Climate of Buenos Aires: Difference between revisions
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Most of the precipitation comes from [[Weather front|frontal systems]] associated with cyclogenesis and strong southeasterly winds (Sudestada), which bring long periods of precipitation, cloudy weather and cooler temperatures.{{sfn|Biogeography and Ecology in South America|1969|p=73}}{{sfn|The Physical Geography of South America|2007|p=234}}<ref name=sudestada/> Winters are cloudy while relative humidity is very high, often 90% or higher, making the weather dull, grey and cool.{{sfn|Lydolph|1985|p=334}} Occasionally, warm air masses from the north bring warmer temperatures.<ref name=Bejaran2003/> These warm air masses can bring sunny weather, particularly during the afternoon when they come from the north or northwest as a result of a trough located in central Argentina.<ref name=Bejaran2003/> On the other hand, warm air masses from Brazil bring humid conditions, featuring high humidity with high cloud cover that is typical of a warm front of a frontal system and typical of tropical maritime air.<ref name=Bejaran2003/> These warm air masses that are responsible for the high humidity and cloud cover are the warmest air masses, leading to the warmest temperatures.<ref name=Bejaran2003/> Nonetheless, these are short lived as the Chaco Low, which is responsible for bringing in warm and tropical air from the north is weaker in winter due to lower insolation, leading to the winds from the north being less intense and shorter lived.<ref name=Seluchi2000/> |
Most of the precipitation comes from [[Weather front|frontal systems]] associated with cyclogenesis and strong southeasterly winds (Sudestada), which bring long periods of precipitation, cloudy weather and cooler temperatures.{{sfn|Biogeography and Ecology in South America|1969|p=73}}{{sfn|The Physical Geography of South America|2007|p=234}}<ref name=sudestada/> Winters are cloudy while relative humidity is very high, often 90% or higher, making the weather dull, grey and cool.{{sfn|Lydolph|1985|p=334}} Occasionally, warm air masses from the north bring warmer temperatures.<ref name=Bejaran2003/> These warm air masses can bring sunny weather, particularly during the afternoon when they come from the north or northwest as a result of a trough located in central Argentina.<ref name=Bejaran2003/> On the other hand, warm air masses from Brazil bring humid conditions, featuring high humidity with high cloud cover that is typical of a warm front of a frontal system and typical of tropical maritime air.<ref name=Bejaran2003/> These warm air masses that are responsible for the high humidity and cloud cover are the warmest air masses, leading to the warmest temperatures.<ref name=Bejaran2003/> Nonetheless, these are short lived as the Chaco Low, which is responsible for bringing in warm and tropical air from the north is weaker in winter due to lower insolation, leading to the winds from the north being less intense and shorter lived.<ref name=Seluchi2000/> |
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Towards the end of winter in August, there are important changes in the [[atmospheric circulation]].<ref name=santarosa>{{cite web | url = http://www.smn.gov.ar/serviciosclimaticos/?mod=clima&id=63 | title = La Tormenta de Santa Rosa | publisher = Servicio Meteorológico Nacional |language=Spanish | accessdate = 2 January 2016}}</ref> Warm, humid air penetrates the city, higher solar radiation and frequent [[Synoptic scale meteorology|synoptic]] weather disturbances from the west occur during the end of the winter.<ref name=santarosa/> As such, the end of winter is usually characterized by heavy storms with lightning.<ref name=santarosa/><ref name= |
Towards the end of winter in August, there are important changes in the [[atmospheric circulation]].<ref name=santarosa>{{cite web | url = http://www.smn.gov.ar/serviciosclimaticos/?mod=clima&id=63 | title = La Tormenta de Santa Rosa | publisher = Servicio Meteorológico Nacional |language=Spanish | accessdate = 2 January 2016}}</ref> Warm, humid air penetrates the city, higher solar radiation and frequent [[Synoptic scale meteorology|synoptic]] weather disturbances from the west occur during the end of the winter.<ref name=santarosa/> As such, the end of winter is usually characterized by heavy storms with lightning.<ref name=santarosa/><ref name=arggov>{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1483 |title=Geography and Climate of Argentina |publisher=Government of Argentina |accessdate=28 August 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220215355/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1483 |archivedate=20 December 2010 }}</ref> This is popularly known as the ''[[Santa Rosa storm|Santa Rosa Storm]]'', which occurs on August 30.<ref name=santarosa/><ref name=arggov/> Based on 107 years of weather observations (1906–2012) from the central observatory, 58 years have seen stormy weather occurring on days close to August 30 although not all of these events have heavy precipitation.<ref name=santarosa/> |
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==Extremes== |
==Extremes== |
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Revision as of 16:13, 30 March 2016
Buenos Aires has a temperate climate, which is classified as a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) under the Köppen climate classification with 4 distinct seasons. Summers are hot and humid with frequent thunderstorms while winters are cool and drier with frosts that occurs on average twice per year. Spring and fall are transition seasons characterized by changeable weather. At the central observatory, the highest recorded temperature is 43.3 °C (109.9 °F) while the lowest recorded temperature is −5.4 °C (22.3 °F) on July 9, 1918.
