Al-Ahram: Difference between revisions
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==History== |
==History== |
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''Al-Ahram'' was founded in [[Alexandria]] in 1875<ref name=mur18dec>{{cite journal|last=Murphy|first=Caryle|title=The Future of Print|journal=The Majalla|date=18 December 2012|url=http://www.majalla.com/eng/2012/12/article55236690|accessdate=5 July 2013}}</ref> by two [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]] brothers, Beshara Takla and [[Saleem Takla]].<ref name=nbt72/><ref>{{cite journal|author=Talaat I. Farag|title=Satirical Papyrus and Modern Cartoonists (Part II)|journal=The Ambassadors|issue=15|url=http://ambassadors.net/archives/issue15/features2.htm|accessdate=24 November 2013}}</ref> It began as a weekly newspaper published every Saturday. Its first issue appeared on 5 August 1876.<ref name=cdavies>{{cite web|author=Clare Davies |title=Archive Map: Egypt |url=http://speakmemory.org/uploads/ArchiveMapEgypt.pdf |publisher=Speak Memory |accessdate=5 October 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006091343/http://speakmemory.org/uploads/ArchiveMapEgypt.pdf |archivedate=6 October 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref name=hend>{{cite web|title=The Coverage of Egypt’s Revolution in the Egyptian, American and Israeli Newspapers|url=https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/fileadmin/documents/Publications/fellows__papers/2011-2012/The_Coverage_of_Egypt_s_Revolution.pdf|work=Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism|accessdate=29 September 2013|author=Hend Selim}}</ref> The paper was relaunched as a daily newspaper in January 1881.<ref name=cdavies/> |
''Al-Ahram'' was founded in [[Alexandria]] in 1875<ref name=mur18dec>{{cite journal|last=Murphy|first=Caryle|title=The Future of Print|journal=The Majalla|date=18 December 2012|url=http://www.majalla.com/eng/2012/12/article55236690|accessdate=5 July 2013}}</ref> by two [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]] brothers, Beshara Takla and [[Saleem Takla]].<ref name=nbt72/><ref>{{cite journal|author=Talaat I. Farag|title=Satirical Papyrus and Modern Cartoonists (Part II)|journal=The Ambassadors|issue=15|url=http://ambassadors.net/archives/issue15/features2.htm|accessdate=24 November 2013}}</ref> It began as a weekly newspaper published every Saturday. Its first issue appeared on 5 August 1876.<ref name=cdavies>{{cite web|author=Clare Davies |title=Archive Map: Egypt |url=http://speakmemory.org/uploads/ArchiveMapEgypt.pdf |publisher=Speak Memory |accessdate=5 October 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006091343/http://speakmemory.org/uploads/ArchiveMapEgypt.pdf |archivedate=6 October 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref name=hend>{{cite web|title=The Coverage of Egypt’s Revolution in the Egyptian, American and Israeli Newspapers |url=https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/fileadmin/documents/Publications/fellows__papers/2011-2012/The_Coverage_of_Egypt_s_Revolution.pdf |work=Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism |accessdate=29 September 2013 |author=Hend Selim |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203011034/https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/fileadmin/documents/Publications/fellows__papers/2011-2012/The_Coverage_of_Egypt_s_Revolution.pdf |archivedate=3 December 2013 }}</ref> The paper was relaunched as a daily newspaper in January 1881.<ref name=cdavies/> |
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Its headquarters was in [[Alexandria]] until November 1899 when it was moved to [[Cairo]].<ref name=cdavies/> The newspaper was distributed in Egypt and the [[Levant]]. The religious innovators [[Muhammad Abduh]] and [[Jamal al-Din al-Afghani]] were early writers of the newspaper. Upon the death of Beshara Takla, Daud Barakat, a [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]] journalist, was named editor of the daily in 1901.<ref name=Goldschmidt2000/> |
Its headquarters was in [[Alexandria]] until November 1899 when it was moved to [[Cairo]].<ref name=cdavies/> The newspaper was distributed in Egypt and the [[Levant]]. The religious innovators [[Muhammad Abduh]] and [[Jamal al-Din al-Afghani]] were early writers of the newspaper. Upon the death of Beshara Takla, Daud Barakat, a [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]] journalist, was named editor of the daily in 1901.<ref name=Goldschmidt2000/> |
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On 24 May 1960, the paper was nationalized when [[President of Egypt|President]] [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] passed a law eliminating the ownership of private newspapers.<ref name=hend/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Lindsey|first=Ursula|title=First Draft of History|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2011/03/13/first-draft-of-history.html|journal=Newsweek|date=21 March 2011|volume=157|issue=12|accessdate=3 September 2013}}</ref> |
On 24 May 1960, the paper was nationalized when [[President of Egypt|President]] [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] passed a law eliminating the ownership of private newspapers.<ref name=hend/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Lindsey|first=Ursula|title=First Draft of History|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2011/03/13/first-draft-of-history.html|journal=Newsweek|date=21 March 2011|volume=157|issue=12|accessdate=3 September 2013}}</ref> |
