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[[File:Champlain Sea.png|thumb|350px|The Champlain Sea]]
[[File:Champlain Sea.png|thumb|350px|The Champlain Sea]]


The '''Champlain Sea''' was a temporary inlet of the [[Atlantic Ocean]], created by the retreating [[glacier]]s during the close of the last [[ice age]].<ref>L.J. Chapman and D.F. Putnam. 1951. The Physiography of Southern Ontario. University of Toronto Press, Toronto. 284 p. plus map in four sections.</ref><ref>Anderson, T.W. 1989. Vegetation changes over 12,000 years. Geos 18:39–47.</ref> The Sea once included lands in what are now the Canadian provinces of [[Quebec]] and [[Ontario]], as well as parts of the American states of [[New York (state)|New York]] and [[Vermont]].<ref>[http://www.lcbp.org/Atlas/HTML/nat_geology.htm Lake Champlain Basin Atlas: Geology Page]</ref>
The '''Champlain Sea''' was a temporary inlet of the [[Atlantic Ocean]], created by the retreating [[glacier]]s during the close of the last [[ice age]].<ref>L.J. Chapman and D.F. Putnam. 1951. The Physiography of Southern Ontario. University of Toronto Press, Toronto. 284 p. plus map in four sections.</ref><ref>Anderson, T.W. 1989. Vegetation changes over 12,000 years. Geos 18:39–47.</ref> The Sea once included lands in what are now the Canadian provinces of [[Quebec]] and [[Ontario]], as well as parts of the American states of [[New York (state)|New York]] and [[Vermont]].<ref>[http://www.lcbp.org/Atlas/HTML/nat_geology.htm Lake Champlain Basin Atlas: Geology Page] {{wayback|url=http://www.lcbp.org/Atlas/HTML/nat_geology.htm |date=20080720120640 }}</ref>


The mass of ice from the continental ice sheets had depressed the rock beneath it over millennia. At the end of the last ice age, while the rock was still depressed, the [[Saint Lawrence River|Saint Lawrence]] and [[Ottawa River]] valleys, as well as modern [[Lake Champlain]], were below sea level and flooded with rising worldwide sea levels, once the ice no longer prevented the ocean from flowing into the region.<ref>[http://hannover.park.org/Canada/Museum/champlain/PALEO.HTM Paleoceanography of the Champlain Sea, Hanover Park, Canada]</ref> As the land gradually rose again, in the process known as [[isostatic rebound]], the sea coast gradually retreated to its current location.
The mass of ice from the continental ice sheets had depressed the rock beneath it over millennia. At the end of the last ice age, while the rock was still depressed, the [[Saint Lawrence River|Saint Lawrence]] and [[Ottawa River]] valleys, as well as modern [[Lake Champlain]], were below sea level and flooded with rising worldwide sea levels, once the ice no longer prevented the ocean from flowing into the region.<ref>[http://hannover.park.org/Canada/Museum/champlain/PALEO.HTM Paleoceanography of the Champlain Sea, Hanover Park, Canada]</ref> As the land gradually rose again, in the process known as [[isostatic rebound]], the sea coast gradually retreated to its current location.
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The sea lasted from about 13,000 years ago to about 10,000 years ago and was continuously shrinking during that time, since the rebounding continent was slowly rising above sea level. At its peak, the sea extended inland as far south as [[Lake Champlain]] and somewhat farther west than the city of [[Ottawa]], Ontario, and farther up the Ottawa River past [[Pembroke, Ontario|Pembroke]].<ref name=Barnett1988/> The remaining glaciers fed the sea during that time, making it more [[brackish]] than typical seawater. It is estimated that the sea was as much as {{convert|150|m}} above the level of today's Saint Lawrence and Ottawa Rivers.<ref name=Barnett1988>Barnett, P.J. 1988. History of the northwestern arm of the Champlain Sea. Pp 25–36 in Gadd, N.R. (ed.) ''The Late Quaternary Development of the Champlain Sea Basin''. Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper 36. Map 5.</ref>
The sea lasted from about 13,000 years ago to about 10,000 years ago and was continuously shrinking during that time, since the rebounding continent was slowly rising above sea level. At its peak, the sea extended inland as far south as [[Lake Champlain]] and somewhat farther west than the city of [[Ottawa]], Ontario, and farther up the Ottawa River past [[Pembroke, Ontario|Pembroke]].<ref name=Barnett1988/> The remaining glaciers fed the sea during that time, making it more [[brackish]] than typical seawater. It is estimated that the sea was as much as {{convert|150|m}} above the level of today's Saint Lawrence and Ottawa Rivers.<ref name=Barnett1988>Barnett, P.J. 1988. History of the northwestern arm of the Champlain Sea. Pp 25–36 in Gadd, N.R. (ed.) ''The Late Quaternary Development of the Champlain Sea Basin''. Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper 36. Map 5.</ref>