Different climatic factors influence the climate of Buenos Aires. The semi–permanent South Atlantic High influences its climate throughout the year by bringing in moist winds from the northeast, which brings most of the precipitation to the city in the form of frontal systems during winter or storms produced by cyclogenesis in autumn and winter. The hot temperatures and high insolation in the summer months forms a low pressure system over northern Argentina, generating a pressure gradient that brings moist easterly winds to the city and because of this, summer is the rainiest season. In contrast, this low pressure system weakens in the winter, which combined with strong southerly winds results in a drier season due to weaker easterly winds. Being located in the Pampas, Buenos Aires has variable weather due to the passage of contrasting air mass; the cold, dry Pampero from the south and warm, humid tropical air from the north. The coastal location results in a strong maritime influence, causing hot and cold days to be rare.
General climatology
Buenos Aires is located in the humid subtropical climate zone (Köppen climate classification: Cfa).[1][2] Due to the maritime influences,[3] its climate is temperate with hot and cold days being rare.[4] Thus, cold air coming directly from the south are moderated by the Atlantic Ocean, resulting in the cold being less intense than winds from the southwest which are not moderated by it.[5]
The climate of Buenos Aires is dominated by the semi–permanent South Atlantic High throughout the year.[1] This brings in moist winds from the northeast, which brings most of the precipitation to the city.[1] During winter, it brings in frontal systems responsible for precipitation in the city.[1] In autumn and summer, it produces storms that are generally located north of the city although it produces strong winds from the south or southeast that can occasionally lead to the swelling of the Río de la Plata, which can flood coastal areas.[1] The South Pacific High is the origin of polar air masses that are responsible for the coldest temperatures and result in clear and very dry conditions.[5] These air masses originating from the South Pacific high move in a northeastern direction during winter towards Buenos Aires by passing .[5] Although it is polar maritime, it becomes modified as it passes over the South American continent, becoming drier as it arrives at Buenos Aires.[5] This is because as the cold air masses from the South Pacific High pass across the Andes from the Pacific ocean reach the land south of 35o S where the Andes are shorter in height, a strong high pressure system at around 40O S in the center of the country forms owing to the process of anticyclogenesis.[5][6] This high pressure system brings cold and dry, polar continental air masses to Buenos Aires.[5][6] Cold fronts are more common during winter than in summer due to the South Atlantic and South Pacific highs being at their most southern positions, making it difficult for cold fronts to enter.[7]
As well, it is located in an area in which the Pampero and the Sudestada winds pass by.[8] Being located in the Pampas, the weather is variable due to the contrasting air masses and frontal storms.[9] The Pampero wind brings in cold, dry air from the south while warm humid tropical air produces sultry nortes.[9][10] Often, the passage of the Pampero winds occurs as a cold front passes through, leading to strong gusts from the south or southeast, a decrease in humidity and temperature, and an increase in the atmospheric pressure.[10] When the cold pampero winds meet with warm humid air from the north, thunderstorms are produced.[9] The Sudestada winds are formed when a high pressure system located in southern Argentina interacts with a low pressure system over Uruguay and southern Brazil.[11] When sudestadas form, they bring long periods of precipitation, cloudy weather and cooler temperatures.[12][13][14] These are common during the winter months.[14] Because the sudestada brings the highest wind speeds, when combined with the astronomical tides, the sudestada is responsible for floods that occur in low lying areas.[15] Its geomorphic and topography along with inadequate drainage network and infrastructure, a flat landscape, and low elevations (much of Buenos Aires lies between 4 to 24 metres (13 to 79 ft) above sea level) makes Buenos Aires highly vulnerable to flooding, particularly during heavy rainfall events.[15][16][17][18] Flooding impacts the neighbourhoods La Boca and Barracas which are in the southern parts of the city, more low lying and are poor.[17]
