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|related=[[Lurs]], [[Kurds]], other [[Iranian peoples]]
|related=[[Lurs]], [[Kurds]], other [[Iranian peoples]]
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The '''Laks''' are a [[Kurds|Kurdish]]<ref>Hamzehʼee, M. Reza. The Yaresan: a sociological, historical and religio-historical study of a Kurdish community, 1990.</ref><ref name="Minorsky" /><ref name="Sharafnama">Bidlīsī, Sharaf Khan. The Sharafnam̂a, or, The history of the Kurdish nation, 1597.</ref><ref>Michael M. Gunter, The A to Z of the Kurds [https://books.google.de/books?id=pHB5F_Y02_gC&pg=PA123&dq=%22The+most+southern+group+of+Kurdish+tribes+in+Iran%22&hl=de&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjS2dWuo8fJAhVGshQKHaiKCzQQ6AEIIDAA#v=onepage&q=%22The%20most%20southern%20group%20of%20Kurdish%20tribes%20in%20Iran%22&f=false "The most southern group of Kurdish tribes in Iran"]</ref> community live in southwestern [[Iran]]. They speak ''[[Laki language|Laki]]'' (or ''Leki''), a dialect of [[Southern Kurdish]].<ref>Windfuhr, G. (2009). The Iranian Languages, Routledge, p. 587</ref><ref>Rüdiger Schmitt: Die iranischen Sprachen in Gegenwart und Geschichte. Wiesbaden (Reichert) 2000.</ref><ref>Rüdiger Schmitt (Hg.): Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum. Wiesbaden (Reichert) 1989.</ref><ref name="Minorsky">V. Minorsky, "Lak", Encyclopaedia of Islam.</ref><ref name ="zand">[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/zand-dynasty Zand dynasty]</ref>
The '''Laks''' are a [[Lurs|Lurish]] community<ref>B. Grimes, (ed.), Luri, in Ethnologues (13th edition), Dallas 1996, p.677</ref><ref>شیروانی، زین‌العابدین، بستان‌السیاحه، تهران: کتاب‌خانهٔ سنایی، حدود ۱۹۸۰.</ref><ref>ایزدپناه، ح. فرهنگ لکی، مؤسسه فرهنگی جهانگیری، تهران ۱۳۶۷خ، ص ده (مقدمه).</ref><ref>Anonby, Erik John, [http://anonby.balafon.net/wp-content/uploads/2007/03/laki-article-typset.pdf Kurdish or Luri?] Laki’s disputed identity in the Luristan province. بازدید: آوریل ۲۰۰۹. (پی‌دی‌اف)</ref> and sometimes are considered as [[Kurds|Kurdish]]<ref>Hamzehʼee, M. Reza. The Yaresan: a sociological, historical and religio-historical study of a Kurdish community, 1990.</ref><ref name="Minorsky" /><ref name="Sharafnama">Bidlīsī, Sharaf Khan. The Sharafnam̂a, or, The history of the Kurdish nation, 1597.</ref><ref>Michael M. Gunter, The A to Z of the Kurds [https://books.google.de/books?id=pHB5F_Y02_gC&pg=PA123&dq=%22The+most+southern+group+of+Kurdish+tribes+in+Iran%22&hl=de&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjS2dWuo8fJAhVGshQKHaiKCzQQ6AEIIDAA#v=onepage&q=%22The%20most%20southern%20group%20of%20Kurdish%20tribes%20in%20Iran%22&f=false "The most southern group of Kurdish tribes in Iran"]</ref> community live in southwestern [[Iran]]. They speak ''[[Laki language|Laki]]'' (or ''Leki''), a dialect of [[Lurish language]]<ref>B. Grimes, (ed.), Luri, in Ethnologues (13th edition), Dallas 1996, p.677</ref><ref>(عالم آرای عباسی، جلد اول، ص 469)</ref><ref>(بومیان دره مهرگان) تألیف رحیمی عثمانوندی</ref><ref>قوم لر، سکندر امان‌اللهی ، انتشارات آگاه تهران</ref>. Some authors categorized Laki as an intermediate dialect between [[Luri language|Lurish language]] and [[Kurdish language]]<ref>Windfuhr, G. (2009). The Iranian Languages, Routledge, p. 587</ref><ref>Rüdiger Schmitt: Die iranischen Sprachen in Gegenwart und Geschichte. Wiesbaden (Reichert) 2000.</ref><ref>Rüdiger Schmitt (Hg.): Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum. Wiesbaden (Reichert) 1989.</ref><ref name="Minorsky">V. Minorsky, "Lak", Encyclopaedia of Islam.</ref><ref name ="zand">[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/zand-dynasty Zand dynasty]</ref>


==Geography==
==Geography==
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There has been much debate over the ethnic identity of the Laks throughout the twentieth century.
There has been much debate over the ethnic identity of the Laks throughout the twentieth century.


