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==Distribution==
==Distribution==
The [[native plant|native]] range of field maple includes much of Europe, including Denmark, Poland and Belarus, England north to southern Scotland (where it is the only native maple), southwest Asia from Turkey to the Caucasus, and north Africa in the Atlas Mountains.<ref name=rushforth>Rushforth, K. (1999). ''Trees of Britain and Europe''. Collins {{ISBN|0-00-220013-9}}.</ref><ref name=afm>Mitchell, A. F. (1974). ''A Field Guide to the Trees of Britain and Northern Europe''. Collins {{ISBN|0-00-212035-6}}</ref><ref name=empp>Euro+Med Plantbase Project: [http://ww2.bgbm.org/_EuroPlusMed/PTaxonDetail.asp?NameId=811&PTRefFk=500000 ''Acer campestre'']</ref><ref name=fe>{{cite web|url=http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Acer&SPECIES_XREF=campestre&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK=|title=''Acer campestre''|publisher=[[Flora Europaea]]|accessdate=August 29, 2007}}</ref><ref name=fnwe>Flora of NW Europe: [http://ip30.eti.uva.nl/BIS/flora.php?selected=beschrijving&menuentry=soorten&id=3147 ''Acer campestre'']</ref><ref name=dvf>Den virtuella floran: [http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/di/acera/acer/acercamv.jpg ''Acer campestre'' distribution map]</ref><ref name="nagy04">{{cite journal|author1=Nagy, L.|author2=Ducci, F.|title=Acer campestre - Field maple|journal=[[EUFORGEN]] Technical guidelines for genetic conservation and use|date=2004|pages=6 p.|url=http://www.euforgen.org/fileadmin//templates/euforgen.org/upload/Publications/Technical_guidelines/1033_Technical_guidelines_for_genetic_conservation_and_use_for_field_maple__Acer_campestre_.pdf}}</ref> In many areas, the original native range is obscured by widespread planting and introductions.<ref name=BRCBSBI>{{cite web |title=Online atlas of the British and Irish flora, ''Acer campestre (Field maple) |url=https://www.brc.ac.uk/plantatlas/index.php?q=plant/acer-campestre |publisher=Biological Records Centre and Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland }}</ref> In North America it is known as '''hedge maple'''<ref name=usda>{{cite web|url= http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ACCA5|title=''Acer campestre''|publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA Plants Profile]]|accessdate=August 29, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/hcs/TMI/Plantlist/ac_estre.html|title=''Acer campestre''|publisher=[[Ohio State University]]|accessdate=August 29, 2007}}</ref> and in Australia, it is sometimes called '''common maple.'''<ref>Department of Agriculture, Western Australia: [http://www.padil.gov.au/viewPest.aspx?id=165 Pests and Diseases Image Library]</ref> In [[Nottinghamshire]], England it was known locally as '''dog oak'''.<ref>{{Cite book|title = The English dialect dictionary|last = Wright|first = Joseph|publisher = Oxford University Press|year =|isbn =|volume = 6|location = London|pages = 109}}</ref>
The [[native plant|native]] range of field maple includes much of Europe, including Denmark, Poland and Belarus, England north to southern Scotland (where it is the only native maple), southwest Asia from Turkey to the Caucasus, and north Africa in the Atlas Mountains.<ref name=rushforth>Rushforth, K. (1999). ''Trees of Britain and Europe''. Collins {{ISBN|0-00-220013-9}}.</ref><ref name=afm>Mitchell, A. F. (1974). ''A Field Guide to the Trees of Britain and Northern Europe''. Collins {{ISBN|0-00-212035-6}}</ref><ref name=empp>Euro+Med Plantbase Project: [http://ww2.bgbm.org/_EuroPlusMed/PTaxonDetail.asp?NameId=811&PTRefFk=500000 ''Acer campestre''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928003449/http://ww2.bgbm.org/_EuroPlusMed/PTaxonDetail.asp?NameId=811&PTRefFk=500000 |date=2007-09-28 }}</ref><ref name=fe>{{cite web|url=http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Acer&SPECIES_XREF=campestre&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK=|title=''Acer campestre''|publisher=[[Flora Europaea]]|accessdate=August 29, 2007}}</ref><ref name=fnwe>Flora of NW Europe: [http://ip30.eti.uva.nl/BIS/flora.php?selected=beschrijving&menuentry=soorten&id=3147 ''Acer campestre'']</ref><ref name=dvf>Den virtuella floran: [http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/di/acera/acer/acercamv.jpg ''Acer campestre'' distribution map]</ref><ref name="nagy04">{{cite journal|author1=Nagy, L.|author2=Ducci, F.|title=Acer campestre - Field maple|journal=[[EUFORGEN]] Technical guidelines for genetic conservation and use|date=2004|pages=6 p.|url=http://www.euforgen.org/fileadmin//templates/euforgen.org/upload/Publications/Technical_guidelines/1033_Technical_guidelines_for_genetic_conservation_and_use_for_field_maple__Acer_campestre_.pdf}}</ref> In many areas, the original native range is obscured by widespread planting and introductions.<ref name=BRCBSBI>{{cite web |title=Online atlas of the British and Irish flora, ''Acer campestre (Field maple) |url=https://www.brc.ac.uk/plantatlas/index.php?q=plant/acer-campestre |publisher=Biological Records Centre and Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland }}</ref> In North America it is known as '''hedge maple'''<ref name=usda>{{cite web|url= http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ACCA5|title=''Acer campestre''|publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA Plants Profile]]|accessdate=August 29, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/hcs/TMI/Plantlist/ac_estre.html|title=''Acer campestre''|publisher=[[Ohio State University]]|accessdate=August 29, 2007}}</ref> and in Australia, it is sometimes called '''common maple.'''<ref>Department of Agriculture, Western Australia: [http://www.padil.gov.au/viewPest.aspx?id=165 Pests and Diseases Image Library]</ref> In [[Nottinghamshire]], England it was known locally as '''dog oak'''.<ref>{{Cite book|title = The English dialect dictionary|last = Wright|first = Joseph|publisher = Oxford University Press|year =|isbn =|volume = 6|location = London|pages = 109}}</ref>


