Duwamish people: Difference between revisions

Duwamish
Regions with significant populations
	Metropolitan Seattle, Washington
Languages
	Southern Lushootseed, English
Religion
	Many Indigenous or Roman Catholic
Related ethnic groups
	Suquamish, Sammamish, Snoqualmie; ancestral Dxw'Dəw?Abš, "the People of the Inside", and Xacuabš "the People of the Large Lake" (before mid-1850s). Coast Salish

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The Duwamish tribe is a Native American tribe in western Washington, and the indigenous people of metropolitan Seattle. The Duwamish tribe today includes the People of the Inside, for Elliott Bay environs today; and the People of the Large Lake, for those around Lake Washington of today. By language, the Duwamish are (Skagit-Nisqually) Lushootseed Salish. In many other ways, they are Coast Salish. Adjacent tribes throughout the Salish Sea watershed were interconnected and interrelated, yet distinct. The people have been living in what is now metropolitan Seattle since the end of the last glacial period (c. 8,000 B.C.E.—10,000 years ago).

Names

Among the changes with increasing contact, names changed along with tribal societies. The Duwamish tribe of today continues evolving. Its present form and name developed in parallel with the times of the Treaty of Point Elliott and its aftermath in the 1850s (when the name was the Dwamish tribe). Before intense contact, the Duwamish tribe was the People of the Inside (for Elliott Bay environs today), and the People of the Large Lake (for those around Lake Washington), in the local language. See also # More about names, below.

The Duwamish River is an Anglicization through at least a couple derivations from the Native name for the People of the Inside. The name "Seattle" is an Anglicization of the most famous Duwamish leader, Chief Seattle, from si'áb Si'ahl, "high status man Si'ahl". Who he was, what he did, and what he said are complex and enigmatic. Even his name has multiple interpretations. Further, Coast Salish did not have permanent political offices or formal political institutions that were understood by Whites.

People

The role of the most famous of the Duwamish, Chief Seattle (b. c. 1784, d. 1866), is complex and enigmatic.^[3] During the life of Chief Seattle, the Duwamish became called Duwamish, from being the People of the Inside and People of the Large Lake. People and history are so intermixed that some of history will accompany descriptions of people here, with history in the following sections.

Some members of the tribe joined and moved onto other reservations after the signing of the Treaty of Point Elliott (1855).^[4] A Duwamish reservation was blocked in 1866. The commitments made by the United States government in the Point Elliott Treaty have not yet been met.^[5] Unlike many other Northwest Coast indigenous groups, many Duwamish did not move to reservation lands, yet still retain much of their cultural heritage. In recent decades notable elders are recovering and younger members are further developing that heritage.^[6]

Wives of si'áb Si'ahl
Si'ahl had two wives and seven children. Some of the family tree of Chief Seattle is known today.

Lake John Cheshiahud and others in a canoe on Lake Union, c. 1885. A folded mast extends from the prow.

Lake John

Along with Princess Angeline, Lake John and his family on Lake Union in the 1880s are among the few late-19th century Dkh^w'Duw'Absh (Duwamish) individuals about whom a little is known.

He is found in archives as Cheshiahud or Cheslahud, Lake John Cheshiahud, or Chudups John. He is Chudups John, also called Lake Union John, who was one of the few Duwamish people who didn't move from Seattle to the Port Madison Reservation [or other reservations], in University of Washington (UW) image archives. He and his family lived on Portage Bay, part of Lake Union, when a lyrical phote was taken c. 1885.^[7] According to the Duwamish Tribe, Lake John had a cabin and potato patch at the foot of Shelby Street (either West Montlake Park or Roanoake neighborhood, Portage Bay), as late as 1900 on land given him by pioneer David Denny [or property purchased—see Cheshiahud].^[8] Photographer Orion O. Denny recorded Old Tom and Madeline, c. 1904, further noted in the archives of the UW as Madeline and Old John, also known as Indian John or Cheshishon, who had a house on Portage Bay in the 1900s, south of what is now the UW campus.^[9] This was although Native people had been prohibited from residence in Seattle since the mid-1860s.^[10]

Old Tom and Madeline at their house on Portage Bay across from where the University of Washington campus is today. OLd Tom was also known as Indian John or Cheshishon, so they are likely also Lake John Cheshiahud and Tleboletsa.

His story is not untypical of the relatively few Natives remaining in Seattle after proscription, the rest leaving by moving or disease.^[11] In 1927, his daughter Jennie (Janey) provided a list of the villages along Lake Washington that is a primary source of current knowledge of the village locations.^[12]

Salmon Bay Charlie
Hwehlchtid (Salmon Bay Charlie) of the shill-shohl-AHBSH lived in the village of shill-SHOHL on the southern shore of what is now Salmon Bay, and was very loath to leave. Charlie and his wife Chilohleet'sa (Madelline) remained in their traditional homeland long after others of their tribe had moved away. On a 19th century Japanese watercolor day in about 1905, long-time Seattle Times photographers Ira Webster and Nelson Stevens captured an evocative image of Salmon Bay Charlie's house at Shilshole with a canoe anchored offshore.^[13] (See Seattle before the city.) Coastal Salish were passionately unwilling to leave their "usual and accustomed places" (a common 19th century phrase that became treaty terms), to degrees that are nearly inconceivable to Whites today. The People of the Inside and the People of the Large Lake (the Duwamish) in what is now Seattle were (and are) no exception.^[14] Residency has been for some 10,000 years, and definitively at least 4,000 years.

Society

Prior to the 1850s—the times of the Inside People and the Lake People—there is very little information, for a mix of reasons. Societal descriptions are a snapshot illustrating structures in the second quarter of the 19th century and a little after. Local contact and changes began accelerating greatly from 1833.

Each village had one or more cedar plank longhouse (khwaac'ál'al or syúdəbàl?tx^w) containing extended families in a social structure that foreshadowed cohousing of today. Tens of people lived in each one.^[15]^[16] The entry and beam architecture of the Salmon House Restaurant (1969, restaurateur Ivar Haglund) beside Lake Union in Northlake is as authentically accurate as building codes allowed.^[17] Another example is actual, on the north face of the Burke Museum at the University of Washington.

Villages were usually located facing a beach and body of water or river navigable by canoe, near a creek and drinking water source. Beyond the diffuse villages and anthropogenic grasslands, most land was heavily forested, understory tended to be dense along the edges; travel by canoe was generally far more practical. The nearby creek (d^zəlíx^w or stútələk^w) would often be called Little Water (stútələk^w), an endearing familiar.^[18]

The People of the Inside and the People of the Large Lake (Dkh^w'Duw'Absh and Xacuabsh, today Duwamish), like other Salish, were more a collection of villages linked by language and family ties than like a European model.^[19] Relationships and stature among family and community were important measures or goals in life. Traditionally there was no recognized permanent political leadership. Native Americans in general, and Coast Salish in particular, just didn't do things in ways that White people expected or would readily understand. Native social structures (and economics) drove Whites to distraction.