[[Vladimir Minorsky]], who wrote the entry "Lak" in the first edition of the [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]], referred to the Lak as "the most southern group of Kurd tribes in Persia" and stated that their language has the characteristics of [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]].<ref name="Minorsky">V. Minorsky, "Lak", Encyclopaedia of Islam.</ref> Some of the Lak tribes live in [[Lorestān Province]], among [[Lurs|Lur]] tribes, although Minorsky quotes some evidence that they were brought there from further north. He mentions that they are often confused with the Lur, but are different.<ref name="Minorsky"/>
The Safavid era historian, Mirza Muhammad Husein Mostowfi (1749 A.D), classified Laki alonside with Feyli, Bakhtiari and Mamasani as four subgroup of [[Lurs|Lurish]] people.<ref>(فرهنگ ایران زمین، جلد 20، ص 406-409)</ref>. Rahimi Osmanvandi in his book (Indigenous people of Mehregan Valley), emphasises on Lurish identity of Lak tribes. Amanullahi Baharvand also considered Laki as a main component of Lurish community and emphasised their Lurish ethnicity<ref>(بومیان دره مهرگان) تألیف رحیمی عثمانوندی</ref><ref>قوم لر، سکندر امان‌اللهی ، انتشارات آگاه تهران</ref>. [[Vladimir Minorsky]], who wrote the entry "Lak" in the first edition of the [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]], referred to the Lak as "the most southern group of Kurd tribes in Persia" and stated that their language has the characteristics of [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]].<ref name="Minorsky">V. Minorsky, "Lak", Encyclopaedia of Islam.</ref> Some of the Lak tribes live in [[Lorestān Province]], among [[Lurs|Lur]] tribes, although Minorsky quotes some evidence that they were brought there from further north. He mentions that they are often confused with the Lur, but are different.<ref name="Minorsky"/>


==History==
==History==
The [[Zand dynasty]] who ruled parts of southwestern Iran was of Laki origin.<ref name="zand" />
The [[Zand dynasty]] who ruled parts of southwestern Iran was of Laki origin.<ref name="zand" />


Laks were the Zand people. They lived alongside valleys and mountains. They spoke "Lakistani" kurdi, which was their homeland, so their language was known as "Laki", a dialect of Kurdi. Zands were also known for their skills in battle. For that very reason, Karim Khan Zand lead the Zand tribe, as an army they conquered and established their own dynasty, which Karim Khan Zand moved his kingdom to Shiraz and brought all the Zand people from their original homeland of Lakestan, which was northeast Luristan at the time, to Shiraz. After Zand dynasty fell, the Zand people went back to Luristan. There they started making their own family alliances and tribes after land and power disputes.
Laks were the Zand people. They lived alongside valleys and mountains. They spoke "Laki" [[Lurish language|Lurish]], which was their homeland, so their language was known as "Laki", a dialect of [[Lurish languag]]e. Zands were also known for their skills in battle. For that very reason, Karim Khan Zand lead the Zand tribe, as an army they conquered and established their own dynasty, which Karim Khan Zand moved his kingdom to Shiraz and brought all the Zand people from their original homeland of Lakestan, which was northeast Luristan at the time, to Shiraz. After Zand dynasty fell, the Zand people went back to Luristan. There they started making their own family alliances and tribes after land and power disputes.


Years and years of growth, Laki has become one of the largest branches of Kurdi language in Iran. Their original land has expanded in an area that covers most of southern and south eastern Kermanshah and northern Lorestan, and parts of Western Ilam.
Years and years of growth, Laki has become one of the largest branches of [[Lurish language]] in Iran. Their original land has expanded in an area that covers most of southern and south eastern Kermanshah and northern Lorestan, and parts of Western Ilam.


==Laki Tribes==
==Laki Tribes==
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[[Category:Ethnic groups in Iran]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Iran]]
[[Category:Kurdish people]]
[[Category:Lur people]]
[[Category:Lorestan Province]]
[[Category:Lorestan Province]]

Revision as of 03:42, 14 December 2015

Template:Distinguish2

Laks
Regions with significant populations
Western Iran:
  1,000,000 [1]
Languages
Laki
Religion
Ahl-e-Haqq, Shi'a Islam
Related ethnic groups
Lurs, Kurds, other Iranian peoples

The Laks are a Lurish community[1][2][3][4] and sometimes are considered as Kurdish[5][6][7][8] community live in southwestern Iran. They speak Laki (or Leki), a dialect of Lurish language[9][10][11][12]. Some authors categorized Laki as an intermediate dialect between Lurish language and Kurdish language[13][14][15][6][16]

Geography

The Laks inhabit a huge part of northern Luristan province (Laks of Pishekuh), and most of south eastern region of neighboring province of Kermanshahan (Poshte-Kuhi Laks). and some of western Ilam province. The area to the east of Mount Kabir is known as Pishe-Kuh and west of the mountain is Poshte-Kuh.

