Douglas Dam: Difference between revisions
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[[Image:Douglas Dam Construction.jpg|Douglas Dam during construction.|thumb|right|upright]] |
[[Image:Douglas Dam Construction.jpg|Douglas Dam during construction.|thumb|right|upright]] |
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[[Image:Construction work at Douglas Dam.jpg|thumb|right|Construction work at Douglas Dam, 1942.]] |
[[Image:Construction work at Douglas Dam.jpg|thumb|right|Construction work at Douglas Dam, 1942.]] |
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During 1941, [[President of the U.S.|President]] [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] requested Congress to allocate funding for a dam on the French Broad River in [[East Tennessee]]. After the [[Attack on Pearl Harbor]] brought the United States into World War II, construction of this dam became a high priority in order to generate [[hydroelectric power]] for national defense purposes, particularly in the production of [[aluminum]] and [[magnesium]] – vital metals for wartime [[warplane]]-manufacturing.<ref name=TNEncyclopedia/><ref name=Time/> When TVA first asked Congress for the funds to construct Douglas Dam in late 1941, [[U.S. Senator]] [[Kenneth McKellar (politician)|Kenneth McKellar]] of Tennessee opposed the project because it would flood some {{convert|40|sqmi|km2}} of fertile farmland important to the local [[canning|food canning]] industry.<ref name=TNEncyclopedia>Estle Muncy, [http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=J013 Jefferson County]. ''Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture'', 2002. Retrieved: 8 January 2009.</ref> McKellar succeeded in blocking this project for two months, but then his opposition to it was overridden due to needs of national defense. The [[War Production Board|Office of Production Management]] predicted that wartime [[industry|industrial production]] would peak in 1943, and that the generating capacity of existing and planned TVA projects would be short by 230,000 [[kilowatt]]s of [[electric power]].<ref name=book1 /><ref name=Time>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,766545,00.html Feud]. ''Time'', May 25, 1942. Retrieved: 8 January 2009.</ref> Congress approved the project in January 1942 and President Roosevelt signed the bill into law on January 30, 1942. Construction began immediately on February 2 as a rush project, and it utilized [[blueprint]]s, [[civil engineer]]s, [[construction worker]]s, and construction machinery from the nearby [[Cherokee Dam]],<ref name=TNEncyclopedia/> which had just been completed a few weeks earlier in late 1941.<ref name=book1 /> |
During 1941, [[President of the U.S.|President]] [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] requested Congress to allocate funding for a dam on the French Broad River in [[East Tennessee]]. After the [[Attack on Pearl Harbor]] brought the United States into World War II, construction of this dam became a high priority in order to generate [[hydroelectric power]] for national defense purposes, particularly in the production of [[aluminum]] and [[magnesium]] – vital metals for wartime [[warplane]]-manufacturing.<ref name=TNEncyclopedia/><ref name=Time/> When TVA first asked Congress for the funds to construct Douglas Dam in late 1941, [[U.S. Senator]] [[Kenneth McKellar (politician)|Kenneth McKellar]] of Tennessee opposed the project because it would flood some {{convert|40|sqmi|km2}} of fertile farmland important to the local [[canning|food canning]] industry.<ref name=TNEncyclopedia>Estle Muncy, [http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=J013 Jefferson County] {{wayback|url=http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=J013 |date=20080107103153 }}. ''Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture'', 2002. Retrieved: 8 January 2009.</ref> McKellar succeeded in blocking this project for two months, but then his opposition to it was overridden due to needs of national defense. The [[War Production Board|Office of Production Management]] predicted that wartime [[industry|industrial production]] would peak in 1943, and that the generating capacity of existing and planned TVA projects would be short by 230,000 [[kilowatt]]s of [[electric power]].<ref name=book1 /><ref name=Time>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,766545,00.html Feud]. ''Time'', May 25, 1942. Retrieved: 8 January 2009.</ref> Congress approved the project in January 1942 and President Roosevelt signed the bill into law on January 30, 1942. Construction began immediately on February 2 as a rush project, and it utilized [[blueprint]]s, [[civil engineer]]s, [[construction worker]]s, and construction machinery from the nearby [[Cherokee Dam]],<ref name=TNEncyclopedia/> which had just been completed a few weeks earlier in late 1941.<ref name=book1 /> |
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[[Image:Douglas-dam-design-tva1.jpg|thumb|left|Plan of Douglas Dam, circa 1941–2]] |
[[Image:Douglas-dam-design-tva1.jpg|thumb|left|Plan of Douglas Dam, circa 1941–2]] |
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==Ecological effects== |
==Ecological effects== |
