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|genus = '''''Vernonia'''''
|genus = '''''Vernonia'''''
|genus_authority = [[Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber|Schreb.]]
|genus_authority = [[Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber|Schreb.]]
|synonyms_ref=<ref>[http://dixon.iplantcollaborative.org/CompositaeWeb/default.aspx?Page=NameDetails&TabNum=0&NameId=d54b70a2-a124-4cef-9f59-b775f773d858 Flann, C (ed) 2009+ Global Compositae Checklist ]</ref>
|synonyms_ref=<ref>[http://dixon.iplantcollaborative.org/CompositaeWeb/default.aspx?Page=NameDetails&TabNum=0&NameId=d54b70a2-a124-4cef-9f59-b775f773d858 Flann, C (ed) 2009+ Global Compositae Checklist ]{{dead link|date=July 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|synonyms=
|synonyms=
* ''Dolosanthus'' <small>Klatt</small>
* ''Dolosanthus'' <small>Klatt</small>
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Several species of ''Vernonia'', including ''[[Vernonia calvoana|V.&nbsp;calvoana]]'', ''[[Vernonia amygdalina|V.&nbsp;amygdalina]]'', and ''[[Vernonia colorata|V.&nbsp;colorata]]'', are eaten as [[leaf vegetable]]s. Common names for these species include '''bitterleaf''', '''onugbu''' in the [[Igbo language]], '''ewuro''' and '''ndole'''. They are common in most [[West Africa]]n and [[Central Africa]]n countries. They are one of the most widely consumed leaf vegetables of [[Nigeria]], where the onugbu soup is a local delicacy of the [[Igbo people]], and of [[Cameroon]], where they are a key ingredient of [[Ndolé]]. The leaves have a sweet and bitter taste. They are sold fresh or [[drying (food)|dried]], and are a typical ingredient in [[egusi soup]].
Several species of ''Vernonia'', including ''[[Vernonia calvoana|V.&nbsp;calvoana]]'', ''[[Vernonia amygdalina|V.&nbsp;amygdalina]]'', and ''[[Vernonia colorata|V.&nbsp;colorata]]'', are eaten as [[leaf vegetable]]s. Common names for these species include '''bitterleaf''', '''onugbu''' in the [[Igbo language]], '''ewuro''' and '''ndole'''. They are common in most [[West Africa]]n and [[Central Africa]]n countries. They are one of the most widely consumed leaf vegetables of [[Nigeria]], where the onugbu soup is a local delicacy of the [[Igbo people]], and of [[Cameroon]], where they are a key ingredient of [[Ndolé]]. The leaves have a sweet and bitter taste. They are sold fresh or [[drying (food)|dried]], and are a typical ingredient in [[egusi soup]].


''Vernonia amygdalina'' is well known as a medicinal plant with several uses attributed to it, including for [[diabetes]], fever reduction, and recently a non-[[pharmaceutical]] solution to persistent fever, headache, and joint pain associated with [[AIDS]] (an infusion of the plant is taken as needed).<ref>[http://www.aegis.org/conferences/iac/1993/WSB326.html Herbal medicine--its use in treating some symptoms of AIDS; 9th International AIDS Conference]</ref><ref>[http://www.ossrea.net/ssrr/no30/ssrr30-04.htm Report:INDIGENOUS APPROACHES TO THE HIV/AIDS SCOURGE IN UGANDA, Chap. 5]</ref> These leaves are exported from several African countries and can be purchased in grocery stores aiming to serve African clients. The roots of ''V.&nbsp;amygdalina'' have been used for gingivitis and toothache due to its proven antimicrobial activity.<ref>[http://www.bioline.org.br/request?tc05007 TRADITIONAL MEDICINE DEVELOPMENT FOR MEDICAL AND DENTAL PRIMARY HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM IN AFRICA. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines. Vol. 2, Num. 1, 2005, pp. 46-61]</ref>
''Vernonia amygdalina'' is well known as a medicinal plant with several uses attributed to it, including for [[diabetes]], fever reduction, and recently a non-[[pharmaceutical]] solution to persistent fever, headache, and joint pain associated with [[AIDS]] (an infusion of the plant is taken as needed).<ref>[http://www.aegis.org/conferences/iac/1993/WSB326.html Herbal medicine--its use in treating some symptoms of AIDS; 9th International AIDS Conference]</ref><ref>[http://www.ossrea.net/ssrr/no30/ssrr30-04.htm Report:INDIGENOUS APPROACHES TO THE HIV/AIDS SCOURGE IN UGANDA, Chap. 5] {{wayback|url=http://www.ossrea.net/ssrr/no30/ssrr30-04.htm |date=20070928093412 }}</ref> These leaves are exported from several African countries and can be purchased in grocery stores aiming to serve African clients. The roots of ''V.&nbsp;amygdalina'' have been used for gingivitis and toothache due to its proven antimicrobial activity.<ref>[http://www.bioline.org.br/request?tc05007 TRADITIONAL MEDICINE DEVELOPMENT FOR MEDICAL AND DENTAL PRIMARY HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM IN AFRICA. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines. Vol. 2, Num. 1, 2005, pp. 46-61]</ref>