The best evidence of this former sea is the vast clay plain deposited along the Ottawa and St. Lawrence Rivers.<ref>Chapman, L.J. and D.F. Putnam. 1984. ''The Physiography of Southern Ontario''. Third edition. Ontario Geological Survey, Special Volume No.2. Government of Ontario, Toronto.</ref> This resulted in distinctive forest types,<ref>Keddy, C.J. 1993. ''Forest History of Eastern Ontario''. A report prepared for the Eastern Ontario Forest Group.</ref> and large wetlands. Other modern evidence of the sea can be seen in the form of whale fossils, ([[beluga whale|beluga]]s, [[fin whale]]s,<ref>[http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=basicCollectionSearch&collection_list=51019 Paleobiology database: Daveluyville collection]</ref> and [[bowhead whale]]s) and marine shells<ref>[http://www.geo.ucalgary.ca/~macrae/t_origins/champlain/champlain.html University of Calgary: Champlain Sea fossils]</ref> that have been found near the cities of Ottawa, Ontario, and [[Montreal]], Quebec. There are also fossils of oceanic fish such as [[capelin]].<ref>McAllister, D.E., C.R. Harrington, S.L. Cumbaa, and C.B. Renaud. 1988. "Paleoenvironmental and biogeographic analyses of fossil fishes in peri-Champlain Sea deposits in Eastern Canada". Pp 241–258 in Gadd, N.R. (ed.) ''The Late Quaternary Development of the Champlain Sea Basin''. Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper 36.</ref> The Sea also left [[Raised shoreline | ancient raised shorelines]] in the former coastal regions, and the [[Leda clay]] deposits in areas of deeper water.<ref>[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/residents-seek-reassurance-in-wake-of-deadly-slide/article1566970/ "Residents seek reassurance in wake of deadly slide"] ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'', May 12, 2010.</ref>
The best evidence of this former sea is the vast clay plain deposited along the Ottawa and St. Lawrence Rivers.<ref>Chapman, L.J. and D.F. Putnam. 1984. ''The Physiography of Southern Ontario''. Third edition. Ontario Geological Survey, Special Volume No.2. Government of Ontario, Toronto.</ref> This resulted in distinctive forest types,<ref>Keddy, C.J. 1993. ''Forest History of Eastern Ontario''. A report prepared for the Eastern Ontario Forest Group.</ref> and large wetlands. Other modern evidence of the sea can be seen in the form of whale fossils, ([[beluga whale|beluga]]s, [[fin whale]]s,<ref>[http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=basicCollectionSearch&collection_list=51019 Paleobiology database: Daveluyville collection]</ref> and [[bowhead whale]]s) and marine shells<ref>[http://www.geo.ucalgary.ca/~macrae/t_origins/champlain/champlain.html University of Calgary: Champlain Sea fossils] {{wayback|url=http://www.geo.ucalgary.ca/~macrae/t_origins/champlain/champlain.html |date=20050213020821 }}</ref> that have been found near the cities of Ottawa, Ontario, and [[Montreal]], Quebec. There are also fossils of oceanic fish such as [[capelin]].<ref>McAllister, D.E., C.R. Harrington, S.L. Cumbaa, and C.B. Renaud. 1988. "Paleoenvironmental and biogeographic analyses of fossil fishes in peri-Champlain Sea deposits in Eastern Canada". Pp 241–258 in Gadd, N.R. (ed.) ''The Late Quaternary Development of the Champlain Sea Basin''. Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper 36.</ref> The Sea also left [[Raised shoreline | ancient raised shorelines]] in the former coastal regions, and the [[Leda clay]] deposits in areas of deeper water.<ref>[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/residents-seek-reassurance-in-wake-of-deadly-slide/article1566970/ "Residents seek reassurance in wake of deadly slide"] ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'', May 12, 2010.</ref>


The northern shore of the lake was in southern Quebec where outcrops of the Canadian shield form the [[Gatineau Park|Eardley Escarpment]]. This escarpment still has distinctive plants that may date back to the sea.<ref>Brunton, D. and J.D. Lafontaine. 1974. An unusual escarpment flora in Western Quebec. The Canadian Field-Naturalist 88(3):337–344.</ref> The [[Gatineau Park|Eardley Escarpment]] is known locally as the [[Gatineau Hills]]; part of the Mattawa fault at the southeastern edge of the [[Ottawa-Bonnechere Graben]], in [[Eastern Ontario]] and the [[Outaouais]] region of [[Quebec]], more commonly known as the [[Ottawa Valley]].
The northern shore of the lake was in southern Quebec where outcrops of the Canadian shield form the [[Gatineau Park|Eardley Escarpment]]. This escarpment still has distinctive plants that may date back to the sea.<ref>Brunton, D. and J.D. Lafontaine. 1974. An unusual escarpment flora in Western Quebec. The Canadian Field-Naturalist 88(3):337–344.</ref> The [[Gatineau Park|Eardley Escarpment]] is known locally as the [[Gatineau Hills]]; part of the Mattawa fault at the southeastern edge of the [[Ottawa-Bonnechere Graben]], in [[Eastern Ontario]] and the [[Outaouais]] region of [[Quebec]], more commonly known as the [[Ottawa Valley]].
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* [http://hoopermuseum.earthsci.carleton.ca/2001_champlain2_mb/history.htm History of the Champlain Sea].
* [http://hoopermuseum.earthsci.carleton.ca/2001_champlain2_mb/history.htm History of the Champlain Sea].
* [http://www.uvm.edu/whale/ Charlotte, The Vermont Whale]
* [http://www.uvm.edu/whale/ Charlotte, The Vermont Whale]
* http://www.lesaventuresdupatrimoine.com/joly/gardiens/gar14.html
* https://web.archive.org/web/20070513190043/http://www.lesaventuresdupatrimoine.com:80/joly/gardiens/gar14.html
* http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/archeo/kichisibi/champlain/f3-0.htm
* http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/archeo/kichisibi/champlain/f3-0.htm
* http://www.ggl.ulaval.ca/personnel/bourque/s3/retrait.glaces.html
* http://www.ggl.ulaval.ca/personnel/bourque/s3/retrait.glaces.html