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One of the problems of hydroelectric dams is the periodic reduction of dissolved oxygen in the tailwaters downstream of the dam. Three systems are used at Douglas Dam to improve oxygenation.<ref>[http://www.tva.com/environment/water/rri_triblist.htm#douglas TVA article on tailwater improvements for oxygenation]</ref> |
One of the problems of hydroelectric dams is the periodic reduction of dissolved oxygen in the tailwaters downstream of the dam. Three systems are used at Douglas Dam to improve oxygenation.<ref>[http://www.tva.com/environment/water/rri_triblist.htm#douglas TVA article on tailwater improvements for oxygenation] {{wayback|url=http://www.tva.com/environment/water/rri_triblist.htm#douglas |date=20061111125343 }}</ref> |
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* 1. Turbine venting – injection of oxygen at the [[water turbine]]s. |
* 1. Turbine venting – injection of oxygen at the [[water turbine]]s. |
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Revision as of 07:00, 16 December 2016
| Douglas Dam | |
|---|---|
 Douglas Dam from downstream | |
  Location of Douglas Dam in Tennessee | |
| Official name | Douglas Dam |
| Location | Sevier County, Tennessee, United States |
| Construction began | February 2, 1942 |
| Opening date | February 19, 1943 |
| Operator(s) | Tennessee Valley Authority |
| Dam and spillways | |
| Impounds | French Broad River |
| Height | 202 feet (62 m) |
| Length | 1,705 feet (520 m) |
| Reservoir | |
| Creates | Douglas Lake |
| Total capacity | 1,461,000 acre⋅ft (1,802,000 dam3) |
| Catchment area | 4,541 sq mi (11,760 km2) |
| Power Station | |
| Commission date | 1942–1954 |
| Turbines | 2 x 41 MW, 2 x 32 MW Francis-type |
| Installed capacity | 146 MW[1] |
Douglas Dam is a hydroelectric dam on the French Broad River in Sevier County, Tennessee, in the southeastern United States. The dam is operated by the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), which built the dam in record time in the early 1940s to meet emergency energy demands at the height of World War II. Douglas Dam is a straight reinforced concrete gravity-type dam 1705 feet (520 m) long and 202 feet (62 m) high, impounding the 28,420-acre (11,500 ha) Douglas Lake. The dam was named for Douglas Bluff, a cliff overlooking the dam site prior to construction.[2]
Location and access
The French Broad River winds its way westward from the Appalachian Mountains, gaining considerable strength after absorbing the Pigeon River and Nolichucky River near Newport before eventually joining with the Holston River at Knoxville to form the Tennessee River. Douglas Dam is located 32 miles (51 km) above the mouth of the French Broad. The area is a geological border between the Foothills of the Great Smoky Mountains (which rise to the south) and the Appalachian Ridge-and-Valley range. The reservoir includes parts of Sevier, Jefferson, Hamblen, and Cocke counties.
Road access is available by Tennessee State Hwy 338 which crosses just downstream of the dam. Interstate 40 (Exit 407) passes a few miles to the north.
The dam does not have any navigational locks.
Background and construction
During 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt requested Congress to allocate funding for a dam on the French Broad River in East Tennessee. After the Attack on Pearl Harbor brought the United States into World War II, construction of this dam became a high priority in order to generate hydroelectric power for national defense purposes, particularly in the production of aluminum and magnesium – vital metals for wartime warplane-manufacturing.[3][4] When TVA first asked Congress for the funds to construct Douglas Dam in late 1941, U.S. Senator Kenneth McKellar of Tennessee opposed the project because it would flood some 40 square miles (100 km2) of fertile farmland important to the local food canning industry.[3] McKellar succeeded in blocking this project for two months, but then his opposition to it was overridden due to needs of national defense. The Office of Production Management predicted that wartime industrial production would peak in 1943, and that the generating capacity of existing and planned TVA projects would be short by 230,000 kilowatts of electric power.[2][4] Congress approved the project in January 1942 and President Roosevelt signed the bill into law on January 30, 1942. Construction began immediately on February 2 as a rush project, and it utilized blueprints, civil engineers, construction workers, and construction machinery from the nearby Cherokee Dam,[3] which had just been completed a few weeks earlier in late 1941.[2]
The construction of the Douglas Dam and its accompanying reservoir required the purchase of 33,160 acres (13,420 ha) of land, 5,182 acres (2,097 ha) of which were forested and had to be cleared. This project also required the relocation of 525 families and 32 cemeteries, and the rerouting of several miles of roads.[2] Supplies for the construction of the dam were hauled to the site by the Smoky Mountain Railroad, which had constructed a spur line to the site from nearby Sevierville. Profits from supporting the dam construction saved this railroad from bankruptcy.[5]
