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Coordinates: 25°29′29.6″N 28°58′45.2″E / 25.491556°N 28.979222°E / 25.491556; 28.979222
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==Dakhleh Oasis Project==
==Dakhleh Oasis Project==


The Dakhleh Oasis Project (DOP) is a long-term study project of the Dakhleh Oasis and the surrounding palaeoasis, initiated in 1978 when the [[Royal Ontario Museum]] and the [[Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities]] were awarded a joint concession for part of the Oasis.<ref>{{cite web|title=SSEA Dakleh Oasis Project|publisher=Society for the Study of Egyption Antiquities|year=2006|url=http://www.thessea.org/fieldwork_dop.php|accessdate=2011-02-08}}</ref> In 1979, the Centre for Archaeology and Ancient History at [[Monash University]] began to cooperate in the project.<ref name=MUdak>{{cite web|title=Dakleh Oasis Projects, Arts, Monash University|publisher=Monash University|date=September 24, 2010|url=http://www.arts.monash.edu.au/archaeology/excavations/dakhleh/index.php|accessdate=2011-02-08}}</ref>
The Dakhleh Oasis Project (DOP) is a long-term study project of the Dakhleh Oasis and the surrounding palaeoasis, initiated in 1978 when the [[Royal Ontario Museum]] and the [[Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities]] were awarded a joint concession for part of the Oasis.<ref>{{cite web|title=SSEA Dakleh Oasis Project|publisher=Society for the Study of Egyption Antiquities|year=2006|url=http://www.thessea.org/fieldwork_dop.php|accessdate=2011-02-08}}</ref> In 1979, the Centre for Archaeology and Ancient History at [[Monash University]] began to cooperate in the project.<ref name=MUdak>{{cite web|title=Dakleh Oasis Projects, Arts, Monash University |publisher=Monash University |date=September 24, 2010 |url=http://www.arts.monash.edu.au/archaeology/excavations/dakhleh/index.php |accessdate=2011-02-08 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218024516/http://www.arts.monash.edu.au/archaeology/excavations/dakhleh/index.php |archivedate=February 18, 2011 |df=mdy }}</ref>


