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====Fumigant====
====Fumigant====
The [[United States Food and Drug Administration]] has approved the use of propylene oxide to pasteurize raw almonds beginning on September 1, 2007, in response to two incidents of contamination by ''[[Salmonella]]'' in commercial orchards, one incident occurring in Canada and one in the United States.<ref>[http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/GuidanceDocuments/ProduceandPlanProducts/ucm169160.htm See The FDA Guidance Document For More Info]</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Agricultural Marketing Service, USDA | authorlink=United States Department of Agriculture | date=30 March 2007 | title=Almonds Grown in California; Outgoing Quality Control Requirements | journal=Federal Register | volume= 72 | issue= 61 | pages=15,021–15,036 | url=http://www.almondboard.com/files/Rule.pdf |format=PDF| accessdate=2007-08-22 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070928050927/http://www.almondboard.com/files/Rule.pdf <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2007-09-28}}</ref>
The [[United States Food and Drug Administration]] has approved the use of propylene oxide to pasteurize raw almonds beginning on September 1, 2007, in response to two incidents of contamination by ''[[Salmonella]]'' in commercial orchards, one incident occurring in Canada and one in the United States.<ref>[http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/GuidanceDocuments/ProduceandPlanProducts/ucm169160.htm See The FDA Guidance Document For More Info] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209152717/http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/GuidanceDocuments/ProduceandPlanProducts/ucm169160.htm |date=2011-02-09 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Agricultural Marketing Service, USDA |authorlink=United States Department of Agriculture |date=30 March 2007 |title=Almonds Grown in California; Outgoing Quality Control Requirements |journal=Federal Register |volume=72 |issue=61 |pages=15,021–15,036 |url=http://www.almondboard.com/files/Rule.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-08-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928050927/http://www.almondboard.com/files/Rule.pdf |archivedate=28 September 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref>
Pistachio nuts can also be subjected to propylene oxide to control ''Salmonella''.
Pistachio nuts can also be subjected to propylene oxide to control ''Salmonella''.


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* [http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/hlthef/prop-oxi.html Propylene oxide] at the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]]
* [http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/hlthef/prop-oxi.html Propylene oxide] at the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]]
* [http://chemindustry.ru/Propylene_Oxide.php Propylene oxide - chemical product info: properties, production, applications.]
* [http://chemindustry.ru/Propylene_Oxide.php Propylene oxide - chemical product info: properties, production, applications.]
* [http://pubweb.epa.gov/ttn/atw/orig189.html Propylene oxide] at the Technology Transfer Network Air Toxics Web Site
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081204112403/http://pubweb.epa.gov/ttn/atw/orig189.html Propylene oxide] at the Technology Transfer Network Air Toxics Web Site
* [http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0538.html CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards]
* [http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0538.html CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards]


Revision as of 02:01, 22 May 2017

Propylene oxide
Structural formula
Ball-and-stick model of the propylene oxide molecule
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
2-Methyloxirane
Other names
Propylene oxide
Epoxypropane
Propylene epoxide
1,2-Propylene oxide
Methyl oxirane
1,2-Epoxypropane
Propene oxide
Methyl ethylene oxide
Methylethylene oxide
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.000.800 Edit this at Wikidata
EC Number
  • 200-879-2
KEGG
  • InChI=1S/C3H6O/c1-3-2-4-3/h3H,2H2,1H3
    Key: GOOHAUXETOMSMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
  • CC1CO1
Properties
C3H6O
Molar mass 58.080 g·mol−1
Appearance Colorless liquid
Odor benzene-like[1]
Density 0.830 g/cm3
Melting point −112 °C (−170 °F; 161 K)
Boiling point 34 °C (93 °F; 307 K)
41% (20°C)[1]
Vapor pressure 445 mmHg (20°C)[1]
-42.5·10−6 cm3/mol
Hazards
Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH):
Main hazards
 Extremely flammable
GHS labelling:
GHS02: FlammableGHS08: Health hazardGHS07: Exclamation mark
DANGER!
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
NFPA 704 four-colored diamondHealth 3: Short exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury. E.g. chlorine gasFlammability 4: Will rapidly or completely vaporize at normal atmospheric pressure and temperature, or is readily dispersed in air and will burn readily. Flash point below 23 °C (73 °F). E.g. propaneInstability 2: Undergoes violent chemical change at elevated temperatures and pressures, reacts violently with water, or may form explosive mixtures with water. E.g. white phosphorusSpecial hazards (white): no code
3
4
2
Flash point −37 °C (−35 °F; 236 K)
747 °C (1,377 °F; 1,020 K)
Explosive limits 2.3-36%[1]
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
660 mg/kg (guinea pig, oral)
380 mg/kg (rat, oral)
440 mg/kg (mouse, oral)
1140 mg/kg (rat, oral)
690 mg/kg (guinea pig, oral)[2]
1740 ppm (mouse, 4 hr)
4000 ppm (rat, 4 hr)[2]
2005 ppm (dog, 4 hr)
4000 ppm (guinea pig, 4 hr)[2]
NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)
 TWA 100 ppm (240 mg/m3)[1]
REL (Recommended)
 Ca[1]
IDLH (Immediate danger)
 Ca [400 ppm][1]
Safety data sheet (SDS) Oxford MSDS
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
☒N verify (what is checkY☒N ?)