The People of the Inside, the People of Lake Washington (the Large Lake), the People of Lake Sammamish (the Sammamish tribe) and to a little lesser exent, the People of the Snoqualmie (the Snoqualmie tribe) were all closely interrelated in something like a daisy chain—plus the Suquamish. The Inside People and the Lake Washington People were a relatively dense populaton on prime real estate and were the most immediately dispossessed. They have become the Duwamish tribe.

Trading relationships and privileges were extensive between peoples of the entire Cascadia region, including over the passes to what is now Eastern Washington. Relationships and trade were often cemented with the world-wide practice of intermarriage. Villages were linked to others through intermarriage, which also carried status and trading privelages; the wife usually went to live at the husband's village. While each extended family village might have their own customs, there are enough commonalities, particularly in language but also incuding philosophical beliefs, economic conditions, and ceremonial practices to link them together.^[15]

The khWuhlch (the Whulge or Salish Sea)^[20] environment was so abundant that the Skagit-Nisqually Salish had one of the only sedentary hunter-gatherer societies in the world. Life before the arrival of Europeans revolved around a social organization based on house groupings within a village, and reciprocal hospitality within and between villages so maddening to Whites that the potlatch was widely banned, the khwaac'ál'al (longhouse) suppressed.^[21]

Society was divided into upper class, lower class, and slaves, all largely hereditary.^[15] Nobility was based on empeccable geneology, intertribal kinship, wise use of resources, and posession of esoteric knowledge about the workings of spirits and the world—making an effective marriage of class, secular, religious, and economic power. Like some other Native American Nations, the People of the Inside and the People of the Large Lake (Dkh^w'Duw'Absh and Xacuabsh, today Duwamish) Coast Salish made their free-born look different by mothers carefully shaping the heads of their young babies, binding them with cradle boards just long enough to produce a steep sloping forehead.^[22] There was little political organization that was understood by Europeans. The highest-ranking appropriate male would assume the role of ceremonial leader for some timely purpose, but rank could be variable and was determined by different standards.^[15]

Seasons

There were numerous villages in just the Seattle metro area as well as the Snoqualmie River valley.^[23] Common to Coast Salish, villages were diffuse, people dispersed in the spring, congregated for the salmon in the summer, and wintered in village longhouses (khwaac'ál'al).

In spring, salmonberry shoots and bracken fern fiddleheads were foraged, while men hunted deer or elk grazing on the skunk cabbage or the anthropogenic grasslands. Camas from nearby prairies would be gathered or traded. The grasslands helped encourage various berries, fern roots, bulbs and other useful plants. Garry Oaks, whose thick bark helps them survive fires, are typically associated with prairies, and their presence at Seward Park and Martha Washington Parks suggests that anthropogenic grasslands extended between them. The oaks may have been planted for their edible acorns. In summer and fall, thimbleberries, salal, raspberries, salmonberries, trailing blackberries, serviceberries, strawberries, huckleberries, and others were foraged. The berries were eaten fresh, or dried and formed into cakes to preserve them for winter. Mixed with dried fish and oil in recipes, pemmican made hearty late winter fare or compact, hardy provision for travel. Women and children would gather important wetland plants such as cattails for mats and wapato ("Indian potatoes") for food. Crayfish and freshwater mussels were available in the lake.

Shellfish and tidal resources were available year round, but for red tide or similar infrequent closures. And of course, from midsummer through November life revolved around the iconic salmon s√ʔuládx^w^[24] and realization of its inspiring power and wealth, both corporeal and spiritual. Salmon returned to virtually every stream with enough flow; among them was sqa’ts1d (“blocked mouth”), now called Genessee Creek, which formerly drained Rainier Valley. The name of the creek suggests that a fishing weir in place blocked the mouth of the stream during part of the spawning season. Such weirs were made from the willows that occur abundantly along the lakeshore. Fish were dried on racks to preserve them for the winter months.

During the long wet winter and early spring, the diet of dried fish and berries was supplemented by hunting ducks, beaver, muskrat, raccon, otter, and bear. Winters were for construction and repair, for the arts, socializing and ceremonies, and for stories in a rich oral tradition.^[12]

Life was, however, not quite idyllic. Northern Coast Salish and Wakashan forays from harder climates north were wont to the not-rare raid; food resources varied and sufficent to last all the way through to fresh food in spring were critically variable. The returns of the iconic salmon have always been tremendously variable over years. Nutritional diseases were not very distant; the extensive trade and potlatch network evolved to help distribute resources to area needs that varied year to year. Evidence is that the system was potent and effective. Then the "Spirit of Pestilence" swept in the wake of the first tall sails from 1774 through a century.^[25]

History

What is now Seattle has been inhabited since the end of the last glacial period (c. 8,000 B.C.E.—10,000 years ago).^[26] Sites at what is now called West Point in Discovery Park, Magnolia date to at least 4,000 years B.P. (before present). Villages at the then-mouth of the Duwamish River in what is now the Industrial District had been inhabited since the 6th entury C.E.^[27]

Seattle before the City of Seattle

Thirteen prominent villages were in what is now the City of Seattle. All the people living around Elliott Bay, the Duwamish, Black and Cedar Rivers were collectively known as the doo-AHBSH, People of the Doo ("Inside"). On what is now Elliott Bay and the then-estuarial lower Duwamish River were four prominent villages.^[23] Before civil engineering, the area had extensive tidelands, abundantly rich in seafoods.^[28]

All the people living around Lake Washington were collectively known as hah-choo-AHBSH or hah-chu-AHBSH or Xacuabš, People of HAH-choo or Xachu, "People of a Large Lake" or "Lake People". Note that initially at the time of major European contact, these people considered themselves related but distinct from the People of the Inside (the Dkh^w'Duw'Absh). The lake drained out the Black River in what is now Renton. The Black River joined the Cedar and White (now Green) rivers to become the Duwamish River and empty into what is now called southeast Elliott Bay.^[29] With the ever-increasing European contact, the People of the Large Lake and the Peoplo of the Inside (hah-choo-AHBSH, Xacuabš, and doo-AHBSH, Dkh^w'Duw'Absh) became known today as the people represented by the Duwamish Tribe.^[4]^[30]

Contact and rapid change

From the 1800s, effects of the maritime fur trade in the northern Salish Sea prompted the pace of social and organizational change, accelerating thereafter.^[31] White settlements at sbuh-KWAH-buks (Alki) and what is now Downtown Seattle were established in 1851 and 1852.