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The circulation of the paper was between 45,000 and 50,000 copies in 1937 whereas it was 90,000 copies in 1947.<ref name="Eid2002">{{cite book|author=Mushira Eid|title=The World of Obituaries: Gender across Cultures and over Time|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VuAyZV3V8h8C&pg=PA52|accessdate=13 September 2014|date=1 January 2002|publisher=Wayne State University Press|isbn=0-8143-3655-8|page=52}}</ref> In 1976 the paper had a circulation of 520,000 copies, making it the second most read daily in Egypt after ''[[Al Akhbar (Egypt)|Al Akhbar]]''.<ref name=Eid2002/> ''Al Ahram'''s circulation in 2000 was 1.2 million copies.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Sahar Hegazi|author2=Mona Khalifa|title=Increasing the Coverage of Reproductive Health Issues in Egyptian Press Project|url=http://www.popcouncil.org/uploads/pdfs/frontiers/FR_FinalReports/egyptmedia.pdf|publisher=FRONTIERS/Population Council|accessdate=30 September 2014|date=October 2000}}</ref> |
The circulation of the paper was between 45,000 and 50,000 copies in 1937 whereas it was 90,000 copies in 1947.<ref name="Eid2002">{{cite book|author=Mushira Eid|title=The World of Obituaries: Gender across Cultures and over Time|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VuAyZV3V8h8C&pg=PA52|accessdate=13 September 2014|date=1 January 2002|publisher=Wayne State University Press|isbn=0-8143-3655-8|page=52}}</ref> In 1976 the paper had a circulation of 520,000 copies, making it the second most read daily in Egypt after ''[[Al Akhbar (Egypt)|Al Akhbar]]''.<ref name=Eid2002/> ''Al Ahram'''s circulation in 2000 was 1.2 million copies.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Sahar Hegazi |author2=Mona Khalifa |title=Increasing the Coverage of Reproductive Health Issues in Egyptian Press Project |url=http://www.popcouncil.org/uploads/pdfs/frontiers/FR_FinalReports/egyptmedia.pdf |publisher=FRONTIERS/Population Council |accessdate=30 September 2014 |date=October 2000 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006201517/http://www.popcouncil.org/uploads/pdfs/frontiers/FR_FinalReports/egyptmedia.pdf |archivedate=6 October 2014 }}</ref> |
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==Profile and editions== |
==Profile and editions== |
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==Notable writers and editors== |
==Notable writers and editors== |
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[[Mohammad Hassanein Heykal|Mohammad Hassanein Haykal]] was the long-term [[editor-in-chief]] of ''Al Ahram''. He served in the post between August 1957<ref name=shi/> and 1974.<ref name=Goldschmidt2000/> Ali Amin served as editor-in-chief between 1974 and 1976.<ref name="Goldschmidt2000">{{cite book|author=Arthur Goldschmidt|title=Biographical Dictionary of Modern Egypt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p3J6IS8t74QC&pg=PA21|accessdate=13 September 2014|year=2000|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers|isbn=978-1-55587-229-8|page=21}}</ref> From 1978 to July 2006 Ibrahim Nafie was the editor-in-chief of ''Al Ahram''.<ref>{{cite news|title=In Nafie's pocket: $600 million|url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/in-nafie-s-pocket-600-million-1.184612|accessdate=25 September 2013|newspaper=Haaretz|date=5 April 2006|author=Zvi Barel}}</ref> He also served as the chairman of the daily until 2005.<ref name=shake/> Nafie was replaced by Osama Saraya as editor-in-chief in July 2005.<ref name=shake>{{cite journal|author=Gamal Essam El Din|title=A radical shake-up?|journal=Al Ahram Weekly|date=7–13 July 2005|issue=750|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/750/eg4.htm|accessdate=5 October 2014}}</ref> In August 2012, Abdel Nasser Salama was appointed editor-in-chief of the paper by the Egyptian Shura Council.<ref>{{cite news|title=New editors appointed by Shura|url=http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2012/08/09/new-editors-appointed-by-shura/|accessdate=25 September 2013|newspaper=Daily News Egypt|date=9 August 2012}}</ref> |
[[Mohammad Hassanein Heykal|Mohammad Hassanein Haykal]] was the long-term [[editor-in-chief]] of ''Al Ahram''. He served in the post between August 1957<ref name=shi/> and 1974.<ref name=Goldschmidt2000/> Ali Amin served as editor-in-chief between 1974 and 1976.<ref name="Goldschmidt2000">{{cite book|author=Arthur Goldschmidt|title=Biographical Dictionary of Modern Egypt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p3J6IS8t74QC&pg=PA21|accessdate=13 September 2014|year=2000|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers|isbn=978-1-55587-229-8|page=21}}</ref> From 1978 to July 2006 Ibrahim Nafie was the editor-in-chief of ''Al Ahram''.<ref>{{cite news|title=In Nafie's pocket: $600 million|url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/in-nafie-s-pocket-600-million-1.184612|accessdate=25 September 2013|newspaper=Haaretz|date=5 April 2006|author=Zvi Barel}}</ref> He also served as the chairman of the daily until 2005.