==Ecology==
==Ecology==

Revision as of 23:20, 25 June 2017

Acer campestre
Field maple foliage and fruit
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
(unranked):
Rosids
Order:
Sapindales
Family:
Sapindaceae[1]
Genus:
Acer
Species:
A. campestre
Binomial name
Acer campestre
Distribution

Acer campestre, known as the field maple,[2] is a flowering plant species in the soapberry and lychee family Sapindaceae. It is native to much of Europe, the British Isles, southwest Asia from Turkey to the Caucasus, and north Africa in the Atlas Mountains. It has been widely planted, and is introduced outside its native range in Europe and areas of USA and Western Australia with suitable climate.

Description

It is a deciduous tree reaching 15–25 m (49–82 ft) tall, with a trunk up to 1 m (3 ft 3 in) in diameter, with finely fissured, often somewhat corky bark. The shoots are brown, with dark brown winter buds. The leaves are in opposite pairs, 5–16 cm (2.0–6.3 in) long (including the 3–9 cm (1.2–3.5 in) petiole) and 5–10 cm (2.0–3.9 in) broad, with five blunt, rounded lobes with a smooth margin. Usually monoecious, the flowers are produced in spring at the same time as the leaves open, yellow-green, in erect clusters 4–6 cm (1.6–2.4 in) across, and are insect-pollinated. The fruit is a samara with two winged achenes aligned at 180°, each achene is 8–10 mm (0.31–0.39 in) wide, flat, with a 2 cm (0.79 in) wing.[3][4]

The two varieties, not accepted as distinct by all authorities, are:[3][5]

  • A. c. var. campestre - downy fruit
  • A. c. var. leiocarpum (Opiz) Wallr. (syn. A. c. subsp. leiocarpum) - hairless fruit

The closely related Acer miyabei replaces it in eastern Asia.[3]

  • Field maple flowers
    Field maple flowers
  • Field maple in autumn, France
    Field maple in autumn, France
  • Field maple, Germany
    Field maple, Germany
  • Field maple, Spain
    Field maple, Spain
  • Leaves and inflorescence
    Leaves and inflorescence
  • Leaves and fruits
    Leaves and fruits
  • Trunk
    Trunk

Distribution

The native range of field maple includes much of Europe, including Denmark, Poland and Belarus, England north to southern Scotland (where it is the only native maple), southwest Asia from Turkey to the Caucasus, and north Africa in the Atlas Mountains.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9] In many areas, the original native range is obscured by widespread planting and introductions.[10] In North America it is known as hedge maple[11][12] and in Australia, it is sometimes called common maple.[13] In Nottinghamshire, England it was known locally as dog oak.[14]