Origins

There has been much debate over the ethnic identity of the Laks throughout the twentieth century.

The Safavid era historian, Mirza Muhammad Husein Mostowfi (1749 A.D), classified Laki alonside with Feyli, Bakhtiari and Mamasani as four subgroup of Lurish people.[17]. Rahimi Osmanvandi in his book (Indigenous people of Mehregan Valley), emphasises on Lurish identity of Lak tribes. Amanullahi Baharvand also considered Laki as a main component of Lurish community and emphasised their Lurish ethnicity[18][19]. Vladimir Minorsky, who wrote the entry "Lak" in the first edition of the Encyclopaedia of Islam, referred to the Lak as "the most southern group of Kurd tribes in Persia" and stated that their language has the characteristics of Kurdish.[6] Some of the Lak tribes live in Lorestān Province, among Lur tribes, although Minorsky quotes some evidence that they were brought there from further north. He mentions that they are often confused with the Lur, but are different.[6]

History

The Zand dynasty who ruled parts of southwestern Iran was of Laki origin.[16]

Laks were the Zand people. They lived alongside valleys and mountains. They spoke "Laki" Lurish, which was their homeland, so their language was known as "Laki", a dialect of Lurish language. Zands were also known for their skills in battle. For that very reason, Karim Khan Zand lead the Zand tribe, as an army they conquered and established their own dynasty, which Karim Khan Zand moved his kingdom to Shiraz and brought all the Zand people from their original homeland of Lakestan, which was northeast Luristan at the time, to Shiraz. After Zand dynasty fell, the Zand people went back to Luristan. There they started making their own family alliances and tribes after land and power disputes.

Years and years of growth, Laki has become one of the largest branches of Lurish language in Iran. Their original land has expanded in an area that covers most of southern and south eastern Kermanshah and northern Lorestan, and parts of Western Ilam.

Laki Tribes

  • Jalilavand
  • Osmanvand
  • Pauravand
  • Kakavand
  • Kolivand
  • yousefvand
  • Gorgavand
  • Shahyvand
  • Rizavand
  • Jalalavand
  • Mafivand
  • Balavand
  • Biranvand
  • Zohravand
  • Eslavand
  • Hassanvand
  • Khajevand
  • Itivand

Notes

  1. ^ B. Grimes, (ed.), Luri, in Ethnologues (13th edition), Dallas 1996, p.677
  2. ^ شیروانی، زین‌العابدین، بستان‌السیاحه، تهران: کتاب‌خانهٔ سنایی، حدود ۱۹۸۰.
  3. ^ ایزدپناه، ح. فرهنگ لکی، مؤسسه فرهنگی جهانگیری، تهران ۱۳۶۷خ، ص ده (مقدمه).
  4. ^ Anonby, Erik John, Kurdish or Luri? Laki’s disputed identity in the Luristan province. بازدید: آوریل ۲۰۰۹. (پی‌دی‌اف)
  5. ^ Hamzehʼee, M. Reza. The Yaresan: a sociological, historical and religio-historical study of a Kurdish community, 1990.
  6. ^ a b c d V. Minorsky, "Lak", Encyclopaedia of Islam.
  7. ^ Bidlīsī, Sharaf Khan. The Sharafnam̂a, or, The history of the Kurdish nation, 1597.
  8. ^ Michael M. Gunter, The A to Z of the Kurds "The most southern group of Kurdish tribes in Iran"
  9. ^ B. Grimes, (ed.), Luri, in Ethnologues (13th edition), Dallas 1996, p.677
  10. ^ (عالم آرای عباسی، جلد اول، ص 469)
  11. ^ (بومیان دره مهرگان) تألیف رحیمی عثمانوندی
  12. ^ قوم لر، سکندر امان‌اللهی ، انتشارات آگاه تهران
  13. ^ Windfuhr, G. (2009). The Iranian Languages, Routledge, p. 587
  14. ^ Rüdiger Schmitt: Die iranischen Sprachen in Gegenwart und Geschichte. Wiesbaden (Reichert) 2000.
  15. ^ Rüdiger Schmitt (Hg.): Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum. Wiesbaden (Reichert) 1989.
  16. ^ a b Zand dynasty
  17. ^ (فرهنگ ایران زمین، جلد 20، ص 406-409)
  18. ^ (بومیان دره مهرگان) تألیف رحیمی عثمانوندی
  19. ^ قوم لر، سکندر امان‌اللهی ، انتشارات آگاه تهران
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