The DOP studies the interaction between environmental changes and human activity in the Dakhleh Oasis. The director of the DOP is Anthony J. Mills, former curator at the Royal Ontario Museum. The excavations at Ismant el-Kharab (ancient [[Kellis]]),<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Monash University|accessdate=2011-02-08|title=Ismant el-Kharab, ancient Kellis|date=November 12, 2010|url=http://www.arts.monash.edu.au/archaeology/excavations/dakhleh/ismant-el-kharab/index.php}}</ref> Mut el-Kharab (ancient Mothis),<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Monash University|accessdate=2011-02-08|title=Excavations at Mut el-Kharab, Dakhleh Oasis|date=December 9, 2010|url=http://www.arts.monash.edu.au/archaeology/excavations/dakhleh/mut-el-kharab/index.php}}</ref> Deir Abu Metta and Muzawwaqa<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Monash University|accessdate=2011-02-08|title=Deir Abu Metta and Muzawwaqa, Dakhleh Oasis|date=November 5, 2010|url=http://www.arts.monash.edu.au/archaeology/excavations/dakhleh/metta-muzawwaqa/index.php}}</ref> are undertaken with the cooperation of Monash University, under the direction of Gillian E. Bowen. Bowen and Colin Hope, also of Monash, are the principal investigators at Ismant el-Kharab.
The DOP studies the interaction between environmental changes and human activity in the Dakhleh Oasis. The director of the DOP is Anthony J. Mills, former curator at the Royal Ontario Museum. The excavations at Ismant el-Kharab (ancient [[Kellis]]),<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Monash University|accessdate=2011-02-08|title=Ismant el-Kharab, ancient Kellis|date=November 12, 2010|url=http://www.arts.monash.edu.au/archaeology/excavations/dakhleh/ismant-el-kharab/index.php}}</ref> Mut el-Kharab (ancient Mothis),<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Monash University |accessdate=2011-02-08 |title=Excavations at Mut el-Kharab, Dakhleh Oasis |date=December 9, 2010 |url=http://www.arts.monash.edu.au/archaeology/excavations/dakhleh/mut-el-kharab/index.php |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218024431/http://www.arts.monash.edu.au/archaeology/excavations/dakhleh/mut-el-kharab/index.php |archivedate=February 18, 2011 |df=mdy }}</ref> Deir Abu Metta and Muzawwaqa<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Monash University |accessdate=2011-02-08 |title=Deir Abu Metta and Muzawwaqa, Dakhleh Oasis |date=November 5, 2010 |url=http://www.arts.monash.edu.au/archaeology/excavations/dakhleh/metta-muzawwaqa/index.php |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218024120/http://www.arts.monash.edu.au/archaeology/excavations/dakhleh/metta-muzawwaqa/index.php |archivedate=February 18, 2011 |df=mdy }}</ref> are undertaken with the cooperation of Monash University, under the direction of Gillian E. Bowen. Bowen and Colin Hope, also of Monash, are the principal investigators at Ismant el-Kharab.
The DOP has also excavated at 'Ain el-Gazzareen,<ref>{{cite web|title='Ain el-Gazzareen|publisher=Dakhleh Trust|year=2005|url=http://www.dakhleh.com/gazzareen.htm|accessdate=2011-02-08}}</ref> El Qasr el-Dakhil,<ref>{{cite web|title=El Qasr el-Dakhil|publisher=Dakhleh Trust|year=2005|url=http://www.dakhleh.com/dakhil.htm|accessdate=2011-02-08}}</ref> Deir el Hagar<ref>{{cite web|title=Deir el Hagar|publisher=Dakhleh Trust|year=2005|url=http://www.dakhleh.com/hagar.htm|accessdate=2011-02-08}}</ref> and Ain Birbiyeh.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Monash University|accessdate=2011-02-08|title=Annual Report 2008, Ain Birbiyeh Temple Project|format=PDF|url=http://www.arts.monash.edu.au/archaeology/excavations/dakhleh/assets/documents/birbiyeh-report-2008.pdf}}</ref>
The DOP has also excavated at 'Ain el-Gazzareen,<ref>{{cite web|title='Ain el-Gazzareen|publisher=Dakhleh Trust|year=2005|url=http://www.dakhleh.com/gazzareen.htm|accessdate=2011-02-08}}</ref> El Qasr el-Dakhil,<ref>{{cite web|title=El Qasr el-Dakhil|publisher=Dakhleh Trust|year=2005|url=http://www.dakhleh.com/dakhil.htm|accessdate=2011-02-08}}</ref> Deir el Hagar<ref>{{cite web|title=Deir el Hagar|publisher=Dakhleh Trust|year=2005|url=http://www.dakhleh.com/hagar.htm|accessdate=2011-02-08}}</ref> and Ain Birbiyeh.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Monash University |accessdate=2011-02-08 |title=Annual Report 2008, Ain Birbiyeh Temple Project |format=PDF |url=http://www.arts.monash.edu.au/archaeology/excavations/dakhleh/assets/documents/birbiyeh-report-2008.pdf |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924213745/http://arts.monash.edu.au/archaeology/excavations/dakhleh/assets/documents/birbiyeh-report-2008.pdf |archivedate=September 24, 2011 |df=mdy }}</ref>


As well as the [[Dakhla Oasis#Dakhleh Trust|Dakhleh Trust]], formed in 1999 to raise money for the DOP, organizations which have supported or participated in the DOP include: the Royal Ontario Museum, the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities, Monash University, the [[University of Durham]], the [[University of Toronto]], [[Columbia University]], the [http://www.arce.org/ American Research Centre in Egypt], the [http://arts.monash.edu.au/archaeology/egyptology-society/index.php Egyptology Society of Victoria] and [[New York University]].
As well as the [[Dakhla Oasis#Dakhleh Trust|Dakhleh Trust]], formed in 1999 to raise money for the DOP, organizations which have supported or participated in the DOP include: the Royal Ontario Museum, the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities, Monash University, the [[University of Durham]], the [[University of Toronto]], [[Columbia University]], the [http://www.arce.org/ American Research Centre in Egypt], the [http://arts.monash.edu.au/archaeology/egyptology-society/index.php Egyptology Society of Victoria] and [[New York University]].