The urban heat island influences the climate of the city with the city being warmer than suburban and rural areas.[19] On average, Buenos Aires is warmer than the surrounding areas by 1.5 to 3.5 °C (2.7 to 6.3 °F).[19] The average heat island is smaller than in winter.[20] This varies by time with the urban heat island effect during the day being the strongest in July than in January.[20] In contrast, the urban heat island effect during nights is the most intense in January than July.[20]
The El Niño–Southern Oscillation is a major factor in the variation of in annual precipitation within Buenos Aires and the Pampas, particularly during spring and summer.[21][22] During an El Niño year, precipitation is higher,[22] with a significant increase in precipitation from November–January.[23] In contrast, La Niña years are associated with lower precipitation,[22] in which precipitation is below average during October–December.[23]
Seasonal Weather
Spring
Springs in Buenos Aires are usually mild during the day with cool to cold nights.[24] The average high is 22.5 °C (72.5 °F) while the average low is 13.2 °C (55.8 °F).[24] It is one of the rainiest season in the city, averaging 316.5 mm (12.46 in) of precipitation and 28 days with measurable precipitation.[24] Nonetheless, most precipitation events are short in duration.[4]
Spring is characterized by changeable weather with temperatures that can fluctuate.[25] Cold polar air from the south can bring cooler temperatures. An extreme example of this was in November 2007, when cold polar air from the south brought temperatures down to 2.5 °C (36.5 °F) on the morning of November 15.[26] The same polar air affected many parts of the country, bringing cold temperatures and snow in coastal parts of Patagonia.[26] In contrast, hot humid air from the north produces sultry days;[9] the highest temperature recorded in spring is 36.8 °C (98.2 °F).[24] In some cases, heat waves, which is defined when there are 3 consecutive days in which the minimum and maximum temperature exceed 22.0 °C (71.6 °F) and 32.3 °C (90.1 °F) respectively can occur, particularly in November.[27]
Summer
Summers are hot and humid.[4] On average, mornings and afternoons are hot while temperatures drop considerably during nighttime.[4] The average high is 29.1 °C (84.4 °F) while the average low is 19.3 °C (66.7 °F).[28] With a mean precipitation of 384.8 mm (15.15 in), it is the rainiest season.[28] This is due to hot temperatures and high insolation that lead to the development of a low pressure system called the Chaco Low situated over northern Argentina that interacts with the South Atlantic High to generate a pressure gradient that brings moist easterly winds to the region, favouring precipitation, which mostly occurs in the form of convective thunderstorms.[29][30] The Chaco Low also interacts with the South Atlantic high to bring warm and tropical air from the north which is the strongest in summer when the Chaco Low is at its strongest due to higher insolation.[7] It is also the season with the most clear days, the least foggiest and the one with the most stormy days.[31]
Heat waves are a common feature of summers in the city.[28] These heat waves place extra demand on electricity usage, leading to shortages.[32][33] In extreme cases, these power shortages during heat waves can cause traffic jams and protests, such as the December 2013 heat wave, which was the longest heat wave ever recorded in Buenos Aires since the start of observations in 1906.[33][34] However, most heat waves are of short duration (usually less than a week),[28] and are followed by the passage of the cold, dry Pampero wind, which brings rain and thunderstorms due to the 2 contrasting air masses meeting followed by cooler temperatures and lower humidity.[9][10][35] Often, the passage of the Pampero wind which signals the end of the heat wave leads to the formation of violent and intense thunderstorms with strong gusts and hail.[10][35][36] Occasionally, a tornado can form, which can strike the city although most tornadoes are relatively weak and rarely cause deaths.[37] The greatest risk for tornadoes occurs in the summer season due to the favourable conditions.[37] These severe storms can damage cars, houses and disrupt public services such as transportation and collection and disposal of urban solid waste.[38]: 39
