Snottite: Difference between revisions
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[[Image:Snottite.jpg|thumb|450px|right|Snottites in Cueva de Villa Luz in Southern Mexico]] |
[[Image:Snottite.jpg|thumb|450px|right|Snottites in Cueva de Villa Luz in Southern Mexico]] |
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'''Snottite''', also '''snoticle''', is a [[microbial mat]] of [[cell (biology)|single-celled]] [[extremophile|extremophilic]] [[bacteria]] which hang from the walls and ceilings of [[cave]]s and are similar to small [[stalactite]]s, but have the consistency of [[nasal mucus |
'''Snottite''', also '''snoticle''', is a [[microbial mat]] of [[cell (biology)|single-celled]] [[extremophile|extremophilic]] [[bacteria]] which hang from the walls and ceilings of [[cave]]s and are similar to small [[stalactite]]s, but have the consistency of [[nasal mucus]]. In the [[Frasassi Caves]] in Italy, over 70% of cells in Snottite have been identified as ''[[Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans]]'', with smaller populations including an archaeon in the uncultivated 'G-plasma' clade of [[Thermoplasmatales]] (>15%) and a bacterium in the [[Acidimicrobiaceae]] family (>5%).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21716305|title=Community genomic analysis of an extremely acidophilic sulfur-oxidizing biofilm, Jones ''et al''., 2011}}</ref> |
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The bacteria derive their energy from [[chemosynthesis]] of volcanic [[sulfur]] compounds including [[hydrogen sulfide|H<sub>2</sub>S]] and warm-water solution dripping down from above, producing [[sulfuric acid]]. Because of this, their waste products are highly acidic (approaching pH=0), with similar properties to [[battery acid]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00qyxfb|title=BBC Two - Wonders of the Solar System, Original Series|work=[[BBC Online]]|airdate=4 Apr 2010}}</ref> Researchers at the University of Texas have suggested that this sulfuric acid may be a more significant cause of cave formation than the usual explanation offered of the [[carbonic acid]] formed from [[carbon dioxide]] dissolved in water.<ref>Derasa, [http://earth-pages.co.uk/2004/05/01/caves-and-snoticles/ "Caves and snoticles"], ''Earth-pages'', Wiley-Blackwell, 1 May 2004.</ref> |
The bacteria derive their energy from [[chemosynthesis]] of volcanic [[sulfur]] compounds including [[hydrogen sulfide|H<sub>2</sub>S]] and warm-water solution dripping down from above, producing [[sulfuric acid]]. Because of this, their waste products are highly acidic (approaching pH=0), with similar properties to [[battery acid]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00qyxfb|title=BBC Two - Wonders of the Solar System, Original Series|work=[[BBC Online]]|airdate=4 Apr 2010}}</ref> Researchers at the University of Texas have suggested that this sulfuric acid may be a more significant cause of cave formation than the usual explanation offered of the [[carbonic acid]] formed from [[carbon dioxide]] dissolved in water.<ref>Derasa, [http://earth-pages.co.uk/2004/05/01/caves-and-snoticles/ "Caves and snoticles"], ''Earth-pages'', Wiley-Blackwell, 1 May 2004.</ref> |
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Revision as of 20:58, 9 March 2016
Snottite, also snoticle, is a microbial mat of single-celled extremophilic bacteria which hang from the walls and ceilings of caves and are similar to small stalactites, but have the consistency of nasal mucus. In the Frasassi Caves in Italy, over 70% of cells in Snottite have been identified as Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans, with smaller populations including an archaeon in the uncultivated 'G-plasma' clade of Thermoplasmatales (>15%) and a bacterium in the Acidimicrobiaceae family (>5%).[1]
The bacteria derive their energy from chemosynthesis of volcanic sulfur compounds including H2S and warm-water solution dripping down from above, producing sulfuric acid. Because of this, their waste products are highly acidic (approaching pH=0), with similar properties to battery acid.[2] Researchers at the University of Texas have suggested that this sulfuric acid may be a more significant cause of cave formation than the usual explanation offered of the carbonic acid formed from carbon dioxide dissolved in water.[3]
Snottites were brought to attention by researchers Diana Northup and Penny Boston studying them (and other organisms) in a toxic sulfur cave called Cueva de Villa Luz (Cave of the Lighted House), in Tabasco, Mexico. The term "snottite" was given to these cave features by Jim Pisarowicz in 1986.
Brian Cox's BBC series Wonders of the Solar System saw a scientist examining snottites in the caves and positing that if there is life on Mars, it may be similarly primitive and hidden beneath the surface of the Red Planet.
Additional sources
Hose L D, Pisarowcz J A. (1999) Cueva de Villa Luz, Tabasco, Mexico: reconnaissance study of an active sulfur spring cave and ecosystem. J Cave Karst Studies;61:13–21
See also
References
- ^ "Community genomic analysis of an extremely acidophilic sulfur-oxidizing biofilm, Jones et al., 2011".
- ^ "BBC Two - Wonders of the Solar System, Original Series". BBC Online.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|airdate=ignored (help) - ^ Derasa, "Caves and snoticles", Earth-pages, Wiley-Blackwell, 1 May 2004.