In Brazil, ''[[Vernonia condensata|V.&nbsp;condensata]]'' (commonly known as "figatil" or "necroton") is traditionally used as an analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antithermal, antianemic, antibacterial, liver tonic, hepatoprotective, and antiulcerogenic agent.<ref name="Vernonia condensata">{{cite journal|author1=Jucélia Barbosa da Silva |author2=Vanessa dos Santos Temponi |author3=Carolina Miranda Gasparetto | title=Vernonia condensata Baker (Asteraceae): A Promising Source of Antioxidants| journal=Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity | year= 2013 | volume= Article ID 698018 | doi=10.1155/2013/698018| url = http://www.hindawi.com/journals/omcl/2013/698018/|display-authors=etal}}</ref>
In Brazil, ''[[Vernonia condensata|V.&nbsp;condensata]]'' (commonly known as "figatil" or "necroton") is traditionally used as an analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antithermal, antianemic, antibacterial, liver tonic, hepatoprotective, and antiulcerogenic agent.<ref name="Vernonia condensata">{{cite journal|author1=Jucélia Barbosa da Silva |author2=Vanessa dos Santos Temponi |author3=Carolina Miranda Gasparetto | title=Vernonia condensata Baker (Asteraceae): A Promising Source of Antioxidants| journal=Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity | year= 2013 | volume= Article ID 698018 | doi=10.1155/2013/698018| url = http://www.hindawi.com/journals/omcl/2013/698018/|display-authors=etal}}</ref>


''[[Vernonia galamensis]]'' is used as an [[oilseed]] in [[East Africa]]. It is grown in many parts of [[Ethiopia]], especially around the city of [[Harar]], with an average seed yield of 2 to 2.5 t/ha. It is reported that the Ethiopian strains of ''Vernonia'' have the highest oil content, up to 41.9% with up to 80% [[vernolic acid]], and is used in paint formulations, coatings plasticizers, and as a reagent for many industrial chemicals.<ref>[http://www.ipms-ethiopia.org/content/files/Documents/PLS-DPD/Alamata.pdf "Alamata Pilot Learning Site Diagnosis and Program Design"] IPMS Information Resources Portal - Ethiopia (23 June 2005), p. 12 (accessed 3 March 2009)</ref>
''[[Vernonia galamensis]]'' is used as an [[oilseed]] in [[East Africa]]. It is grown in many parts of [[Ethiopia]], especially around the city of [[Harar]], with an average seed yield of 2 to 2.5 t/ha. It is reported that the Ethiopian strains of ''Vernonia'' have the highest oil content, up to 41.9% with up to 80% [[vernolic acid]], and is used in paint formulations, coatings plasticizers, and as a reagent for many industrial chemicals.<ref>[http://www.ipms-ethiopia.org/content/files/Documents/PLS-DPD/Alamata.pdf "Alamata Pilot Learning Site Diagnosis and Program Design"] {{wayback|url=http://www.ipms-ethiopia.org/content/files/Documents/PLS-DPD/Alamata.pdf |date=20110726185419 }} IPMS Information Resources Portal - Ethiopia (23 June 2005), p. 12 (accessed 3 March 2009)</ref>


''Vernonia'' species are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species including ''[[Coleophora vernoniaeella]]'' (which feeds exclusively on the genus) and ''[[Schinia regia]]'' (which feeds exclusively on ''[[Vernonia texana|V.&nbsp;texana]]'').
''Vernonia'' species are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species including ''[[Coleophora vernoniaeella]]'' (which feeds exclusively on the genus) and ''[[Schinia regia]]'' (which feeds exclusively on ''[[Vernonia texana|V.&nbsp;texana]]'').

Revision as of 20:26, 20 July 2016

For the town, see Vernonia, Oregon.