Revision as of 07:16, 5 December 2016

Dakhla Oasis
Oasis
Dakhla Oasis, February 1988.
Dakhla Oasis, February 1988.
Nickname: 
Inner oasis
CountryEgypt
GovernorateNew Valley Governorate
Area
 • Total2,000 km2 (800 sq mi)
 • Land1,500 km2 (600 sq mi)
Population
 (2002)
 • Total75,000
 • Ethnicities
Egyptians
Ottomans (Qalamoun)
Time zoneUTC+2 (EST)
Capital'Ain Basil (Balat) (c. 2500 BCE-c. 1500 BCE)
Mut (c. 1500 BCE- )

Dakhla Oasis (Template:Lang-arz El Daḵla , pronounced [edˈdæxlæ]), translates to the inner oasis, is one of the seven oases of Egypt's Western Desert. Dakhla Oasis lies in the New Valley Governorate, 350 km (220 mi.) from the Nile and between the oases of Farafra and Kharga. It measures approximately 80 km (50 mi) from east to west and 25 km (16 mi) from north to south.[1]

History

Prehistory

The human history of this oasis started during the Pleistocene, when nomadic tribes settled sometimes there, in a time when the Sahara climate was wetter and where humans could have access to lakes and marshes. But about 6,000 years ago, the entire Sahara became drier, changing progressively into a hyper-arid desert (with less than 50 mm of rain per year). However, specialists think that nomadic hunter-gatherers began to settle almost permanently in the oasis of Dakhleh in the period of the Holocene (about 12,000 years ago), during new, but rare episodes of wetter times.

In fact, the drier climate didn't mean that there was more water than today in what is now known as the Western Desert. The south of the Libyan Desert has the most important supply of subterranean water in the world through the Nubian Aquifer, and the first inhabitants of the Dakhla Oasis had access to surface water sources. In the third millennium BC lived here people that were most likely nomads and are called the Sheikh Muftah culture.

Pharaonic Period

The first contacts between the pharaonic power and the oases started around 2550 BCE.

During the late 6th Dynasty, hieratic script was sometimes incised into clay tablets with a stylus, similar to cuneiform. About five hundred such tablets have been discovered in the governor's palace at Ayn Asil (Balat) in the Dakhla Oasis.[2][3] At the time the tablets were made, Dakhla was located far from centers of papyrus production.[4] These tablets record inventories, name-lists, accounts, and approximately fifty letters.

Islamic Period

The fortified Islamic town of Al Qasr was built at Dakhla Oasis in the 12th century probably on the remains of a Roman era settlement by the Ayyubid kings of Egypt.[5]

After 1800

The first European traveller to find the Dakhla Oasis was Sir Archibald Edmonstone, in the year 1819.[1] He was succeeded by several other early travellers, but it was not until 1908 that the first egyptologist, Herbert Winlock, visited Dakhla Oasis and noted its monuments in some systematic manner.[1] In the 1950s, detailed studies began, first by Dr. Ahmed Fakhry, and in the late 1970s, an expedition of the Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale and the Dakhla Oasis Project each began detailed studies in the oasis.[1]

Al-Qasr town at Dakhla Oasis

Geography

Dakhla Oasis consists of several communities, along a string of sub-oases. The main settlements are Mut (more fully Mut el-Kharab and anciently called Mothis), El-Masara, Al-Qasr, Qalamoun, together with several smaller villages. Some of the communities have identities that are separate from each other. Qalamoun has inhabitants that trace their origins to the Ottomans.

Climate

Dakhla Oasis has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh), typical of much of Egypt.

