Lunenburg campaign (1758): Difference between revisions
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== Historical Context == |
== Historical Context == |
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Despite the British [[Siege of Port Royal (1710)|Conquest of Acadia]] in 1710, Nova Scotia remained primarily occupied by Catholic Acadians and Mi'kmaq. To prevent the establishment of Protestant settlements in the region, Mi'kmaq raided the early British settlements of present-day [[Shelburne, Nova Scotia|Shelburne]] (1715) and [[Canso, Nova Scotia|Canso]] (1720). A generation later, [[Father Le Loutre's War]] began when [[Edward Cornwallis]] arrived to establish [[Halifax Regional Municipality|Halifax]] with 13 transports on June 21, 1749.<ref>Grenier, John. The Far Reaches of Empire. War in Nova Scotia, 1710-1760. Norman: U of Oklahoma P, 2008; Thomas Beamish Akins. History of Halifax, Brookhouse Press. 1895. (2002 edition). p 7</ref> By unilaterally establishing Halifax the British were violating earlier treaties with the Mi'kmaq (1726), which were signed after [[Father Rale's War]].<ref>Wicken, p. 181; Griffith, p. 390; Also see http://www.northeastarch.com/vieux_logis.html</ref> |
Despite the British [[Siege of Port Royal (1710)|Conquest of Acadia]] in 1710, Nova Scotia remained primarily occupied by Catholic Acadians and Mi'kmaq. To prevent the establishment of Protestant settlements in the region, Mi'kmaq raided the early British settlements of present-day [[Shelburne, Nova Scotia|Shelburne]] (1715) and [[Canso, Nova Scotia|Canso]] (1720). A generation later, [[Father Le Loutre's War]] began when [[Edward Cornwallis]] arrived to establish [[Halifax Regional Municipality|Halifax]] with 13 transports on June 21, 1749.<ref>Grenier, John. The Far Reaches of Empire. War in Nova Scotia, 1710-1760. Norman: U of Oklahoma P, 2008; Thomas Beamish Akins. History of Halifax, Brookhouse Press. 1895. (2002 edition). p 7</ref> By unilaterally establishing Halifax the British were violating earlier treaties with the Mi'kmaq (1726), which were signed after [[Father Rale's War]].<ref>Wicken, p. 181; Griffith, p. 390; Also see {{cite web|url=http://www.northeastarch.com/vieux_logis.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-02-05 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514082831/http://www.northeastarch.com/vieux_logis.html |archivedate=2013-05-14 |df= }}</ref> |
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Despite the British [[Siege of Port Royal (1710)|Conquest of Acadia]] in 1710, Nova Scotia remained primarily occupied by Catholic Acadians and Mi'kmaq. By the time Cornwallis had arrived in Halifax, there was a long history of the [[Wabanaki Confederacy]] (which included the Mi'kmaq) protecting their land by killing British civilians along the New England/ Acadia border in Maine (See the Northeast Coast Campaigns [[King William's War#Northeast Coast Campaign (1688)|1688]], [[Northeast Coast Campaign (1703)|1703]], [[Northeast Coast Campaign (1723)|1723]], [[Father Rale's War#Northeast Coast Campaign (1724)|1724]], [[Northeast Coast Campaign (1745)|1745]], [[Northeast Coast Campaign (1746)|1746]], [[Northeast Coast Campaign (1747)|1747]]).<ref>John Reid.“Amerindian Power in the Early Modern Northeast: A Reappraisal.” in Essays on Northeastern North America: Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2008) ; Grenier, John. The Far Reaches of Empire. War in Nova Scotia, 1710-1760. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 2008.</ref> |
Despite the British [[Siege of Port Royal (1710)|Conquest of Acadia]] in 1710, Nova Scotia remained primarily occupied by Catholic Acadians and Mi'kmaq. By the time Cornwallis had arrived in Halifax, there was a long history of the [[Wabanaki Confederacy]] (which included the Mi'kmaq) protecting their land by killing British civilians along the New England/ Acadia border in Maine (See the Northeast Coast Campaigns [[King William's War#Northeast Coast Campaign (1688)|1688]], [[Northeast Coast Campaign (1703)|1703]], [[Northeast Coast Campaign (1723)|1723]], [[Father Rale's War#Northeast Coast Campaign (1724)|1724]], [[Northeast Coast Campaign (1745)|1745]], [[Northeast Coast Campaign (1746)|1746]], [[Northeast Coast Campaign (1747)|1747]]).<ref>John Reid.“Amerindian Power in the Early Modern Northeast: A Reappraisal.” in Essays on Northeastern North America: Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2008) ; Grenier, John. The Far Reaches of Empire. War in Nova Scotia, 1710-1760. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 2008.</ref> |