The Douglas Project required the construction of ten smaller earthen saddle dams to fill in gaps along the adjacent ridgeline and permit a higher water elevation than would otherwise be possible. Most of these saddle dams are located in the hills southeast of the main dam, although one protects downtown Dandridge, which along with the communities of Shady Grove, Oak Grove, and Rankin, was scheduled to be flooded.[2] However, the citizens of Dandridge appealed to the First Lady, Eleanor Roosevelt, pointing out that this town was the only place in the United States named for Martha Washington, the wife of the first president George Washington. Mrs. Roosevelt made certain that a saddle dam was built to protect the town of Dandridge from flooding.[6] The saddle dam was built of earthen fill, and reinforced on its lakeside by gravel and riprap.[2]
In spite of a four-week work delay caused by flooding, the Douglas Dam was completed and its floodgates were closed on February 19, 1943, just 382 days after the construction began, setting a world record for a project of its size.[2][3] Its first electric generator went on-line on March 21, 1943, and its second one went on-line on January 1, 1944. Its powerhouse operated at maximum capacity for most of its first year of operation.[2] After its completion, the Douglas Dam powerhouse furnished electric power for two critical war industries, aluminum production and the Manhattan Project's uranium enrichment operations at nearby Oak Ridge.[3]
Power generation, flood control, and other purposes
The Douglas Dam powerhouse is a hydroelectric power producer with four large water turbines that drive four large electric generators. Their combined peak electric power-production capacity is 146,000 kilowatts.[7]
In addition to hydroelectric generation, there are several secondary purposes of the Douglas dam and reservoir. One of these is flood control for the French Broad River and also for the Tennessee River downstream. Douglas Lake has a total capacity of roughly 1,461,000 acre⋅ft (1,802,000 dam3) of water, of which 1,081,880 acre-feet (1,334,480 dam3) is reserved for flood control.[7]
The water stored in Douglas Lake serves an important purpose during extended dry periods and droughts in East Tennessee and western North Carolina. Then, water is released from this and other dams on the upper tributaries of the Tennessee River in order to maintain an eight-foot-deep navigation channel for barges on the inland waterway of the river from Knoxville down to its mouth at the Ohio River. If it were not for these releases of water, parts of the Tennessee River would become unnavigable.[citation needed] Furthermore, the water that is released is then available for all the drinking-water supplies of cities and towns downstream, and in addition, it is available for watering farms during the droughts.
Another secondary purpose of the Douglas Dam and Douglas Lake is for recreational boating, swimming, and fishing. Significant amounts of freshwater fish are caught in Douglas Lake as part of the food supply for human beings. Douglas Lake has an average of 500 miles (800 km) of shoreline, and it has an average surface area of nearly 30,000 acres (120 square kilometers), with both measurements varying according to the seasonally changing water level of Douglas Lake.[8]
Douglas Lake is the recreational destination for up to two million visitors per year. Primary uses of the lake and its shores are fishing, boating, water skiing, swimming, camping, hiking, and wildlife observing. In addition to a number of private campgrounds in this area, TVA provides the Douglas Dam Headwater Campground and the Douglas Dam Tailwater Campground for public use. The Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency stocks Douglas Lake tens of thousands of sauger and crappie fish each year to thrive and then provide recreational and food fishing.[8]
Ecological effects
One of the problems of hydroelectric dams is the periodic reduction of dissolved oxygen in the tailwaters downstream of the dam. Three systems are used at Douglas Dam to improve oxygenation.[9]
- 1. Turbine venting – injection of oxygen at the water turbines.
- 2. Surface water pumps – pumps that push surface water downward to the turbines.
- 3. Water pulsing – periodic release of water through the power turbines to maintain some water flow downstream at all times.
References
- ^ "Hydroelectric Plants in Tennessee". IndustCards. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Tennessee Valley Authority, The Douglas Project: A Comprehensive Report on the Planning, Design, Construction, and Initial Operations of the Douglas Project, Technical Report No. 10 (Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1949), 1–12, 28.
- ^ a b c d e Estle Muncy, Jefferson County Archived 2008-01-07 at the Wayback Machine. Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture, 2002. Retrieved: 8 January 2009.
- ^ a b Feud. Time, May 25, 1942. Retrieved: 8 January 2009.
- ^ William Robert Rogers, A Brief History of the Smoky Mountain Railroad. Originally published in Sevier County: Its History and Heritage, 1994. Retrieved: 8 January 2009.
- ^ Jefferson County, Tennessee History for Kids website
- ^ a b Tennessee Valley Authority, Douglas Reservoir. Retrieved: 8 January 2009.
- ^ a b Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency — Reservoir Fish Stocking 2008. Retrieved: 8 January 2009.
- ^ TVA article on tailwater improvements for oxygenation Archived 2006-11-11 at the Wayback Machine
External links
- Douglas Reservoir — official TVA site
- Douglas Reservoir — Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency
- Photo gallery of the construction of Douglas Dam