Autumn
At the beginning of the season, temperatures are warm to hot in the afternoon while nights and mornings are mild.[39] Later on in the season, conditions are cooler featuring mild afternoons, and cold nights and mornings.[39] The average high and low are 23.0 °C (73.4 °F) and 14.0 °C (57.2 °F) respectively while precipitation averages 351.4 mm (13.83 in) during this season.[39] Similar to Spring, the season is characterized by changeable weather conditions with temperatures that can fluctuate;[25] temperatures as high as 37.9 °C (100.2 °F) and as low as −4.0 °C (24.8 °F) have been recorded.[39] Periods of rainy weather occur although these are usually of short duration.[4] Frosts rarely occur though they can occur as early as May.[40]
Winter
 Snow in Plaza de Mayo in 1918 |
 Snow in Buenos Aires in 2007 |
June to August are the winter months in Buenos Aires.[41] Winters are cold with mild temperatures during the day and cold nights.[4] Highs during the season average 16.3 °C (61.3 °F) while lows average 8.1 °C (46.6 °F).[41] Lows rarely drop below 0 °C (32.0 °F), averaging 2 days each year at the central observatory,[40] and 1 day at Aeroparque.[42] Cold waves can occur in these months in which periods of cold temperatures can persist for days.[41] These cold waves, particularly during severe winters lead to increases in energy demand, which can cause significant energy shortages.[3] Snow occasionally occurs in the surrounding areas of the city but rarely within Buenos Aires proper; snow has only been observed twice on 9 July 2007 during a winter storm and in June 1918 since the start of meteorological observations in 1906 at the central observatory.[3] This is due to the city center having higher temperatures than the surrounding areas owing to the Urban heat island effect.[3][8]
Most of the precipitation comes from frontal systems associated with cyclogenesis and strong southeasterly winds (Sudestada), which bring long periods of precipitation, cloudy weather and cooler temperatures.[12][13][14] Winters are cloudy while relative humidity is very high, often 90% or higher, making the weather dull, grey and cool.[43] Occasionally, warm air masses from the north bring warmer temperatures.[5] These warm air masses can bring sunny weather, particularly during the afternoon when they come from the north or northwest as a result of a trough located in central Argentina.[5] On the other hand, warm air masses from Brazil bring humid conditions, featuring high humidity with high cloud cover that is typical of a warm front of a frontal system and typical of tropical maritime air.[5] These warm air masses that are responsible for the high humidity and cloud cover are the warmest air masses, leading to the warmest temperatures.[5] Nonetheless, these are short lived as the Chaco Low, which is responsible for bringing in warm and tropical air from the north is weaker in winter due to lower insolation, leading to the winds from the north being less intense and shorter lived.[7]
Towards the end of winter in August, there are important changes in the atmospheric circulation.[44] Warm, humid air penetrates the city, higher solar radiation and frequent synoptic weather disturbances from the west occur during the end of the winter.[44] As such, the end of winter is usually characterized by heavy storms with lightning.[44][45] This is popularly known as the Santa Rosa Storm, which occurs on August 30.[44][45] Based on 107 years of weather observations (1906–2012) from the central observatory, 58 years have seen stormy weather occurring on days close to August 30 although not all of these events have heavy precipitation.[44]
Extremes
Temperature
At the central observatory which has one of the most reliable and oldest records in South America,[3] the highest temperature recorded in Buenos Aires is 43.3 °C (109.9 °F) on January 29, 1957 while the lowest temperature recorded is −5.4 °C (22.3 °F) on July 9, 1918.[28][41] The warmest year on record is 2015 with a mean annual temperature of 18.6 °C (65.5 °F).[46] On the other hand, 1911 was the coldest year with a mean annual temperature of 15.4 °C (59.7 °F).[47]