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Revision as of 22:07, 27 May 2017
| Lunenburg Campaign | |||||
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| Part of the French and Indian War | |||||
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| Belligerents | |||||
 Great Britain |
Mi'kmaq militia Acadian militia | ||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||
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Lieut-Colonel Patrick Sutherland [1] Dettlieb Christopher Jessen [2] Joseph Gorham Captain Rudolf Faesch (3rd Battalion, 60th Regiment of Foot) [3][4][5] Montgomery's regiment[6] Naval Captain Silvanus Cobb[7] |
Charles Deschamps de Boishebert Chief Joseph Labrador [8] Chief Paul Laurent | ||||
| Strength | |||||
| 30 | unknown | ||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||
| disputed – French report: 20 killed, 5 prisoners; British report: 5 killed, 5 prisoners | none | ||||
| Military history of the Mi'kmaq | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The Lunenburg Campaign was executed by the Mi'kmaq militia and Acadian militia against the Foreign Protestants who the British had settled on the Lunenburg Peninsula during the French and Indian War. The British deployed Joseph Gorham and his Rangers along with Captain Rudolf Faesch and regular troops of the 60th Regiment of Foot to defend Lunenburg.[9] The Campaign was so successful, by November 1758, the members of the House of Assembly for Lunenburg stated "they received no benefit from His Majesty's Troops or Rangers" and required more protection.[10]
Historical Context
Despite the British Conquest of Acadia in 1710, Nova Scotia remained primarily occupied by Catholic Acadians and Mi'kmaq. To prevent the establishment of Protestant settlements in the region, Mi'kmaq raided the early British settlements of present-day Shelburne (1715) and Canso (1720). A generation later, Father Le Loutre's War began when Edward Cornwallis arrived to establish Halifax with 13 transports on June 21, 1749.[11] By unilaterally establishing Halifax the British were violating earlier treaties with the Mi'kmaq (1726), which were signed after Father Rale's War.[12]
Despite the British Conquest of Acadia in 1710, Nova Scotia remained primarily occupied by Catholic Acadians and Mi'kmaq. By the time Cornwallis had arrived in Halifax, there was a long history of the Wabanaki Confederacy (which included the Mi'kmaq) protecting their land by killing British civilians along the New England/ Acadia border in Maine (See the Northeast Coast Campaigns 1688, 1703, 1723, 1724, 1745, 1746, 1747).[13]
The British quickly began to build other settlements. To guard against Mi'kmaq, Acadian and French attacks on the new Protestant settlements, British fortifications were erected in Halifax (Citadel Hill) (1749), Bedford (Fort Sackville) (1749), Dartmouth (1750), Lunenburg (1753) and Lawrencetown (1754).[14] There were numerous Mi'kmaq and Acadian raids on these villages such as the Raid on Dartmouth (1751).[15]
After the Raid on Lunenburg (1756), Governor Lawrence sought to protect the area by establishing blockhouses at the LaHave River, Mush-a-Mush (present day Mahone Bay) and at the Northwest Range (present day Blockhouse, Nova Scotia).[16] Despite the protection of these blockhouses, Indians and Acadians continued raiding the area, executing eight such raids over the next three years.[17] A total of 32 people from Lunenburg were killed in the raids with more being taken prisoner.[18] The British reported that most of these raids were by the Mi'kmaq and Acadians at Cape Sable.[19] (The Argyle, Nova Scotia region was formerly known as Cape Sable and encompassed a much larger area than it does today. It extended from Cape Negro (Baccaro) through Chebogue.)