Revision as of 07:12, 19 November 2016

For homonymy, see Champlain.
File:Champlain Sea.png
The Champlain Sea

The Champlain Sea was a temporary inlet of the Atlantic Ocean, created by the retreating glaciers during the close of the last ice age.[1][2] The Sea once included lands in what are now the Canadian provinces of Quebec and Ontario, as well as parts of the American states of New York and Vermont.[3]

The mass of ice from the continental ice sheets had depressed the rock beneath it over millennia. At the end of the last ice age, while the rock was still depressed, the Saint Lawrence and Ottawa River valleys, as well as modern Lake Champlain, were below sea level and flooded with rising worldwide sea levels, once the ice no longer prevented the ocean from flowing into the region.[4] As the land gradually rose again, in the process known as isostatic rebound, the sea coast gradually retreated to its current location.

The sea lasted from about 13,000 years ago to about 10,000 years ago and was continuously shrinking during that time, since the rebounding continent was slowly rising above sea level. At its peak, the sea extended inland as far south as Lake Champlain and somewhat farther west than the city of Ottawa, Ontario, and farther up the Ottawa River past Pembroke.[5] The remaining glaciers fed the sea during that time, making it more brackish than typical seawater. It is estimated that the sea was as much as 150 metres (490 ft) above the level of today's Saint Lawrence and Ottawa Rivers.[5]

The best evidence of this former sea is the vast clay plain deposited along the Ottawa and St. Lawrence Rivers.[6] This resulted in distinctive forest types,[7] and large wetlands. Other modern evidence of the sea can be seen in the form of whale fossils, (belugas, fin whales,[8] and bowhead whales) and marine shells[9] that have been found near the cities of Ottawa, Ontario, and Montreal, Quebec. There are also fossils of oceanic fish such as capelin.[10] The Sea also left ancient raised shorelines in the former coastal regions, and the Leda clay deposits in areas of deeper water.[11]

The northern shore of the lake was in southern Quebec where outcrops of the Canadian shield form the Eardley Escarpment. This escarpment still has distinctive plants that may date back to the sea.[12] The Eardley Escarpment is known locally as the Gatineau Hills; part of the Mattawa fault at the southeastern edge of the Ottawa-Bonnechere Graben, in Eastern Ontario and the Outaouais region of Quebec, more commonly known as the Ottawa Valley.

References

  1. ^ L.J. Chapman and D.F. Putnam. 1951. The Physiography of Southern Ontario. University of Toronto Press, Toronto. 284 p. plus map in four sections.
  2. ^ Anderson, T.W. 1989. Vegetation changes over 12,000 years. Geos 18:39–47.
  3. ^ Lake Champlain Basin Atlas: Geology Page Archived 2008-07-20 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ Paleoceanography of the Champlain Sea, Hanover Park, Canada
  5. ^ a b Barnett, P.J. 1988. History of the northwestern arm of the Champlain Sea. Pp 25–36 in Gadd, N.R. (ed.) The Late Quaternary Development of the Champlain Sea Basin. Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper 36. Map 5.
  6. ^ Chapman, L.J. and D.F. Putnam. 1984. The Physiography of Southern Ontario. Third edition. Ontario Geological Survey, Special Volume No.2. Government of Ontario, Toronto.
  7. ^ Keddy, C.J. 1993. Forest History of Eastern Ontario. A report prepared for the Eastern Ontario Forest Group.
  8. ^ Paleobiology database: Daveluyville collection
  9. ^ University of Calgary: Champlain Sea fossils Archived 2005-02-13 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ McAllister, D.E., C.R. Harrington, S.L. Cumbaa, and C.B. Renaud. 1988. "Paleoenvironmental and biogeographic analyses of fossil fishes in peri-Champlain Sea deposits in Eastern Canada". Pp 241–258 in Gadd, N.R. (ed.) The Late Quaternary Development of the Champlain Sea Basin. Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper 36.
  11. ^ "Residents seek reassurance in wake of deadly slide" The Globe and Mail, May 12, 2010.
  12. ^ Brunton, D. and J.D. Lafontaine. 1974. An unusual escarpment flora in Western Quebec. The Canadian Field-Naturalist 88(3):337–344.

Further reading

Gadd, N.R. (ed.) 1988. The Late Quaternary Development of the Champlain Sea Basin. Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper 36.

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