By the time Coast Salish began to realize the implications of the changes brought by Europeans at ever-increasing rates, the time was late. After just five years, lands were occupied; the Treaty of Point Elliott was signed, such as that was, in 1855. There is question about legitimacy, from the lack of understanding of the two sides about each other to the motivations of the U.S. government and her agents.^[32]

The Treaty of Point Elliott

The treaty was signed on 22 January 1855, at Muckl-te-oh or Point Elliott, now Mukilteo, Washington, and ratified in Spring, 1859. Signatories to the Treaty of Point Elliott included Chief Seattle (si'áb Si'ahl) and Territorial Governor Isaac Stevens. Representatives from the Duwamish, Suquamish, Snoqualmie, Snohomish, Lummi, Skagit, Swinomish, and other tribes also signed. The Duwamish signatories to the Point Elliott Treaty of 22 January 1855 were si'áb Si'ahl as Chief Seattle, and Duwamish si'áb Ts'huahntl, si'áb Now-a-chais, and si'áb Ha-seh-doo-an. The treaty guaranteed both fishing rights and reservations.^[33] The treaty established the Port Madison, Tulalip, Swinomish, and Lummi reservations. The Native American signers included: Duwamish Chief Seattle, Snoqualmoo (Snoqualmie) and Snohomish Chief Patkanim as Pat-ka-nam, Skagit Chief Goliah, and Lummi Chief Chow-its-hoot. Reservations for the Duwamish, Skagit, Snohomish, and Snoqualmie are conspicuously absent.

The treaty contains the now-famous provision cited by Judge Boldt 118 years later:

ARTICLE 5.

The right of taking fish at usual and accustomed grounds and stations is further secured to said Indians in common with all citizens of the Territory,

The treaty contains provisions that would raise concern by an attorney in the employ of the Natives at the treaty negotiations.

Implementation of the treaty

Due to a documented mix of motivations, Territorial Governor Isaac Stevens appointed chiefs of tribes in order to facilitate goals of his administration. The Point Elliott Treaty is further complicated by the style of governor Stevens, and the gulf of misunderstanding between the parties.^[34] The Duwamish signatories to the Point Elliott Treaty of 22 January 1855 were si'áb Si'ahl as Chief Seattle, and Duwamish si'áb Ts'huahntl, si'áb Now-a-chais, and si'áb Ha-seh-doo-an. The treaty guaranteed both fishing rights and reservations.^[33]

"The salient features of the policy outlined [by Governor Stevens to the advisers] were as follows:

1. To concentrate the Indians upon a few reservations, and encourage them to cultivate the soil and adopt settled and civilized habits.

2. To pay for their lands not in money, but in annuities of blankets, clothing, and useful articles during a long term of years.

3. To furnish them with schools, teachers, farmers and farming implements, blacksmiths, and carpenter, with shops of those trades.

4. To prohibit wars and disputes among them.

5. To abolish slavery.

6. To stop as far as possible the use of liquor.

7. As the change from savage to civilized habits must necessarily be gradual, they were to retain the right of fishing at their accustomed fishing-places, and of hunting, gathering berries and roots, and pasturing stock on unoccupied land as long as it remained vacant.

8. At some future time, when they should have become fitted for it, the lands of the reservations were to be alloted to them in severalty." [Emphasis added]^[35]

Note that these goals are significantly different from the verbal assurances provided during negotiations, and that all the Native Nations were oral cultures.

After the Treaty

After the Treaty, many Duwamish moved to the Port Madison Reservation, some to the Tulalip or Muckleshoot reservations. Many refused to move.^[36]

The name "Seattle" for the city (c. 1863)^[37] is an Anglicization of si'áb Si'ahl, the Dkh^w'Duw'Absh (Duwamish) chief (si'áb, high status man);^[4] the naming is attributed to 'Doc' Maynard, a complex figure, with Chief Seattle an enigmatic one.^[38]

Seattle waterfront at Washington Street c. 1890–1892, with Indian canoes moored at the boat launch. A steam launch and two small sailboats are seen, as well as a crowd on the pier.

Visible Native presence had disappeared by 1910, effected by City proscription (c. 1865) and in part by repeated arson.^[4]^[39]

From 1855, Congress neglected to meet the Point Elliott Treaty commitments to the Duwamish and surrounding tribes. In the mid 1860s the Superintendent of Indian Affairs proposed a Duwamish Indian Reservation along the White and Green River Valleys. In 1866, some 152-170 King County settlers petitioned Arthur Denny, the Territorial Delegate to Congress, against a reservation for the Duwamish tribe on the then-Black River, which was around what is now Renton and Tukwila. The first signature was Chas. C. Terry (Charles Terry), followed by the Dennys, H. L. Yesler, and virtually the Seattle Establishment, including D. S. Maynard ('Doc' Maynard). The petition was forwarded to the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA). The BIA withdrew the proposal.^[40]

The Duwamish Tribe adopted a constitution and further structure in 1925 (see Recent history, above). The Duwamish were party to land claims against the federal government in the 1930s, 1950s, following the Boldt Decision (1974, uphled 1979) sought inclusion per the Treaty of Point Elliott, and in 1977 filed petitition, togther with the Snohomish and Steilacoom (Chillacum) for federal recognition that is still pending (see 2001, below),^[41] In the mid 1980s the BIA concluded that since the Duwamish Indians have no land, they cannot be recognized as a "tribe". Catch-22. Individually, the Duwamish people continue to be recognized by the BIA as legal Native Americans, but not corporately as a tribe.

In June of 1988, 72 descendants of Washington settlers reversed their ancestors and petitioned the Bureau of Indian Affairs in support of federal recognition of the Duwamish tribe. The signers were members of the Pioneer Association of the State of Washington, which maintains Pioneer Hall in Madison Park as a meeting hall and archive of pioneer records.^[42]

In the mid 1990s proposals were made in Congress to extinguish further efforts by unrecognized tribes. Success or continued failure tends to drift with the national mood and leanings of Congress. Effectively, recognition turns upon whether or not the mood of Congress is philosophically opposed to honoring treaties, at least with Native Americans. Occasionally tribes succeed, in such as with the Boldt Decision in 1974.

Duwamish Tribe federal recognition chances hinge, in large part, on proving they have "continually maintained an organized tribal structure since their ancestors signed treaties with the United States in the 1850s." The Tulalips block efforts by local unrecognized tribes, contending the Tulalips (a post-Treaty construct) are the heirs of an amalgam of unrecognized tribes.

According to Russel Barsh, attorney for the Samish, one of the unrecognized tribes, "the Samish proved in a hearing that Judge Boldt's decision against these tribes was based on incomplete and erroneous evidence." This would argue for allowing an appeal of the decision.^[43]

U.S. District Judge George Boldt (1903-1984) found in 1979 that the tribe had not existed continuously as an organized tribe (within the meaning of federal law) from 1855 to the present, and was therefore ineligible for treaty fishing rights. A gap in the record from 1915-1925 prompted Boldt's decision.

The tribe has continued seeking recognition ever since.