Propylene oxide is an organic compound with the molecular formula CH3CHCH2O. This colourless volatile liquid is produced on a large scale industrially, its major application being its use for the production of polyether polyols for use in making polyurethane plastics. It is a chiral epoxide, although it is commonly used as a racemic mixture.

This compound is sometimes called 1,2-propylene oxide to distinguish it from its isomer 1,3-propylene oxide, better known as oxetane.

Production

Industrial production of propylene oxide starts from propylene. Two general approaches are employed, one involving hydrochlorination and the other involving oxidation.[5] In 2005, about half of the world production was through chlorohydrin technology and one half via oxidation routes. The latter approach is growing in importance.[6]

Hydrochlorination route

The traditional route proceeds via the conversion of propylene to propylene chlorohydrin, which is produced according to the following simplified scheme:

The mixture of 1-chloro-2-propanol and 2-chloro-1-propanol, which is then dehydrochlorinated. For example:

Lime (Ca(OH)2) is often used to absorb the HCl.

Oxidation of propylene

The other general route to propylene oxide involves oxidation of propylene with an organic peroxide. The reaction follows this stoichiometry:

CH3CH=CH2 + RO2H → CH3CHCH2O + ROH

The process is practiced with three hydroperoxide]]s:[6]

In March 2009, BASF and Dow Chemical started up their new HPPO plant in Antwerp.[8] In the HPPO-Process, propylene is oxidized with hydrogen peroxide:

CH3CH=CH2 + H2O2 → CH3CHCH2O + H2O

In this process no side products other than water are generated.[9]

Uses

Between 60 and 70% of all propylene oxide is converted to polyether polyols by the process called alkoxylation.[10] These polyols are building blocks in the production of polyurethane plastics.[11] About 20% of propylene oxide is hydrolyzed into propylene glycol, via a process which is accelerated by acid or base catalysis. Other major products are polypropylene glycol, propylene glycol ethers, and propylene carbonate.

Historic and niche uses

Propylene oxide was once used as a racing fuel, but that usage is now prohibited under the US NHRA rules for safety reasons. It has also been used in glow fuel for model aircraft and surface vehicles, typically combined in small percentages of around 2% as an additive to the typical methanol, nitromethane, and oil mix. It is also used in thermobaric weapons, and microbial fumigation.

Fumigant

The United States Food and Drug Administration has approved the use of propylene oxide to pasteurize raw almonds beginning on September 1, 2007, in response to two incidents of contamination by Salmonella in commercial orchards, one incident occurring in Canada and one in the United States.[12][13] Pistachio nuts can also be subjected to propylene oxide to control Salmonella.

Microscopy

Propylene oxide is commonly used in the preparation of biological samples for electron microscopy, to remove residual ethanol previously used for dehydration. In a typical procedure, the sample is first immersed in a mixture of equal volumes of ethanol and propylene oxide for 5 minutes, and then four times in pure oxide, 10 minutes each.

Safety

Propylene oxide is a probable human carcinogen,[14] and listed as an IARC Group 2B carcinogen.[15]

Natural occurrence

In 2016 it was reported that propylene oxide was detected in Sagittarius B2, a cloud of gas in the Milky Way weighing three million solar masses. It is the first chiral molecule to be detected in space.[16]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0538". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
  2. ^ a b c "Propylene oxide". Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
  3. ^ http://www.otrain.com/OTI_MSDS(NFPA)PMAP.html
  4. ^ http://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/5159
  5. ^ Dietmar Kahlich, Uwe Wiechern, Jörg Lindner “Propylene Oxide” in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2002 by Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a22_239Article Online Posting Date: June 15, 2000
  6. ^ a b Nijhuis, T. Alexander; Makkee, Michiel; Moulijn, Jacob A.; Weckhuysen, Bert M. "The Production of Propene Oxide: Catalytic Processes and Recent Developments" Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 2006, volume 45, 3447-3459. doi:10.1021/ie0513090
  7. ^ "Summary of Sumitomo process from Nexant Reports". Retrieved 2007-09-18.
  8. ^ "New BASF and Dow HPPO Plant in Antwerp Completes Start-Up Phase". Retrieved 2009-03-05.
  9. ^ Alex Tullo (2004). "Dow, BASF to build Propylene Oxide". 82 (36): 15. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  10. ^ Norbert Adam et al. "Polyurethanes" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2005, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_665.pub2
  11. ^ "Usage of proplyene oxide, from Dow Chemical". Retrieved 2007-09-10.
  12. ^ See The FDA Guidance Document For More Info Archived 2011-02-09 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ Agricultural Marketing Service, USDA (30 March 2007). "Almonds Grown in California; Outgoing Quality Control Requirements" (PDF). Federal Register. 72 (61): 15, 021–15, 036. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-22. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ "Safety data for propylene oxide".
  15. ^ Grana, R; Benowitz, N; Glantz, SA (13 May 2014). "E-cigarettes: a scientific review". Circulation. 129 (19): 1972–86. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.114.007667. PMC 4018182. PMID 24821826.
  16. ^ "Scientists just detected this life-forming molecule in interstellar space for the first time". Science Alert. 2016-06-15.
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