Climate data for Dakhla
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 33.2
(91.8) 		40.1
(104.2) 		44.8
(112.6) 		46.1
(115.0) 		48.0
(118.4) 		49.5
(121.1) 		45.2
(113.4) 		45.5
(113.9) 		45.2
(113.4) 		44.2
(111.6) 		39.3
(102.7) 		32.9
(91.2) 		49.5
(121.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 21.5
(70.7) 		24.0
(75.2) 		28.1
(82.6) 		33.6
(92.5) 		37.3
(99.1) 		38.9
(102.0) 		39.0
(102.2) 		38.4
(101.1) 		36.4
(97.5) 		32.9
(91.2) 		27.1
(80.8) 		22.8
(73.0) 		31.7
(89.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 12.0
(53.6) 		14.2
(57.6) 		18.3
(64.9) 		23.6
(74.5) 		28.4
(83.1) 		30.8
(87.4) 		30.9
(87.6) 		30.4
(86.7) 		28.4
(83.1) 		24.3
(75.7) 		18.1
(64.6) 		13.7
(56.7) 		22.8
(73.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 3.5
(38.3) 		5.1
(41.2) 		8.7
(47.7) 		13.4
(56.1) 		18.3
(64.9) 		21.6
(70.9) 		22.3
(72.1) 		21.6
(70.9) 		20.2
(68.4) 		16.2
(61.2) 		9.9
(49.8) 		5.3
(41.5) 		13.8
(56.8)
Record low °C (°F) −3.9
(25.0) 		−3.8
(25.2) 		−0.8
(30.6) 		2.1
(35.8) 		7.4
(45.3) 		12.4
(54.3) 		15.4
(59.7) 		15.2
(59.4) 		12.2
(54.0) 		7.7
(45.9) 		1.0
(33.8) 		−2.1
(28.2) 		−3.9
(25.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 0.1 0 0 0 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2
Average relative humidity (%) 47 41 35 29 26 24 26 28 31 36 43 47 34.4
Mean monthly sunshine hours 294.5 279.7 316.2 315.0 356.5 366.0 384.4 375.1 336.0 328.6 300.0 291.4 3,943.4
Mean daily sunshine hours 9.5 9.9 10.2 10.5 11.5 12.2 12.4 12.1 11.2 10.6 10.0 9.4 10.8
Source 1: NOAA[6]
Source 2: Arab Meteorology Book (sun)[7]

Dakhleh Oasis Project

The Dakhleh Oasis Project (DOP) is a long-term study project of the Dakhleh Oasis and the surrounding palaeoasis, initiated in 1978 when the Royal Ontario Museum and the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities were awarded a joint concession for part of the Oasis.[8] In 1979, the Centre for Archaeology and Ancient History at Monash University began to cooperate in the project.[1]

The DOP studies the interaction between environmental changes and human activity in the Dakhleh Oasis. The director of the DOP is Anthony J. Mills, former curator at the Royal Ontario Museum. The excavations at Ismant el-Kharab (ancient Kellis),[9] Mut el-Kharab (ancient Mothis),[10] Deir Abu Metta and Muzawwaqa[11] are undertaken with the cooperation of Monash University, under the direction of Gillian E. Bowen. Bowen and Colin Hope, also of Monash, are the principal investigators at Ismant el-Kharab. The DOP has also excavated at 'Ain el-Gazzareen,[12] El Qasr el-Dakhil,[13] Deir el Hagar[14] and Ain Birbiyeh.[15]

As well as the Dakhleh Trust, formed in 1999 to raise money for the DOP, organizations which have supported or participated in the DOP include: the Royal Ontario Museum, the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities, Monash University, the University of Durham, the University of Toronto, Columbia University, the American Research Centre in Egypt, the Egyptology Society of Victoria and New York University.

In addition, excavations are undertaken at Amheida under the direction of Roger S. Bagnall. These were originally conducted under the auspices of Columbia University, but are currently conducted for New York University.[16]

Excavations are also underway at Balat under the auspices of the IFAO under the direction of Georges Soukiassian in conjunction with the Ministry for State Antiquities.[17]

Dakhleh Trust

The Dakhleh Trust was formed in 1999 and is a registered charity in Britain. Its declared aim is to advance understanding of the history of the environment and cultural evolution throughout the Quaternary period in the eastern Sahara, and particularly in the Dakhla Oasis. To this end, the present trustees have committed themselves to supporting the DOP.