The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) denied recognition in 1996. The tribe assembled additional evidence for its active existence through the decade in question, which prompted the Bureau of Indian Affairs to reverse its 1996 decision. Evidence was assembled from Catholic church records, news reports, oral histories, and further tracing of bloodlines. Ken Tollefsen, a retired Pacific University anthropologist, helped assemble the additional data.^[33]

The Duwamish Tribe won federal recognition in January 2001, success in that struggle since the 1970s, and a step toward implementation of treaty rights pending for 150 years.^[44] The ruling was voided with the next Administration, citing procedural errors.^[45]

Recent history

Led by Bob Satiacum (Puyallup), United Indians founder Bernie Whitebear (Colville Confederated Tribes) and other Native Americans invaded and occupied then-active Fort Lawton, which was originally Indian land, by scaling fences and by scaling the bluffs from the beach (March, 1970). The base had been declared suplus by the Deparment of Defense. By the Treaty of Point Elliott, the United Indians of All Tribes presented a claim to all lands that might be declared surplus. After worldwide interest, long negotiations and Congressional intervention, an eventual result was construction and a 99-year renewable lease with the City of Seattle for a 17-acre site adjacent to the new Discovery Park after the decommissioning of most of the base. Daybreak Star (1977) is the main lodge of the Indian Cultural Center, an urban base for Native Americans in the Seattle area.^[46]

A Duwamish tribal constitution and bylaws were established in 1925. Cecile Hansen has been the elected chair of the Duwamish Tribe since 1975, as well as a founder and the current president of Duwamish Tribal Services. Cecile Hansen is the great great grandniece of Chief Seattle, si'áb Si'ahl of the Dkh^w'Duw'Absh and Xacuabsh, ancestors of the Duwamish Tribe. The Tribe established Duwamish Tribal Services in 1983 as a non-profit 501[c]3 organization to provide social and cultural services to the Duwamish Tribal community. ^[47] Hansen has been dedicated to gaining treaty rights for the Duwamish Tribe.^[48] (See also Implementation of the treaty, above.)

James Rasmussen of the Duwamish Tribe has been a leader since 1980 in efforts to restore the Duwamish River, together with citizens groups and the Tribe. Accomplishments include gaining federal Superfund Site status for the last five miles of the river from Turning Basin and Herring House Park. The lower Duwamish was the former concentration of Dkh^w'Duw'Absh (Duwamish) villages before substantial European contact. The most contaminated spots will be dredged and capped, largely c. 2007, overseen by the Port of Seattle and the EPA—and watchdogged. Complications ensue from the difficulties in tracing those responsible. Riparian clean up and habitat restoration continues with citizens groups together with the Port.

These salmon and critters here are my brothers and my cousins. I care about them that much. And our ancestors are still here. They see what's going on, and they hold you responsible.^[49]

The Duwamish Tribe won federal recognition in January 2001, success in that struggle since the 1970s, and a step toward implementation of treaty rights pending for 150 years.^[50] The ruling was voided with the next Administration, citing procedural errors.^[51] See Implementation of treaty, below.

As part of identity and heritage, fundraising has been ongoing for the Duwamish Tribe longhouse cultural center to be built on purchased land across the way from Terminal 107 Park, site of a venerable former village called yee-LEH-khood, (see Downtown and lower Duwamish River).^[52] The new cultural center and grounds will be along what is now Marginal Way SW, east of what is now Puget Park, and west of the north tip of what is now called Kellogg Island [3] (map [4]).^[53]

The Renton Historical Museum[5] has a small exhibit on the archaeological and cultural history of the Duwamish Tribe.^[54]

Tribal membership criteria vary by tribe. For the Duwamish, in accordance with Salish tradition, enrollment is by the applicant providing a documented geneology. Consequently, not all Duwamish today are members of the Duwamish Tribe. The Duwamish Tribe recorded about 400 enrolled members (1991) and about 500 (2004). The tribe is of moderate size with respect to moderately-sized federally-recognized Washington tribes.^[2]

More about names

Duwamish (from Dx^w'Dəw?Abš or Dkh^w'Duw'Absh, the People of the Inside)^[4] is a Native American tribe in western Washington, and the indigenous people of metropolitan Seattle. The Duwamish Tribe today includes the People of the Inside and the People of a Large Lake (Xacuabš, Xachua'bsh or hah-choo-AHBSH).^[55] Chief Seattle was more accurately si'áb Si'ahl, with si'áb approximately meaning "high status man". Lushootseed (Skagit-Nisqually) Coast Salish did not have political chiefs in a European sense.^[56] Si'áb Si'ahl was a member of both the Duwamish and Suquamish tribes. The name "Seattle" is an Anglicization of Si'ahl (Si'ahl, see-YAHTLH). Chief Seattle was the eminent "high-status man Si'ahl", of the Dkh^w'Duw'Absh (People of the Inside) and Dkh^w'Suqw'Absh (Suquamish; Suquamish has no English equivalent beyond People of Suq'^w, from =abš, people, rather than people who are not other people, k^waalq).^[57] Si'ahl's mother Sholeetsa was of the People of the Inside (Dkh^w'Duw'Absh) and his father Shweabe was si'ab of the Suquamish Tribe (Dkh^w'Suqw'Absh). During the life of Si'ahl, from young man he grew into, earned, and had validated his inherited status. As an adult he saw and mas among the leaders of his people from the times they were the People of the Inside and the People of the Large Lake to becoming known as the Duwamish tribe.

The Duwamish language, Southern Lushootseed, belongs to the Salishan family. The tribe is Lushootseed (Whulshootseed) (Skagit-Nisqually) Coast Salish. The Lushootseed (International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) pronunciation: [Dx^wlɐ?šúcid]) word for the people of the Duwamish Tribe is IPA pronunciation: [dx^wdɐwʔabš] or IPA: [Dkh^w'Duw'Absh], or less accurately, Dkhw'Duw'Absh (see the footnote for a pronunciation brief).^[58] English does not have equivalents for half of all the sounds in the language.^[59] Dkh^w'Duw'Absh and Xacuabsh are the ancestor people of the Duwamish Tribe today, and the names by which they were known by Lushootseed speakers around the Salish Sea before overwhelming European contact. (See also # Seattle before the city of Seattle, above.

The Duwamish River is an Anglicization through at least a couple derivations from the Native name Dx^w'Dəw?Abš, for the People of the Inside, literally the People Inside the Bay. The People of the Inside called the river Dx^wdəw, including what is today the Cedar River. They also call themselves members of the Dx^wdəw?=absš or Dx^wdu?=ábš people. The names all originate with dək^w or dəg^w from dəw for inside something relatively small (in this case Ellliott Bay with respect to, say, Puget Sound).^[60]

UW: Digital Collections

For 500 generations they flourished until newcomers came... much was lost; much was devalued, but much was also hidden away in the hearts of the dispossessed.

Their voices insist upon a hearing and the cumulative wisdom of their long residence in this land offers rich insights to those willing to listen. The challenge now is to find a way to make knowledge of the ancient traditions, the experience of change and the living reality accessible and available.

Excerpt from Native Americans of the Pacific Northwest: An Introduction [6] by David M. Buerge, at the American Indians of the Pacific Northwest Collection [7], University of Washington Libraries: Digital Collections [8].