Following the raid of 1756, Mi'kmaq made eight more raids on the Lunenburg Peninsula over the next three years. In 1757, the Mi'kmaq raided Lunenburg and killed six people from the Brissang family.[20] That same year, the Lunenburg settlers were compelled to do "much militia duty".[21] During the winter, 300 soldiers under the command of former Governor, now Major General, Hopson's were stationed at Lunenburg.[22] In April 1757, a band of Acadian and Mi'kmaq partisans raided a warehouse near-by Fort Edward, killing thirteen British soldiers and, after taking what provisions they could carry, setting fire to the building. A few days later, the same partisans also raided Fort Cumberland.[23] Because of the strength of the Acadian militia and Mi'kmaq militia, British officer John Knox wrote that “In the year 1757 we were said to be Masters of the province of Nova Scotia, or Acadia, which, however, was only an imaginary possession.“ He continues to state that the situation in the province was so precarious for the British that the “troops and inhabitants” at Fort Edward, Fort Sackville and Lunenburg “could not be reputed in any other light than as prisoners."[24][25]
By year end, Governor Charles Lawrence wrote, "More inhabitants were killed and taken prisoner, by which many were too much exposed, and others apprehensive of danger. The people much discouraged, and in great distress."[26] (By June 1757, the settlers of another Halifax satellite settlement, Lawrencetown, had to be withdrawn completely again from the settlement because the number of Mi'kmaq and Acadian raids eventually prevented settlers from leaving their houses.[27] Of the 151 settlers who arrived in Dartmouth in August 1750, after Mi'kmaq and Acadia raids half of the settlers left the community within two years later.[28] By the end of war (1763), Dartmouth was only left with 78 settlers.[29]
The Campaign
The following year, March 1758, the Mi'kmaq raided the Lunenburg Peninsula at the Northwest Range (present-day Blockhouse, Nova Scotia) and killed five people from the Ochs and Roder families.[22] On 15 May 1758, Captain Faesch left Halifax for Lunenburg with troops of the 60th Regiment and an order was given for Sutherland to join the forces en route to Louisbourg.[30] Acadian privateers attacked shipping off of Lunenburg.[31] By the end of May 1758, most of those on the Lunenburg Peninsula abandoned their farms and retreated to the protection of the fortifications around the town of Lunenburg, losing the season for sowing their grain.[32] For those that did not leave their farms for the town, the number of raids intensified.
During the summer of 1758, in response to the British Siege of Louisbourg (1758), Mi'kmaq conducted four raids on the Lunenburg Peninsula. On July 13, 1758, a member of the Labrador family killed two boys on the LaHave River.[33] The next raid happened at Mahone Bay, Nova Scotia on August 24, 1758, when eight Mi'kmaq attacked the family homes of Lay and Brant. While they killed three people in the raid, the Mi'kmaq were unsuccessful in taking their scalps, which was the common practice for payment from the French.[34] Two days, later, two soldiers were killed in a raid on the blockhouse at LaHave, Nova Scotia.[35] On August 27, Joseph Stye along with Conrad Halty and his wife were buried after being scalped.[36]
On September 8, D.C. Jessen led 60 militia and forty troops from the 60th Regiment around the peninsula for a week to scout for Mi'kmaq, which they did not find.[2] During that time, on September 11, Mi'kmaq captured a child in a raid on the Northwest Range.[37]
After the Siege of Louisbourg (1758), Gorham's Rangers were stationed at Lunenburg for the winter.[38] (Joseph Gorham owned 300 acres of land at Lunenburg: land still named Gorham Point at the end of present-day Second Peninsula, two islands nearby,a peninsula leading from the community of Mahone Bay as well as the Seven Islands, near Sacrifice Island in Mahone Bay.[39]) Despite the presence of Gorham's Rangers and the 60th Regiment, in December Lawrence wrote to the Lords of Trade, that the Mi'kmaq "had just destroyed a whole family remarkable for their industry, and that in so bloody and barbarous a manner as to terrify and drive three parts of the people from their county lots into the town for protection."[40]
Afterward
The raids continued the following spring. One raid happened on March 27, 1759, in which three members of the Oxner family were killed.[20] The last raid happened on April 20, 1759. The Mi’kmaq killed four settlers at Lunenburg who were members of the Trippeau and Crighton families.[41] In a letter to the Lords of Trade dated 20 September 1759, Lawrence continued to comment on the raids by Mi'kmaq and Acadians slowing the development of the community.[42] Again, Acadian privateers attacked shipping off of Lunenburg.[41] In his Journal, British officer Knox declared that the British garrisons and inhabitants in the colony "could not be reputed in any other light than as prisoners, " so completely was the colony controlled by the Mi'kmaq, Acadians and French.[43]
Chief Paul Laurent of the LaHave Tribe arrived in Halifax after surrendering to the British at Fort Cumberland on 29 February 1760 and signed a peace treaty in Halifax on 10 March 1760.[44][45][46]
References
Endnotes
- ^ Canadian Biography
- ^ a b Journal of Captain Christopher Jessen
- ^ https://archive.org/stream/germansoldierinw00roseuoft#page/20/mode/2up/search/faesch
- ^ Desbraisey, p. DesBrisay, 50
- ^ Bell, p. 517, note 33a
- ^ p. 55
- ^ Desbraisey, p. 28
- ^ The Labrador family of Lunenburg were metis and were present still at Lunenburg in 1753 and 1755. They were also among the Acadians deported from Piziquid in 1755. (Bell, p. 510) (See History of Lunenburg County, p. 343)
- ^ "Regular" refers to a professional British soldier, paid by the British Crown.
