treats the Japanese" in {{google books|YzQPAQAAIAAJ|''The Independent Weekly'' (New York), Vol. 74, No. 3362. May 8, 1913. p. 1020.|page=1020}}</ref> Still, the opposition he encountered led him that same year to become the first president of the [[Japanese Association of America]] and to unsuccessfully fight the passing of the [[California Alien Land Law of 1913]], which was written to [[Alien land laws|prevent Asians from owning land]].<ref name="Kim"/>
His business success did not bring him respite from [[racism]], however. In 1909, while trying to purchase a home in [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]], he was actively opposed by [[real estate agent]]s and other homeowners. Despite being the subject of such newspaper headlines as "[[Yellow Peril]] in College Town", Shima became active in the community, donating $500 to the local [[YMCA]], and gradually won over his neighbors.<ref>Kawakami, Kiyoshi K. "How California Treats the Japanese" in {{google books|YzQPAQAAIAAJ|''The Independent Weekly'' (New York), Vol. 74, No. 3362. May 8, 1913. p. 1020.|page=1020}}</ref> Still, the opposition he encountered led him that same year to become the first president of the [[Japanese Association of America]] and to unsuccessfully fight the passing of the [[California Alien Land Law of 1913]], which was written to [[Alien land laws|prevent Asians from owning land]].<ref name="Kim"/>


In 1926, while on a business trip to [[Los Angeles]], he suffered a [[stroke]] and died. That same day he was awarded the Fourth Rank [[Order of the Rising Sun]] from the [[Emperor of Japan]].<ref>Yoshimura, Toshio. (1981). [http://books.google.com/books?id=oux1AAAAMAAJ&q=George+shima+rising+sun&dq=George+shima+rising+sun&hl=en&ei=VvEkTM6RHIP98 ''George Shima, Potato King and Lover of Chinese Classics,'' p. 53.]</ref> He received the award from [[Hirohito]], later known as Emperor Shōwa.<ref>Although his father, the [[Emperor Taishō]], was nominally on the throne until his death on December 25, 1926, Hirohito had served as [[Sesshō and Kampaku|regent]] to his mentally disabled father since 1921.</ref> At his funeral, [[David Starr Jordan]], the president of [[Stanford University]], and [[James Rolph]], the Mayor of San Francisco, both served as [[pallbearer]]s.<ref name="Kim"/>
In 1926, while on a business trip to [[Los Angeles]], he suffered a [[stroke]] and died. That same day he was awarded the Fourth Rank [[Order of the Rising Sun]] from the [[Emperor of Japan]].<ref>Yoshimura, Toshio. (1981). [http://books.google.com/books?id=oux1AAAAMAAJ&q=George+shima+rising+sun&dq=George+shima+rising+sun&hl=en&ei=VvEkTM6RHIP98 ''George Shima, Potato King and Lover of Chinese Classics,'' p. 53.]</ref> He received the award from [[Hirohito]], later known as Emperor Shōwa.<ref>Although his father, the [[Emperor Taishō]], was nominally on the throne until his death on December 25, 1926, Hirohito had served as [[Sesshō and Kampaku|regent]] to his mentally disabled father since 1921.</ref> At his funeral, [[David Starr Jordan]], the president of [[Stanford University]], and [[James Rolph]], the Mayor of San Francisco, both served as [[pallbearer]]s.<ref name="Kim"/>

Revision as of 18:39, 4 May 2015

George Shima
George Shima
Born1864
Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
Died1926
Los Angeles, California
NationalityJapan Japan
Other namesUshijima Kinji (牛島謹爾)
OccupationBusinessman
Known forAgriculture

George Shima (1864–1926) was a Japanese American businessman in California who became the first Japanese American millionaire.[1] At one point, he produced about 85% of the state's potato crop,[2] which earned him the nickname "The Potato King".[3]

Born Ushijima Kinji (牛島謹爾) in Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan,[4] he entered a preliminary course at the Tokyo Commercial School (now Hitotsubashi University), but failed the entrance examination for the regular course. He emigrated to San Francisco in 1889 determined to learn English, the subject that gave him the most trouble on the exam.[3]