Notes and references

^ (1) Gibbs ([1877], 1967)
(1.1) D'Wamish on the Lake Fork of the D'Wamish River, 152; Sa-ma-mish (Sammamish) and S'kel-tehl-mish on the D'Wamish Lake (now Lake Washington) and environs, 101. These are the treaty-era names as they appeared. For simplicity, they are not otherwise mentioned in the article.
(2) Cf. Boyd (1999)
^ ^a ^b Roxberger in Davis (1994), pp. 172–3
^ Buerge (n.d.)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Lakw'alas (Speer) (2004-07-22)
^ (1) Lakw'alas (2004-07-22)
(2) Wilma (2001-01-24), Essay 2955)
^ (0) Summaries of some representative people needed, with sources. Green is one starting point.
(1) Green (2001-07-26)
(2) ""The Longhouse"". Duwamish Tribe. Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help)
^ ""Chudups John and others in a canoe on Lake Union, Seattle, ca. 1885"" (JPEG from silver gelatin print). Seattle Historical Society Collection. University of Washington Digital Collections. c. 1885. Retrieved 2006-06-06. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |coauthors= and |month= (help)
Negative Number: SHS 2228, Museum of History and Industry, Seattle [1].
^ (1) ""Lake John"". Duwamish Tribe. Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |coauthors= and |month= (help)
Content is courtesy of the Museum of History and Industry, [2].
(2) Or on land bought. [Talbert]
^ Denny (c. 1904)
^ Lange & Tate (1998-11-04)
^ (1) Historical epidemiology 62% losses from the mid 1770s through the mid 1860's due to introduced diseases, continuing to the mid 1870s before abating. (1.1)Boyd (1999)
^ ^a ^b Talbert (2006-05-01)
^ Webster & Stevens (c. 1905)
^ Furtwangler (1997)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ""The people and their land"". "Puget Sound Native Art and Culture". Seattle Art Museum. 2003-07-04 per "Native Art of the Northwest Coast: Collection Insight". Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |coauthors= and |month= (help); External link in |date= (help) Cite error: The named reference "SalishArtCulture" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
^ Suttle & Lane (1990-08-20), pp. 491–4
^ Dorpat (2005-03-23, May 2005), Essay 2499)
^ (1) Bates, Hess, & Hilbert (1994) pp. xii–xiii, 302
(1.1) d^zəlíx^w, l is "barred l", voiceless lateral alveolar fricative. [Ibid.]
^ Anderson & Green (2001-05-27)
^ (1) The Whulge (Salish Sea) is the large, dilute, estuarial inland sea now called Puget Sound, the Strait of Georgia, and the Strait of Juan de Fuca. The central and southern part was the primary waterway connecting the greater Whulshootseed (Skagit-Nisqually) Coast Salish Nations.
(1.1) Webmaster, estuariesweb at noaa dot gov (2004-08-04, revised). ""Part One: Where in the world is the Salish Sea?"". Washington. estuaries.gov. Retrieved 2006-05-21. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |coauthors= and |month= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
^ (1)Beck (1993)
(2) Cole & Chaikin (1990)
^ Miller (1996)
^ ^a ^b Dailey (2006-06-14)
^ Bates, Hess, & Hilbert (1994) pp. 21, 348
^ Boyd (1999)
^ Talbert (2006-05-01)
^ (1) Map with village 33, referencing Dailey footnotes 2, 9, and 10.
(1.1) Dailey (2006-06-14)
^ Speidel (1967)
^ (1) Dorpat (May 2005, Essay 3380)
(2) Talbert (2006-05-01)
^ Source for detail of the entire section with the heading of "Seattle before the City of Seattle" is per Dailey (2006-06-14), plus additional individual references noted.
^ (1) Harmon in Hoxie (1996), pp. 522–3
(2) Miller in Hoxie (1996), p. 575
^ (1) Bates, Hess, & Hilbert (1994) p. 261
(2) Morgan (1951, 1982), pp. 11–57; 41, 54
^ ^a ^b ^c Long (20 January 2001, Essay 2951)
^ Morgan ([1951], 1982), pp. 20–54
^ (1) Stevens, Hazard (son) (1901). Life of Isaac Ingalls Stevens, Volume 1 of 2. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, Copyright expired.
(1.1) NB: Referenced in ""Treaties and Councils: Stevens' Entourage"". The Treaty Trail: U.S. - Indian Treaty Councils in the Northwest. Washington State History Museum. Retrieved 2006-07-21. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |coauthors= and |month= (help)
^ (1) Tate (2001-07-08), Essay 3428
(2.1) Lakw'alas (Speer) (, 2004-07-22, 2004)
(2.2) Castro & Barber (2001-01-20)
^ Speidel (1978)
^ Morgan ([1951], 1982), "Maynard" pp. 11–57; Si'ahl, pp. 41, 54
^ Harmon in Hoxie (1996), pp. 522–3
^ (1) Wilma (2001-01-24), Essay 2955
(2) Wilma (2001-01-29), Essay 2956
^ (1) Roxberger in Davis (1994), pp. 172–3
"Steilacoom" in Davis (1994), p. 617
^ Wilma (2001-01-24), Essay 2956
^ (1) Shukovsky (22 March 1996)
(2) Crowley & Wilma (2003-02-23), Essay 5282
(3) Brown ([1970], 2001)
^ Castro & Barber (2001-01-20)
^ (1) Eskenazi (2002-05-14)
(2) Shukovsky (2002-05-11)
^ (1) Barber (2000-07-21)
(2) McRoberts & Oldham (2003-08-15)
^ ""About us"". DuwamishTribe.org. Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |coauthors= and |month= (help)
^ (1) Long (20 January 2001, Essay 2951)
(2) Kamb (25 October 2004)
^ (1) Ith & Reese (2004-10-03) (2) Rasmussen, quoted in Ith (2004-10-01)
^ Castro & Barber
^ (1) Eskenazi (2002-05-14)
(2) Shukovsky (2002-05-11)
^ (1) Nodell (2002-09-01)
(2) Kamb (2004-03-29)
(3) ""The Longhouse"". Duwamish Tribe. n.d., 2002 on page. Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help)
^ (1) ""Kellogg Island"". Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help)
(2) ""Industrial District"". Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Map Atlas. Office of the Seattle City Clerk. n.d., map .jpg dated c. 2002-06-15. Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help)
Maps "NN-1030S", "NN-1040S".jpg 17 June 2002; maps "NN-1120S", "NN-1130S", "NN-1140S".Jpg [sic] 13 June.
^ Payton
^ (1) Dassow of Bates, Hess, & Hilbert (1994) pp. vii–iix, 80, 307
(2) Dailey (2006-06-14)
^ (1) Lakw'alas (Speer) (2004-07-22)
(2) Suttle & Lane (1990-08-20), pp. 486–7
^ (1) IPA pronunciation si'áb Si'ahl, Dkh^w'Suqw'Absh (Suquamish).
(2) Suquamish is also found as X^wsəq^wəb, Suq'^wábš, ?ítak^wbix^w, ?itak^w=bix^w.
(2.1) Bates, Hess, & Hilbert (1994) pp. 18, 202, 361, 338
^ (1) Dkh^w'Duw'Absh, Dx^w√lɐ?šúcid, dx^w√dɐwʔabš
The ? is a glottal stop, the English "-" in "uh-oh".
a is usually like the English "a" in "father", occasionally the "a" in "at".
The 'ɐ' (schwa) is an inverted "e" (rotated 180 degrees); very approximately the vowel in English "but", "of", the first sound of "around", (IPA "mid central vowel"). The ɐ (schwa) may be silent in casual converstion.
h is like the English "h" in "happy" (IPA "voiceless glottal slide").
k^w is approximately the English "qu" in "quick".
u depends on the sounds around it; it can be like the vowels in English "boot" and "boat" (IPA rounded non-low back vowel).
b, d, s are approximately like English. š, small s with caron or "s-wedge" is like the English "sh" in "ship".
The √ (radic or root) marker merely divides modifier prefixes from roots, for dictionary lookup convenience.
(1.1) Bates, Hess, & Hilbert (1994) pp. xii–xiv
(2) IPA pronunciations are conventionally enclosed in square brackets to signify. Non-English words in the article are italicized, except names of people other than the first instance of si'áb Si'ahl, since he is namesake for the city of today.
(3.1) Dx^w√lɐ?šúcid and dx^wd√ɐwʔabš per Ibid pp. 85, 307, 328.
(3.2) Published words are IPA Northern Lushootseed. Dkh^w'Duw'Absh Southern Lushootseed can be slightly different.
(3.2.1) Ibid, pp. vii–ix, xi–xiv
(4) Dkh^w'Duw'Absh per Lakw'alas.
(5) International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) pronunciation is provided for these most common names in the article. For most of the rest of the article, approximate pronunciation is provided in a common form for native English speakers.
^ Green (2001-07-26)
^ Bates, Hess, & Hilbert (1994) pp. 80, 307