Trustees

Name Personal details Office
John Ruffle MA Retired museum curator and Egyptologist Chairman
Judith Trowell Treasurer
Sir Graham Boyce KCMG
Glenys Carter MBE Retired director, National Association of Toy and Leisure Libraries
Simon deMare Museologist
Anthony Harris
Peter Mackenzie-Smith Managing director, Prothero Limited

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dakhla Oasis.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Al-Qasr, Egypt.
  1. ^ a b c d e "Dakleh Oasis Projects, Arts, Monash University". Monash University. September 24, 2010. Archived from the original on February 18, 2011. Retrieved 2011-02-08. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ Scribes and craftsmen: the noble art of writing on clay. Feb 29, 2012; UCL Institute of Archaeology
  3. ^ Posener-Kriéger 1992; Pantalacci 1998.
  4. ^ Parkinson and Quirke 1995:20.
  5. ^ Su (March 31, 2009). "Qasr Dakhla, Egyptian Monuments". Retrieved February 8, 2011. (blog)
  6. ^ "Dakhla Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
  7. ^ "Appendix I: Meteorological Data" (PDF). Springer. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
  8. ^ "SSEA Dakleh Oasis Project". Society for the Study of Egyption Antiquities. 2006. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
  9. ^ "Ismant el-Kharab, ancient Kellis". Monash University. November 12, 2010. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
  10. ^ "Excavations at Mut el-Kharab, Dakhleh Oasis". Monash University. December 9, 2010. Archived from the original on February 18, 2011. Retrieved 2011-02-08. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ "Deir Abu Metta and Muzawwaqa, Dakhleh Oasis". Monash University. November 5, 2010. Archived from the original on February 18, 2011. Retrieved 2011-02-08. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ "'Ain el-Gazzareen". Dakhleh Trust. 2005. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
  13. ^ "El Qasr el-Dakhil". Dakhleh Trust. 2005. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
  14. ^ "Deir el Hagar". Dakhleh Trust. 2005. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
  15. ^ "Annual Report 2008, Ain Birbiyeh Temple Project" (PDF). Monash University. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 24, 2011. Retrieved 2011-02-08. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ NYU. "NYU Excavations at Amheida". Retrieved February 8, 2011.
  17. ^ IFAO Balat Project Page. Retrieved 2014-10-22

Further reading

Published works

  • Boozer, A. “Archaeology on Egypt’s Edge: Archaeological Research in the Dakhleh Oasis, 1819-1977” in Ancient West & East: 12: 117-156. 2013.
  • Fakhry, A. The Oases of Egypt, I : Siwa Oasis, Le Caire, Amer. Univ. in Cairo Press.
  • Fakhry, A. The Oases of Egypt, II: Bahriyah and Farafra Oases, Le Caire, Univ. in Cairo Press, c. 2003.
  • Giddy, L. Egyptian Oases: Bahariya, Dakhla, Farafra and Kharga during Pharaonic Times, Warminster, Aris & Philips, 1987.
  • Jackson, R. At Empire’s Edge: Exploring Rome’s Egyptian Frontier, New Haven et Londres, Yale University Press, 2002.
  • Thurston, H. Island of the Blessed : the Secrets of Egypt’s Everlasting Oasis, Toronto, Doubleday, 2003.
  • Vivian, C. The Western Desert of Egypt: an explorer’s handbook, AUC Press, le Caire, 2000.
  • Wagner, G. Les oasis d’Égypte à l’époque grecque, romaine et byzantine, d’après les documents grecs, Le Caire, Recherches de papyrologie et d’épigraphie grecques, 1987.

25°29′29.6″N 28°58′45.2″E / 25.491556°N 28.979222°E / 25.491556; 28.979222

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