Upon his arrival, he changed his name to George Shima. He first worked as a domestic servant in San Francisco,[5] then became a migrant farm laborer in the Sacramento Delta for a while. Soon afterward, turned his eye to management, when he began supplying Japanese farm workers to white farmers. By the late 1890s, he leased some land and began his own farming operations. He was successful enough to purchase some inexpensive swampland (considered undesirable by white American farmers[5]) in the San Joaquin Delta. After draining and diking the land, he found that potatoes grew best in that type of soil, and using corporate management techniques and the latest agricultural technology, began to corner the market in potatoes. By 1913, he had 28,000 acres (113 km2) in production and by 1920, he had 85% of the market share with his "Shima Fancy" brand, valued at more than $18 million ($273,767,442 today).[3]

His business success did not bring him respite from racism, however. In 1909, while trying to purchase a home in Berkeley, he was actively opposed by real estate agents and other homeowners. Despite being the subject of such newspaper headlines as "Yellow Peril in College Town", Shima became active in the community, donating $500 to the local YMCA, and gradually won over his neighbors.[6] Still, the opposition he encountered led him that same year to become the first president of the Japanese Association of America and to unsuccessfully fight the passing of the California Alien Land Law of 1913, which was written to prevent Asians from owning land.[3]

In 1926, while on a business trip to Los Angeles, he suffered a stroke and died. That same day he was awarded the Fourth Rank Order of the Rising Sun from the Emperor of Japan.[7] He received the award from Hirohito, later known as Emperor Shōwa.[8] At his funeral, David Starr Jordan, the president of Stanford University, and James Rolph, the Mayor of San Francisco, both served as pallbearers.[3]

The Shima Center at San Joaquin Delta College honors his legacy.[3] Yoshinobu Hirotsu, a fellow resident of Shima's hometown of Kurume, also raised several hundred thousand yen to set up a life-sized monument to him in a park there in 1999.[4]

See also

  • John P. Irish, activist in support of Japanese immigration. Shima was an honorary pallbearer at his funeral.

Notes

  1. ^ Hoobler, Dorothy et al. (1995). The Japanese American Family Album, p. 64.
  2. ^ "'Potato King' Is Dead; George Shima, Japanese Who Made Millions, Dies of a Stroke," New York Times. March 28, 1926
  3. ^ a b c d e f Kim, Hyung-chan. (1999). Distinguished Asian Americans: A Biographical Dictionary, pp. 316-317., p. 316, at Google Books
  4. ^ a b Hirano, Miki (2007-12-14). "「ポテト王」の魅力伝えたい－－広津芳信さん (Mr. Yoshinobu Hirotsu: I want to tell you about the Potato King's charm)". Mainichi Shimbun (in Japanese). Retrieved 2008-01-11. [dead link]
  5. ^ a b Hata, Don and Nadine. "George Shima: The Potato King of California" (PDF). Journal of the West. Retrieved 2009-12-09.
  6. ^ Kawakami, Kiyoshi K. "How California Treats the Japanese" in The Independent Weekly (New York), Vol. 74, No. 3362. May 8, 1913. p. 1020., p. 1020, at Google Books
  7. ^ Yoshimura, Toshio. (1981). George Shima, Potato King and Lover of Chinese Classics, p. 53.
  8. ^ Although his father, the Emperor Taishō, was nominally on the throne until his death on December 25, 1926, Hirohito had served as regent to his mentally disabled father since 1921.

References

  • Hoobler, Dorothy and Thomas Hoobler. (1995). The Japanese American Family Album. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 10-ISBN 0195124235/13-ISBN 9780195124231; OCLC 41971529
  • Kawakami, Kiyoshi K. "How California Treats the Japanese" in The Independent Weekly (New York), Vol. 74, No. 3362. May 8, 1913.
  • Kim, Hyung-chan (1999). Distinguished Asian Americans: A Biographical Dictionary. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. 10-ISBN 0313289026/13-ISBN 9780313289026; OCLC 237359631
  • Yoshimura, Toshio. (1981). George Shima, Potato King and Lover of Chinese Classics. Fukushima: Taiseidō Insatsu Shuppanbu. OCLC 9282161

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