Vernonia
Vernonia baldwinii
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
(unranked):
Asterids
Order:
Asterales
Family:
Asteraceae
Tribe:
Vernonieae
Genus:
Vernonia

Synonyms[1]
  • Dolosanthus Klatt
  • Eremosis (DC.) Gleason
  • Baccharodes L. ex Kuntze
  • Bracheilema R.Br. ex R.Br.
  • Lessingianthus subg. Oligocephalus H.Rob.
  • Triplotaxis Hutch.
  • Leiboldia Schltdl. ex Gleason
  • Leiboldia Schltdl.
  • Behen Hill
  • Punduana Steetz
  • Cheliusia Sch.Bip. ex Sch.Bip.
  • Aostea Buscal. & Muschl.
  • Claotrachelus Zoll. & Moritz ex Zoll.
  • Cyanopis Blume

Vernonia is a genus of about 1000 species of forbs and shrubs in the family Asteraceae. Some species are known as ironweed. Some species are edible and of economic value. They are known for having intense purple flowers. The genus is named for the English botanist William Vernon. There are numerous distinct subgenera and subsections in this genus. This has led some botanists to divide this large genus into several distinct genera.[2] For instance, the Flora of North America only recognizes about 20 species in Vernonia sensu stricto, 17 of which are in North America north of Mexico, with the others being found in South America.[3]

Uses

Bee (Ceratina sp.) on Vernonia cinerea at Ananthagiri Hills, in Ranga Reddy district of Andhra Pradesh, India

Several species of Vernonia, including V. calvoana, V. amygdalina, and V. colorata, are eaten as leaf vegetables. Common names for these species include bitterleaf, onugbu in the Igbo language, ewuro and ndole. They are common in most West African and Central African countries. They are one of the most widely consumed leaf vegetables of Nigeria, where the onugbu soup is a local delicacy of the Igbo people, and of Cameroon, where they are a key ingredient of Ndolé. The leaves have a sweet and bitter taste. They are sold fresh or dried, and are a typical ingredient in egusi soup.

Vernonia amygdalina is well known as a medicinal plant with several uses attributed to it, including for diabetes, fever reduction, and recently a non-pharmaceutical solution to persistent fever, headache, and joint pain associated with AIDS (an infusion of the plant is taken as needed).[4][5] These leaves are exported from several African countries and can be purchased in grocery stores aiming to serve African clients. The roots of V. amygdalina have been used for gingivitis and toothache due to its proven antimicrobial activity.[6]

In Brazil, V. condensata (commonly known as "figatil" or "necroton") is traditionally used as an analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antithermal, antianemic, antibacterial, liver tonic, hepatoprotective, and antiulcerogenic agent.[7]

Vernonia galamensis is used as an oilseed in East Africa. It is grown in many parts of Ethiopia, especially around the city of Harar, with an average seed yield of 2 to 2.5 t/ha. It is reported that the Ethiopian strains of Vernonia have the highest oil content, up to 41.9% with up to 80% vernolic acid, and is used in paint formulations, coatings plasticizers, and as a reagent for many industrial chemicals.[8]

Vernonia species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Coleophora vernoniaeella (which feeds exclusively on the genus) and Schinia regia (which feeds exclusively on V. texana).

Vernonia calvoana or bitterleaf, is a common garden plant in many West African and Central African countries. It is a key ingredient in ndolé, a national dish of Cameroon.[9]

Species

Psyche (Leptosia nina) on an ash fleabane or little ironweed (Vernonia cinerea) in Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
Ironweed, Vernonia altissima

Species of this genus are found in South America, Africa, Southeast Asia, and North America. Vernonia species are well known for hybridizing between similar species in areas of overlapping ranges. There are approximately 1000 species of Vernonia. A partial species list is given below.

North America

South America

Africa

Asia

See also

References

  1. ^ Flann, C (ed) 2009+ Global Compositae Checklist [permanent dead link]
  2. ^ Harold Robinson (1999). "Generic and Subtribal Classification of American Vernonieae" (PDF). Smithsonian Contributions to Botany. 89. Retrieved 17 September 2014.
  3. ^ Flora of North America: Vernonia
  4. ^ Herbal medicine--its use in treating some symptoms of AIDS; 9th International AIDS Conference
  5. ^ Report:INDIGENOUS APPROACHES TO THE HIV/AIDS SCOURGE IN UGANDA, Chap. 5 Template:Wayback
  6. ^ TRADITIONAL MEDICINE DEVELOPMENT FOR MEDICAL AND DENTAL PRIMARY HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM IN AFRICA. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines. Vol. 2, Num. 1, 2005, pp. 46-61
  7. ^ Jucélia Barbosa da Silva; Vanessa dos Santos Temponi; Carolina Miranda Gasparetto; et al. (2013). "Vernonia condensata Baker (Asteraceae): A Promising Source of Antioxidants". Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. Article ID 698018. doi:10.1155/2013/698018.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  8. ^ "Alamata Pilot Learning Site Diagnosis and Program Design" Template:Wayback IPMS Information Resources Portal - Ethiopia (23 June 2005), p. 12 (accessed 3 March 2009)
  9. ^ Veronia calvoana, Plant Encyclopedia
  10. ^ Flora of North America: Vernonia gigantea
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