Ecology

Maple field tree, Weinsberg

Field maple is an intermediate species in the ecological succession of disturbed areas; it typically is not among the first trees to colonise a freshly disturbed area, but instead seeds in under the existing vegetation. It is very shade-tolerant during the initial stages of its life, but it has higher light requirements during its seed-bearing years. It exhibits rapid growth initially, but is eventually overtaken and replaced by other trees as the forest matures. It is most commonly found on neutral to alkaline soils, but more rarely on acidic soil.[9]

Diseases include a leaf spot fungus Didymosporina aceris, a mildew Uncinula bicornis, a canker Nectria galligena, and verticillium wilt Verticillium alboatrum. The leaves are also sometimes damaged by gall mites in the genus Aceria, and the aphid Periphyllus villosus.[15]

Cultivation

Maple field illustration

The field maple is widely grown as an ornamental tree in parks and large gardens. The wood is white, hard and strong, and used for furniture, flooring, wood turning and musical instruments,[16] though the small size of the tree and its relatively slow growth make it an unimportant wood.[3]

It is locally naturalised in parts of the United States[11] and more rarely in New Zealand.[17] The hybrid maple Acer × zoeschense has A. campestre as one of its parents.[4]

The tree has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[18]

Cultivars

Over 30 cultivars of Acer campestre are known, selected for their foliage or habit, or occasionally both; several have been lost to cultivation.[19]

Bonsai

Leaf

A. campestre (and the similar A. monspessulanum) are popular among bonsai enthusiasts. The dwarf cultivar 'Microphyllum' is especially useful in this regard. A. campestre bonsai have an appearance distinct from those selected from some other maples such as A. palmatum with more frilly, translucent, leaves. The shrubby habit and smallish leaves of A. campestre respond well to techniques encouraging ramification and leaf reduction.[20][21]

  • Field maple leaf
    Field maple leaf
  • Leaves and flowers
    Leaves and flowers
  • Field maple, Germany
    Field maple, Germany
  • Leaves
    Leaves
  • Foliage in spring
    Foliage in spring
  • Field maple leaf
    Field maple leaf
  • Field maple, Hesse, Germany
    Field maple, Hesse, Germany
  • Field maple leaf
    Field maple leaf
  • Acer campestre
    Acer campestre
  • Field maple
    Field maple

References

  1. ^ Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website Version 9, June 2008 [and more or less continuously updated since].
  2. ^ "BSBI List 2007". Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland.
  3. ^ a b c d e Rushforth, K. (1999). Trees of Britain and Europe. Collins ISBN 0-00-220013-9.
  4. ^ a b c Mitchell, A. F. (1974). A Field Guide to the Trees of Britain and Northern Europe. Collins ISBN 0-00-212035-6
  5. ^ a b Euro+Med Plantbase Project: Acer campestre Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ^ "Acer campestre". Flora Europaea. Retrieved August 29, 2007.
  7. ^ Flora of NW Europe: Acer campestre
  8. ^ Den virtuella floran: Acer campestre distribution map
  9. ^ a b Nagy, L.; Ducci, F. (2004). "Acer campestre - Field maple" (PDF). EUFORGEN Technical guidelines for genetic conservation and use: 6 p.
  10. ^ "Online atlas of the British and Irish flora, Acer campestre (Field maple)". Biological Records Centre and Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland.
  11. ^ a b "Acer campestre". USDA Plants Profile. Retrieved August 29, 2007.
  12. ^ "Acer campestre". Ohio State University. Retrieved August 29, 2007.
  13. ^ Department of Agriculture, Western Australia: Pests and Diseases Image Library
  14. ^ Wright, Joseph. The English dialect dictionary. Vol. 6. London: Oxford University Press. p. 109.
  15. ^ Field maple images and diseases
  16. ^ "Field maple_Woodland Trust".
  17. ^ Trans. and Proc. Roy. Soc. New Zealand 36: 203-225 Plants naturalised in the County of Ashburton
  18. ^ RHS Plant Selector Acer campestre AGM / RHS Gardening
  19. ^ van Gelderen, C.J.; van Gelderen, D.M. (1999). Maples for Gardens: A Color Encyclopedia.
  20. ^ "A. campestre". Bonsai Club International. Archived from the original on November 11, 2006. Retrieved November 26, 2006. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  21. ^ D'Cruz, Mark. "Ma-Ke Bonsai Care Guide for Acer campestre". Ma-Ke Bonsai. Retrieved April 15, 2011.

Further reading

  • Chybicki, Igor J.; Waldon-Rudzionek, Barbara; Meyza, Katarzyna (December 2014). "Population at the edge: increased divergence but not inbreeding towards northern range limit in Acer campestre". Tree Genetics and Genomes. 10 (6): 1739–1753. doi:10.1007/s11295-014-0793-2.
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