Precipitation
The year with the most precipitation was in 1900, when the city received 2,024 mm (79.7 in) of precipitation.[48] On the other hand, 1916 is the driest year, receiving a mean annual precipitation of 504 mm (19.8 in).[49] The highest precipitation in one day was on 27 February 1930 when 194.1 mm (7.64 in) of precipitation fell.[28]
Statistics
| Climate data for Buenos Aires Central Observatory, located in Villa Ortúzar[50] (1981–2010, extremes 1906–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 43.3 (109.9) |
38.7 (101.7) |
37.9 (100.2) |
36.0 (96.8) |
31.6 (88.9) |
28.5 (83.3) |
30.2 (86.4) |
34.4 (93.9) |
35.3 (95.5) |
35.6 (96.1) |
36.8 (98.2) |
40.5 (104.9) |
43.3 (109.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 30.1 (86.2) |
28.6 (83.5) |
26.8 (80.2) |
22.9 (73.2) |
19.3 (66.7) |
16.0 (60.8) |
15.4 (59.7) |
17.7 (63.9) |
19.3 (66.7) |
22.6 (72.7) |
25.6 (78.1) |
28.5 (83.3) |
22.7 (72.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 24.9 (76.8) |
23.6 (74.5) |
21.9 (71.4) |
17.9 (64.2) |
14.5 (58.1) |
11.7 (53.1) |
11.0 (51.8) |
12.8 (55.0) |
14.6 (58.3) |
17.8 (64.0) |
20.7 (69.3) |
23.3 (73.9) |
17.9 (64.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 20.1 (68.2) |
19.3 (66.7) |
17.7 (63.9) |
13.8 (56.8) |
10.7 (51.3) |
8.0 (46.4) |
7.4 (45.3) |
8.8 (47.8) |
10.3 (50.5) |
13.3 (55.9) |
15.9 (60.6) |
18.4 (65.1) |
13.6 (56.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 5.9 (42.6) |
4.2 (39.6) |
2.8 (37.0) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
−4 (25) |
−5.3 (22.5) |
−5.4 (22.3) |
−4 (25) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
−2 (28) |
1.6 (34.9) |
3.7 (38.7) |
−5.4 (22.3) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 138.8 (5.46) |
127.1 (5.00) |
140.1 (5.52) |
119.0 (4.69) |
92.3 (3.63) |
58.8 (2.31) |
60.6 (2.39) |
64.2 (2.53) |
72.0 (2.83) |
127.2 (5.01) |
117.3 (4.62) |
118.9 (4.68) |
1,236.3 (48.67) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 9 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 99 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 64 | 68 | 72 | 76 | 77 | 79 | 79 | 74 | 70 | 69 | 66 | 63 | 71 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 279.0 | 240.8 | 229.0 | 220.0 | 173.6 | 132.0 | 142.6 | 173.6 | 189.0 | 227.0 | 252.0 | 266.6 | 2,525.2 |
| Source 1: Servicio Meteorológico Nacional[51] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (humidity, 1961–1990)[52] Deutscher Wetterdienst (sun, 1961–1990)[53][a] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Jorge Newbery Airfield, located in Palermo (1961–1990) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 37.3 (99.1) |
37.4 (99.3) |
35.9 (96.6) |
31.6 (88.9) |
28.2 (82.8) |
24.1 (75.4) |
25.5 (77.9) |
29.0 (84.2) |
29.4 (84.9) |
31.2 (88.2) |
34.3 (93.7) |
37.5 (99.5) |
37.5 (99.5) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 28.6 (83.5) |
27.4 (81.3) |
25.3 (77.5) |
21.8 (71.2) |
18.3 (64.9) |
15.0 (59.0) |
14.5 (58.1) |
15.9 (60.6) |
17.9 (64.2) |
20.9 (69.6) |
24.2 (75.6) |
27.1 (80.8) |
21.4 (70.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 24.3 (75.7) |
23.3 (73.9) |
21.4 (70.5) |
17.9 (64.2) |
14.7 (58.5) |
11.4 (52.5) |
11.1 (52.0) |
12.2 (54.0) |
14.1 (57.4) |
17.1 (62.8) |
20.1 (68.2) |
22.8 (73.0) |
17.5 (63.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 20.3 (68.5) |
19.7 (67.5) |
17.9 (64.2) |
14.6 (58.3) |
11.5 (52.7) |
8.4 (47.1) |
8.2 (46.8) |
9.1 (48.4) |
10.7 (51.3) |
13.4 (56.1) |
16.2 (61.2) |
18.8 (65.8) |
14.1 (57.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 10.5 (50.9) |
10.5 (50.9) |
7.6 (45.7) |
3.8 (38.8) |
0.0 (32.0) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
0.0 (32.0) |
0.3 (32.5) |
0.6 (33.1) |
2.4 (36.3) |
5.8 (42.4) |
7.0 (44.6) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 98.4 (3.87) |
107.6 (4.24) |
125.4 (4.94) |
88.6 (3.49) |
71.1 (2.80) |
55.5 (2.19) |
62.0 (2.44) |
66.7 (2.63) |
65.8 (2.59) |
110.5 (4.35) |
104.8 (4.13) |
96.6 (3.80) |