Bibliography

Includes the sources referenced in Cheshiahud (Lake John) and Seattle before the city.

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Map is NE Seattle around Sand Point-Magnuson Park, for which theri is no common name.
Barber, Mike (2000-07-21). "500 gather at Daybreak Star center to honor Northwest Indian leader". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
Bates, Dawn (1994). Bates, Dawn, ed. (ed.). Lushootseed dictionary. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-97323-4 (alk. paper). {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); |editor= has generic name (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
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Also Me-Kwa-Mooks Park (update 24 September 2004), Seattle Parks and Recreation.
Beck, Mary Giraudo (1993). Potlatch: native ceremony and myth on the Northwest Coast. Anchorage: Alaska Northwest Books. ISBN 0-88240-440-7 (acid-free paper). {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessyear=, |origmonth=, |accessmonth=, |month=, |chapterurl=, |origdate=, and |coauthors= (help)
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Boyd, Robert (1999). The Coming of the Spirit of Pestilence: Introduced Infectious Diseases and Population Decline Among Northwest Coast Indians, 1774-1874. Seattle and Vancouver: University of Washington Press and University of British Columbia Press. ISBN 0-295-97837-6 (alk. paper), ISBN 0-7748-0755-5. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessyear=, |origmonth=, |accessmonth=, |month=, |chapterurl=, |origdate=, and |coauthors= (help)
Brown, Dee Alexander ([1970], 2001). Bury my heart at Wounded Knee: an Indian history of the American West. New York: H. Holt. ISBN 0-8050-6634-9 (hb), ISBN 0-8050-6669-1 (pb). {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
Buerge, David (n.d.). ""Chief Seattle and Chief Joseph: From Indians to Icons"". "American Indians of the Pacific Northwest". "University of Washington Libraries: Digital Collections". Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help); External link in |publisher= and |work= (help)
Castro, Hector (2001-01-20). "After decades, Duwamish tribe wins federal recognition: Now they have it, but it doesn't mean fishing rights". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
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Negative Number: SHS 2228, Museum of History and Industry, Seattle [9].
Cole, Douglas and Chaikin, Ira (1990). An iron hand upon the people: the law against the potlatch on the Northwest coast. Vancouver and Seatttle: Douglas & McIntyre and University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-97050-2 (acid-free paper). {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessyear=, |origmonth=, |accessmonth=, |month=, |chapterurl=, |origdate=, and |coauthors= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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Authors referenced Daniel Jack Chasan, The Water Link: A History of Puget Sound as a Resource (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1981);
The Gale Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes ed. by Sharon Malinowsky, Anna Sheets, Jeffrey Lehman, Melissa Walsh Doig (Detroit: Gale, 1998), 285;
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Page links to Village Descriptions Duwamish-Seattle section [10].
Dailey referenced "Puget Sound Geography" by T. T. Waterman. Washington DC: National Anthropological Archives, mss. [n.d.] [ref. 2];
Duwamish et al vs. United States of America, F-275. Washington DC: US Court of Claims, 1927. [ref. 5];
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"Seattle Before Seattle" by David Buerge in the Seattle Weekly, 17-23 December 1980. [ref. 9];
The Puyallup-Nisqually by Marian W. Smith. New York: Columbia University Press, 1940. [ref. 10].
Recommended start is "Coast Salish Villages of Puget Sound" [11].
""Decatur"". Dictionary of American Naval Fighing Ships. Department of the Navy, Navy Historical Center. Retrieved 2006-07-21. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |coauthors= and |month= (help)
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Denny, Orion O. (c. 1904). ""Duwamish man and woman known as Old Tom and Madeline, Portage Bay, Seattle, Washington, ca. 1904"" (JPEG from photograph). General Indian Collection no. 564. University of Washington Digital Collections. Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |coauthors= and |month= (help)
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Dorpat, Paul (Updated 2002-05; 2001-06-18). ""Seattle Neighborhoods: University District -- Thumbnail History"". HistoryLink.org Essay 3380. Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help)
Dorpat referenced Dorpat, Seattle: Now and Then Vols. 1, 2, and 3. Seattle: Tartu Publications, 1984, 1988);
Walt Crowley and Paul Dorpat, "The Ave: Streetcars to Street Fairs", typescript dated 1995 in possession of Walt Crowley and Paul Dorpat, Seattle, Washington;
Walt Crowley, Rites of Passage. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1995;
Cal McCune, From Romance to Riot: A Seattle Memoir. Seattle: Cal McCune, 1996;
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Gibbs, George (([1877], 1967)). Indian tribes of Washington Territory. Fairfield, Washington: Galleon Press. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
Green, Sara Jean (2001-07-26). "At her four-day birthday celebration, Vi Hilbert gives the gifts - stories of Puget Sound's first culture". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
Harmon, Alexandra (1996). "Puget Sound Tribes". In Hoxie, Frederick E. (ed.). Encyclopedia of North American Indians. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 522–4. ISBN 0-395-66921-9. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)
Hilbert, Vi (1991). "When Chief Seattle (Si'al) Spoke". In Wright, Robin K., PhD (ed.). A Time of gathering: native heritage in Washington State. Seattle: Burke Museum: University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-96819-2, ISBN 0-295-96820-6 (pbk.). {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
Highly regarded.
""History, Me-Kwa-Mooks Park"". Seattle Parks and Recreation. 2004-09-24, update. Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |coauthors= and |month= (help)
""History - Pre-Euro American Settlement"". Warren G. Magnuson Park. Seattle Parks and Recreation. 2005-11-22 updated. Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help)
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Holm, Tom (Cherokee, Creek) (1996). "Warriors and warfare". In Hoxie, Frederick E. (ed.). Encyclopedia of North American Indians. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 666–8. ISBN 0-395-66921-9. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
""Industrial-District"". Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Map Atlas. n.d., map .jpg c. 2002-06-15. Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help)
Maps "NN-1120S", "NN-1130S", "NN-1140S".Jpg [sic] dated 13 June; "NN-1030S", "NN-1040S".jpg dated 17 June 2002.
Ith, Ian (2004-10-03). "The Road Back: From Seattle's Superfund Sewer to Haven Once More". Pacific Northwest magazine. The Seattle Times. Retrieved 2006-07-21. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