- ^ Bell, p. 512, note 44
- ^ Grenier, John. The Far Reaches of Empire. War in Nova Scotia, 1710-1760. Norman: U of Oklahoma P, 2008; Thomas Beamish Akins. History of Halifax, Brookhouse Press. 1895. (2002 edition). p 7
- ^ Wicken, p. 181; Griffith, p. 390; Also see "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-05-14. Retrieved 2014-02-05.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ John Reid.“Amerindian Power in the Early Modern Northeast: A Reappraisal.” in Essays on Northeastern North America: Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2008) ; Grenier, John. The Far Reaches of Empire. War in Nova Scotia, 1710-1760. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 2008.
- ^ John Grenier. The Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia, 1710-1760. Oklahoma University Press.
- ^ Grenier pp. 154–155. For the Raids on Dartmouth see the Diary of John Salusbury (diarist): Expeditions of Honour: The Journal of John Salusbury in Halifax; also see A genuine narrative of the transactions in Nova Scotia since the settlement, June 1749, till August the 5th, 1751 [microform] : in which the nature, soil, and produce of the country are related, with the particular attempts of the Indians to disturb the colony / by John Wilson. Also see http://www.blupete.com/Hist/NovaScotiaBk1/Part5/Ch07.htm
- ^ Bell, W. Foreign Protestants, p.507.
- ^ The "Foreign Protestants" and the Settlement of Nova Scotia by Dr Winthrop Bell. pp. 504-513
- ^ Bell. Foreign Protestants. p. 515
- ^ The "Foreign Protestants" and the Settlement of Nova Scotia by Dr Winthrop Bell. p. 513
- ^ a b Archibald McMechan, Red Snow of Grand Pre. 1931. p. 192
- ^ Desbresaie, p. 49
- ^ a b Bell, p. 509
- ^ John Faragher. Great and Noble Scheme. Norton. 2005. p. 398.
- ^ Knox. Vol. 2, p. 443 Bell, p. 514
- ^ https://archive.org/stream/cihm_36456#page/n461/mode/2up/search/reputed
- ^ p. 54
- ^ Bell Foreign Protestants. p. 508
- ^ Harry Chapman, p. 31
- ^ Harry Chapman, p. 32
- ^ Sutherland did not return to Lunenburg until September 6 (see Bell, p. 509)
- ^ Bell, p. 513, note 50
- ^ Bell. Foreign Protestants. pp. 510, 513
- ^ Bell, p. 510
- ^ Bell, Foreign Protestants, p. 511
- ^ Bell, p. 511
- ^ p. 84
- ^ Bell, p. 512
- ^ Rogers Rangers, p. 35
- ^ George Bates. John Gorham 1709-1751. Collections of the Nova Scotia Historical Society, p. 87
- ^ Desbraisey, p. 52
- ^ a b Bell, p. 513
- ^ p. 53
- ^ Bell, p. 514
- ^ (See Beamish Murdoch, Vol. 2, p. 385
- ^ See Beamish Murdoch, Vol. 2, p. 385
- ^ Chief Francis Mius of La Heve signed a peace treaty on 9 Nov. 1761. (See Desbrasiey, p. 55
Texts
- Bell, Winthrop Pickard. The "Foreign Protestants" and the Settlement of Nova Scotia:The History of a piece of arrested British Colonial Policy in the Eighteenth Century. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1961
- Mather Byles DesBrisay (1895). History of the county of Lunenburg.