1,053 (41.46) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 94 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 68 | 71 | 73 | 75 | 77 | 78 | 80 | 75 | 73 | 72 | 69 | 67 | 73 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 251.1 | 238.0 | 226.3 | 192.0 | 161.2 | 123.0 | 133.3 | 170.5 | 189.0 | 217.0 | 231.0 | 241.8 | 2,374.2 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 56 | 63 | 60 | 57 | 50 | 42 | 43 | 50 | 52 | 54 | 55 | 54 | 53 |
| Source 1: NOAA[54] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (precipitation days)[55] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Ministro Pistarini International Airport, located in Ezeiza (1961–1990) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 41.2 (106.2) |
37.4 (99.3) |
37.6 (99.7) |
31.3 (88.3) |
30.2 (86.4) |
25.5 (77.9) |
31.5 (88.7) |
28.2 (82.8) |
31.2 (88.2) |
32.2 (90.0) |
36.6 (97.9) |
38.7 (101.7) |
41.2 (106.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 30.1 (86.2) |
28.6 (83.5) |
26.2 (79.2) |
22.6 (72.7) |
19.0 (66.2) |
15.3 (59.5) |
15.2 (59.4) |
16.8 (62.2) |
19.1 (66.4) |
21.7 (71.1) |
25.1 (77.2) |
28.4 (83.1) |
22.3 (72.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 23.4 (74.1) |
22.3 (72.1) |
19.9 (67.8) |
16.2 (61.2) |
12.9 (55.2) |
9.8 (49.6) |
9.7 (49.5) |
10.7 (51.3) |
12.9 (55.2) |
15.9 (60.6) |
19.0 (66.2) |
21.9 (71.4) |
16.2 (61.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 17.0 (62.6) |
16.4 (61.5) |
14.3 (57.7) |
10.8 (51.4) |
7.7 (45.9) |
5.1 (41.2) |
5.0 (41.0) |
5.5 (41.9) |
7.3 (45.1) |
10.1 (50.2) |
12.7 (54.9) |
15.4 (59.7) |
10.6 (51.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 6.5 (43.7) |
3.8 (38.8) |
3.1 (37.6) |
0.4 (32.7) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
−5.8 (21.6) |
−5.8 (21.6) |
−3.8 (25.2) |
−4.2 (24.4) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
1.5 (34.7) |
3.0 (37.4) |
−5.8 (21.6) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 91.5 (3.60) |
100.8 (3.97) |
110.4 (4.35) |
84.4 (3.32) |
71.8 (2.83) |
48.5 (1.91) |
56.8 (2.24) |
58.4 (2.30) |
62.0 (2.44) |
108.5 (4.27) |
98.0 (3.86) |
93.2 (3.67) |
984.3 (38.75) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 10 | 9 | 8 | 93 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 66 | 70 | 74 | 79 | 80 | 80 | 81 | 77 | 73 | 73 | 70 | 66 | 74 |
| Source 1: NOAA[56] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (precipitation days)[55] | |||||||||||||
See also
Notes
- ^ Station ID for Buenos Aires Observatorio is 87585 Use this station ID to locate the sunshine duration
References
- ^ a b c d e "Clima" (in Spanish). Atlas Ambiental de Buenos Aires. Archived from the original on 27 February 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
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{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b c d e Pezza, Alexandre; Simmonds, Ian; Coelho, Caio (2010). "The unusual Buenos Aires snowfall of July 2007". Atmospheric Science Letters. 11 (4). John Wiley & Sons: 249–254. Bibcode:2010AtScL..11..249P. doi:10.1002/asl.283. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f "Clima" (in Spanish). Official Tourism site of Buenos Aires. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Bejaran, R.; Camilloni, I. (2003). "Objective method for classifying air masses: an application to the analysis of Buenos Aires' (Argentina) urban heat island intensity" (PDF). Theoretical and Applied Climatology. 74 (1–2). Springer-Verlag: 93–103. doi:10.1007/s00704-002-0714-4. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
- ^ a b Vera, Carolina; Vigliarolo, Paula; Berbery, Ernesto (2002). "Cold Season Synoptic-Scale Waves over Subtropical South America". Monthly Weather Review. 130 (3). American Meteorological Society: 684–699. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<0684:CSSSWO>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
- ^ a b c Seluchi, Marcelo; Marengo, José (2000). "Tropical-Midlatitude Exchange of Air Masses During Summer and Winter in South America: Climatic Aspects and Examples of Intense Events". International Journal of Climatology. 20 (10). Royal Meteorological Society: 1167–1190. doi:10.1002/1097-0088(200008)20:10<1167::AID-JOC526>3.0.CO;2-T. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
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- ^ a b Biogeography and Ecology in South America 1969, p. 73.