Good photos
Ith, Ian (2004-10-01). ""The Road Back: From Seattle's Superfund sewer to haven once more"". Pacific Northwest Magazine. The Seattle Times. Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
Kamb, Lewis (2004-10-25). "Duwamish chairwoman honored for championing her tribe's cause". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved 2006-07-21. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
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[Lakw'alas] (Speer, Thomas R.), editor (2004-07-22). ""Chief Si'ahl"" (DOC). "Chief Si'ahl". Duwamish Tribe. Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help); External link in |work= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Includes bibliography.
Lange, Greg (1998-11-04). ""Legislature incorporates the Town of Seattle for the first time on January 14, 1865."". HistoryLink.org Essay 168. Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
Lange, Greg (2000-10-15). ""Seattle and King County's First White Settlers"". HistoryLink.org Essay 1660. Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help)
Lange, Greg (4 February 2003 [rewritten since 8 December 2000]). ""Smallpox Epidemic of 1862 among Northwest Coast and Puget Sound Indians"". HistoryLink.org Essay 5171. Retrieved 2006-07-21. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help)
Lange referenced a very extensive list.
Summary article
- Lange, Greg (2000-12-08). ""Smallpox kills 14,000 Northwest Coast Indians from April to December 1862."". HistoryLink.org Essay 3176. Retrieved ^{[citation needed]}, 2006-07-21. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help)
  Lange referenced Lange, "Smallpox Epidemic of 1862 among Northwest Coast and Puget Sound Indians" [12], HistoryLink.org Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History. Accessed 8 December 2000.
Long, Priscilla (2001-01-20). ""Duwamish Tribe wins federal recognition on January 19, 2001, but loses it again two days later."". HistoryLink.org Essay 2951. Retrieved 2006-07-21. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |coauthors= and |month= (help)
Long referenced Hector Castro and Mike Barber, "After Decades, Duwamish Tribe Wins Federal Recognition", Seattle Post-Intelligencer January 20, 2001, (www.seattlep-i.com);
Bernard McGhee, "Duwamish Tribe Wins Recognition", The Seattle Times, January 20, 2001, (www.seattletimes.com);
Bureau of Indian Affairs, "BIA Issues Final Determination on the Recognition of the Duwamish Tribal Organization", News Release, January 19, 2001 (http://www.doi.gov/bia);
Sara Jeanne Greene, "Chief Seattle's Tribe Clings to its Identity", The Seattle Times, June 18, 2001 (www.seattletimes.com);
Susan Gilmore, "Duwamish Denied Tribal Status", Ibid., September 29, 2001 (http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/134347559_duwamish29m.html).
Note: This file was revised on 3 August 2001 and again on 20 January 2001.
""The Longhouse"". Duwamish Tribe. n.d., 2002 on page. Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help)
McDonald, Cathy (2004-05-13). "Walkabout: Terminal 107 / Kellogg Island Trail". Travel / Outdoors. The Seattle Times: Seattle History. Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
McRoberts, Patrick (2003-08-15). ""Fort Lawton military police clash with Native American and other protesters in the future Discovery Park on March 8, 1970."". HistoryLink.org Essay 5513. Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
Miller, Jay (Lenape) (1996). "Seattle (Si'al)". In Hoxie, Frederick E. (ed.). Encyclopedia of North American Indians. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 574–6. ISBN 0-395-66921-9. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)
Morgan, Murray (1982 (originally published 1951, 1982 revised and updated, first illuntrated edition)). Skid Road: an Informal Portrait of Seattle. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press. pp. 20–54. ISBN 0-295-95846-4. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |year= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
Nodell, Bobbi (2002-09-01). "Duwamish take to canoes in celebration of their past". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
Payton, Charles (2000). "Native American Resources of King County". King County Historic Preservation Program (Technical Paper No. 19): p. 4 of 8. Retrieved 2006-07-21. {{cite journal}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
Office of Business Relations and Economic Development
""The people and their land"". "Puget Sound Native Art and Culture". Seattle Art Museum. 2003-07-04 per "Native Art of the Northwest Coast: Collection Insight". Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |coauthors= and |month= (help); External link in |date= (help)
""Reproduction & Use Policies"". University of Washington Libraries, Digital Collections. n.d. Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help)
Rochester, Junius (2001-06-09, revised 2002-11-20). ""Seattle Neighborhoods: Laurelhurst -- Thumbnail History"". HistoryLink.org Essay 3345. Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |coauthors= and |month= (help)
Rochester referenced Christine Barrett, A History of Laurelhurst (Seattle, WA: Laurelhurst Community Club, 1981, revised 1989);
Paul Dorpat, Seattle: Now & Then, Vols. II and III (Seattle, WA: Tartu Publications, 1984 and 1989);
Lucile McDonald, The Lake Washington Story, (Seattle, WA: Superior Publishing Co., 1979);
Brandt Morgan, Enjoying Seattle's Parks (Seattle, WA: Greenwood Publications, 1979);
Harry W. Higman and Earl J. Larrison, Union Bay: The Life of a City Marsh, (Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 1951);
J. Willis Sayre, This City of Ours (Seattle, WA: Seattle School District No. 1, 1936);
Sophie Frye Bass, Pig-Tail Days in Old Seattle (Portland, OR: Binfords & Mort, 1937);
Roger Sale, Seattle: Past to Present (Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 1976).
* Roxberger, Daniel L. (1994). "Sovereignty". In Davis, Mary B. (ed.). Native America in the twentieth century : an encyclopedia. Vol. Garland reference library of social science, v. 452. New York: Garland. pp. pp. 172–3. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); |pages= has extra text (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
Sheridan, Mimi (2001-07-17). Wilma, David, ed. (ed.). ""Seattle Neighborhoods: Licton Springs -- Thumbnail History"". HistoryLink.org Essay 3447. Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite web}}: |editor= has generic name (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
Authors referenced an extensive list, most of them primary sources. See the Bibliography at Licton Springs or Northgate for a complete reference.
Shukovsky, Paul (2002-05-11). "Decision is death knell for Duwamish: Bush administration reaffirms earlier ruling that tribe is extinct". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite news}}: Text "coauthors" ignored (help)
Shukovsky, Paul (1996-03-22). "Metcalf Would Block Tribal Recognition". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. p. News, p. C1. Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
""Southern Coast Salish Territories"". "Maps", "American Indians of the Pacific Northwest Collection", "Libraries Home > Subject > History > Tm > Pacific Northwest History". University of Washington Libraries, Digital Collections. Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help); External link in |work= (help)
Speer, Thomas R. (2004). ""Duwamish history and culture"". from "Dkhw'Duw'Absh, 'People of the Inside'". Duwamish Tribe. Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help)
Speidel, William C. ("Bill") (1978). Doc Maynard: the man who invented Seattle. Seattle: Nettle Creek Publishing Company. pp. 196&ndash&197, 200. ISBN 0-914890-02-6. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessyear=, |origmonth=, |accessmonth=, |month=, |chapterurl=, |origdate=, and |coauthors= (help)
Speidel provides a substantial bibliography with extensive primary sources.
Speidel, William C. (1967). Sons of the profits; or, There's no business like grow business: the Seattle story, 1851-1901. Seattle: Nettle Creek Publishing Company. pp. 196–197, 200. 0-914890-00-X, ISBN 0-914890-06-9. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessyear=, |origmonth=, |accessmonth=, |month=, |chapterurl=, |origdate=, and |coauthors= (help)
Speidel provides a substantial bibliography with extensive primary sources.
Suttle, Wayne P. (1990-08-20). "South Coast Salish". In Sturtevant, William C. (ed.). Handbook of North American Indians. Vol. 7. Northwest coast. Washington: Smithsonian Institution. pp. pp. 485–500. ISBN 0160203902 (v. 7). {{cite encyclopedia}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); |pages= has extra text (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
Sykes, Karen (2005-01-13). ""Hike Of The Week: Urban trail is a tribute to man and nature"". Take a hike. The Seatttle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |coauthors= and |month= (help)
Talbert, Paul (2006-05-01). ""SkEba'kst: The Lake People and Seward Park"". The History of Seward Park. SewardPark.org. Retrieved 2006-06-06. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |coauthors= and |month= (help)
Tate, Cassandra (2001-07-08). ""Seattle Neighborhoods: West Seattle -- Thumbnail History"". HistoryLink.org Essay 3428. Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |coauthors= and |month= (help)
Tate referenced an autobiographical sketch by Arthur Denny found in William Farrand Prosser, A History of the Puget Sound Country; Its Resources, Its Commerce and Its People (New York: The Lewis Publishing Company, 1903);
West Side Story ed. by Clay Eals (Seattle: Robinson Newspapers, 1987);
[No author, title]. Olympia Columbian, June 4, 1853;
Alexandra Harmon, Indians in the Making: Ethnic Relations and Indian Identities around Puget Sound (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998);
[No author, title]. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, December 21, 1996;
Walt Crowley, National Trust Guide: Seattle (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1998);
[No author, title]. West Seattle News, May 15, 1903;
[No author, title]. West Seattle Herald, February 2, 1924;
[No author, title]. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, March 7, 1998; Ibid., November 13, 2000;
[No author, title]. The Seattle Times, October 20, 1997;
Ibid., February 24, 1998;
Ibid., May 26, 2000;
Albert Furtwangler, Answering Chief Seattle (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1997);
[No author, title]. Seattle Press-Times, March 7, 1893;
Jane Wilson MacGowan, “Gully, Cove Fill Childhood with Memories”, Neighbors, Spring 2000;
[No author]. West Seattle Memories: Alki (Seattle: Southwest Seattle Historical Society, 1999);
Brandt Morgan, Enjoying Seattle's Parks (Westport, CT: Greenwood Publications, 1979);
Deborah Bach, "Indians Are Out, Wildcats Are In at West Seattle High", Seattle Post-Intelligencer, April 25, 2003.
""University District"". Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Map Atlas. Office of the Seattle City Clerk. n.d., map .jpg 13 June 2002. Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |coauthors= and |month= (help)
Webster, Ira (c. 1905). ""Salmon Bay Charlie's house at Shilshole with canoe anchored offshore, ca. 1905"" (JPEG from glass negative, previously taped, slightly sulfided). PEMCO Webster & Stevens Collection. University of Washington Digital Collections. Retrieved 2006-06-06. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
Negative Number: MOHAI 83.10.9,067
Wilma, David (2001-01-29). ""Descendants of pioneers reverse the stand of their ancestors and support federal recognition of the Duwamish tribe on June 18, 1988."". HistoryLink.org Essay 2956. Retrieved 2006-07-21. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |coauthors= and |month= (help)
Wilma referenced "Petition: To the Honorable Arthur A. Denny, Delegate to Congress from Washington Territory," n.d., National Archives Roll 909, "Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-81";
Pioneer Association of the State of Washington, "A Petition to Support Recognition of The Duwamish Indians as a 'Tribe', June 18, 1988, in possession of Ken Tollefson, Seattle, Washington.
Wilma, David (2001-03-28). ""Seattle Neighborhoods: Lakewood -- Thumbnail History"". HistoryLink.org Essay 3140. Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help)
Wilma referenced "Lakewood Community Club", brochure, 1948, Rainier Valley Historical Society, Seattle;
David Buerge, "Indian Lake Washington", The Weekly, August 1, 1984, pp. 29-33;
Don Sherwood, "Seward Park - Graham Peninsula", "Interpretive Essays on the History of Seattle Parks", handwritten bound manuscript dated 1977, Seattle Room, Seattle Public Library;
Don Sherwood, "Genessee P.F., Wetmore Slough", Ibid.;
Don Sherwood, "Stanley S. Sayres Memorial Park", Ibid.;
"Cougar captured near Lake Washington about February 23, 1870", Timeline Library, (www.Historylink.org);
Paul Dorpat, Seattle Now and Then, (Seattle: Tartu Publications, 1984), 82;
Lucile B. McDonald, The Lake Washington Story, (Seattle: Superior Publishing Co., 1979), 23, 87, 88;
Redick H. McKee, Road Map of Seattle and Vicinity, 1890, Seattle Public Library;
"Guide Map of the City of Seattle, Washington Territory", ca. 1888, brochure, Seattle Public Library;
David Wilma Interview with Grover Haynes, president, Lakewood-Seward Park Community Club, March 31, 2001, Seattle, Washington.
Wilma, David (2001-01-24). ""Seattle pioneers petition against a reservation on the Black River for the Duwamish tribe in 1866."". "HistoryLink.org Essay 2955". Retrieved 2006-04-21. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help)
Wilma referenced "Petition: To the Honorable Arthur A. Denny, Delegate to Congress from Washington Territory," n.d., National Archives Roll 909, "Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-81";
Pioneer Association of the State of Washington, "A Petition to Support Recognition of The Duwamish Indians as a 'Tribe', June 18, 1988, in possession of Ken Tollefson, Seattle, Washington.
Wilse, Anders B. (1897–1900). ""Indian encampment on Ballast Island at the Seattle waterfront, ca. 1900"" (JPEG from Silver gelatin print). Wilse Collection. University of Washington Digital Collections. Retrieved 2006-06-06. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |year= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |coauthors= and |month= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
Negative Number: MOHAI 90.45.14, Museum of History and Industry, Seattle