- ^ a b The Physical Geography of South America 2007, p. 234.
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- ^ a b Barros, Vicente; Menéndez, Angel; Natenzon, Claudia; Kokot, Roberto; Codignotto, Jorge; Re, Mariano; Bronstein, Pablo; Camilloni, Inés (2006). "Vulnerability to floods in the metropolitan region of Buenos Aires under future climate change" (PDF). AIACC Working Paper No. 26. Assessments of Impacts and Adaptations to Climate Change (AIACC). Retrieved 13 March 2016.
- ^ Kreimer 2000, p. 28-29.
- ^ a b Kreimer 2000, p. 32.
- ^ Kreimer 2000, p. 36.
- ^ a b "Capítulo 7: Isla de calor urbana" (PDF). Plan de Acción Buenos Aires 2030 (in Spanish). Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
- ^ a b c Figuerola, Patricia; Mazzeo, Nicolás (1998). "Urban-Rural Temperature Differences in Buenos Aires". International Journal of Climatology. 18 (15). John Wiley & Sons: 1709–1723. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(199812)18:15<1709::AID-JOC338>3.0.CO;2-I. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
- ^ Crop Stress Management 2011, p. 47.
- ^ a b c Agricultural Prairies 2015, p. 151.
- ^ a b Crop Stress Management 2011, p. 48.
- ^ a b c d "La Primavera en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires" (PDF) (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
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- ^ a b "Heladas Meteorológicas: Buenos Aires OBS". Heladas en la Argentina (in Spanish). Facultad de Agronomía - Universidad de Buenos Aires. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
- ^ a b c d "El Invierno en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires" (PDF) (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
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- ^ Lydolph 1985, p. 334.
- ^ a b c d e "La Tormenta de Santa Rosa" (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
- ^ a b "Geography and Climate of Argentina". Government of Argentina. Archived from the original on 20 December 2010. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Calor récord: 2015 fue el año más cálido de la historia en la Ciudad" (in Spanish). Clarín. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
- ^ "2015 is the hottest year on record for BA City". Buenos Aires Herald. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
- ^ Rocha, Laura. "La huella del temido cambio climático: 2014 es el más lluvioso en 113 años en Buenos Aires" (in Spanish). La Nacion. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
- ^ "Précipitations Mensuelles à Buenos Aires (Argentine)" (in French). Météoclimat. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
- ^ "Centenario de la Creación del Observatorio Central Buenos Aires, del Servicio Meteorológico Nacional" (PDF) (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
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- ^ "Buenos Aires Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
- ^ "Station 87585 Buenos Aires Observatorio". Global station data 1961–1990—Sunshine Duration. Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved 12 January 2016.
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- ^ a b "Valores Medios de Temperature y Precipitación-Capital Federal: Buenos Aires" (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
- ^ "Ezeiza Aero Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
Books
- Araus, José; Slafer, Gustavo (2015). Crop Stress Management and Global Climate Change. CAB International. ISBN 978-1-84593-680-8.
- Blouet, Brian; Blouet, Olwyn (2010). "Chapter 13: Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay". Latin America and the Caribbean: A Systematic and Regional Survey. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 385–415. ISBN 978-0-470-38773-3.
- Fittkau, E.; Illies, J.; Klinge, H.; Schwabe, G. (1969). Biogeography and Ecology in South America. Springer. ISBN 978-94-011-9731-1.
- Isla, Federico; Enrique, Schnack (2009). "Chapter 3: The Changing Coastlines of South America". In Latrubesse, Edgardo (ed.). Developments in Earth Surface Processes: Natural Hazards and Human–Exacerbated Disasters in Latin America. Elsevier. pp. 333–349. ISBN 978-0-444-53117-9.
- Kreimer, Alcira; Arnold, Margaret (2000). Managing Disaster Risk in Emerging Economies (PDF). Disaster Risk Management Series No. 2. Washington D.C: World Bank. ISBN 0-8213-4726-8.
- Krishna, K. (2015). Agricultural Prairies: Natural Resources and Crop Productivity. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4822-5806-6.
- Lydolph, Paul (1985). The Climate of the Earth. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. ISBN 0-86598-119-1.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Veblen, Thomas; Young, Kenneth; Orme, Antony, eds. (2007). The Physical Geography of South America. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-531341-3.