<ref name=shake/> Nafie was replaced by Osama Saraya as editor-in-chief in July 2005.<ref name=shake>{{cite journal|author=Gamal Essam El Din |title=A radical shake-up? |journal=Al Ahram Weekly |date=7–13 July 2005 |issue=750 |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/750/eg4.htm |accessdate=5 October 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326202054/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/750/eg4.htm |archivedate=26 March 2013 }}</ref> In August 2012, Abdel Nasser Salama was appointed editor-in-chief of the paper by the Egyptian Shura Council.<ref>{{cite news|title=New editors appointed by Shura|url=http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2012/08/09/new-editors-appointed-by-shura/|accessdate=25 September 2013|newspaper=Daily News Egypt|date=9 August 2012}}</ref> |
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Notable writers include: |
Notable writers include: |
Revision as of 05:57, 29 June 2017
![]() | This article needs to be updated.(March 2011) |
الأهرام Al-Ahram Al-Ahram logo | |
Type | Daily |
---|---|
Format | Broadsheet |
Owner(s) | Egyptian government |
Publisher | Al-Ahram Publishing House |
Editor | Mohamed Abdelhady Allam |
Founded | 5 August 1875 |
Political alignment | Uncertain (2011-present) National Democratic Party (1978–2011) |
Headquarters | Boulaq, Cairo, Egypt |
Circulation | 1,000,000 daily 1,200,000 Fridays[1] |
Website | Arabic: ahram.org.eg English: english.ahram.org.eg |
Al-Ahram (Egyptian Arabic: الأهرام; The Pyramids), founded on 5 August 1875, is the most widely circulating Egyptian daily newspaper, and the second oldest after al-Waqa'i`al-Masriya (The Egyptian Events, founded 1828).[2] It is majority owned by the Egyptian government.
Given the large dialectal variety of the Arabic language, Al-Ahram is widely considered an influential source of writing style in Arabic. In 1950, the Middle East Institute described Al-Ahram as being to the Arabic-reading public within its area of distribution, "What The Times is to Englishmen and the New York Times to Americans",[3] however it has often been accused of heavy influence and censorship by the Egyptian government.
In addition to the main edition published in Egypt, the paper publishes two other Arabic-language editions, one geared to the Arab World and the other aimed at an international audience, as well as editions in English and French.
History
Al-Ahram was founded in Alexandria in 1875[4] by two Lebanese brothers, Beshara Takla and Saleem Takla.[5][6] It began as a weekly newspaper published every Saturday. Its first issue appeared on 5 August 1876.[7][8] The paper was relaunched as a daily newspaper in January 1881.[7]
Its headquarters was in Alexandria until November 1899 when it was moved to Cairo.[7] The newspaper was distributed in Egypt and the Levant. The religious innovators Muhammad Abduh and Jamal al-Din al-Afghani were early writers of the newspaper. Upon the death of Beshara Takla, Daud Barakat, a Lebanese journalist, was named editor of the daily in 1901.[9]
On 24 May 1960, the paper was nationalized when President Gamal Abdel Nasser passed a law eliminating the ownership of private newspapers.[8][10]
The circulation of the paper was between 45,000 and 50,000 copies in 1937 whereas it was 90,000 copies in 1947.[11] In 1976 the paper had a circulation of 520,000 copies, making it the second most read daily in Egypt after Al Akhbar.[11] Al Ahram's circulation in 2000 was 1.2 million copies.[12]
Profile and editions
Al-Ahram daily is the flagship of what is now the Al-Ahram publishing house, the largest in Egypt.[13] Al-Ahram's headquarters is in Boulaq, Cairo. Its content was controlled[citation needed] by the Egyptian Ministry of Information.
The pan-Arab Arabic-language edition of the paper, called Al Ahram Al Arabiya, is destined for readers in the Arab World and the Egyptian expatriates in Arab countries. It is published daily in Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE and distributed in Egypt and Arab states of the Persian Gulf. Arabic weekly, Al Ahram Al Arabi, which was launched in 1997 is another publication of the publishing house.[14]
An international Arabic-language edition called Al Ahram al Duwali has been published daily in London since 1984. It is printed in both London and Paris and is distributed throughout Europe, USA, Canada and Egypt.
Two foreign-language weekly versions are also produced: the English Al-Ahram Weekly (founded in 1991) and the French Al-Ahram Hebdo.
Al-Ahram produces a continually updated news website in the English language at English.Ahram.org.eg, called Ahram Online. It also has an Arabic news website which was the 20th mostly visited website for 2010 in the MENA region.[15] It was named as the most popular news portal in the Arab world in the period from 31 August 2011 to 31 August 2012 by Forbes Middle East.[16][17]
Ownership and government influence
![]() | This article needs to be updated.(June 2011) |
Al-Ahram is owned by the Al-Ahram Foundation and is one of the largest circulating newspapers in the world.[18] Long-term editor of the daily Mohammad Hassanein Haykal was the confidant of Nasser and also, the semi-official voice of the Egyptian government when he was in office.[5][19]
The Egyptian government owns a controlling share of the stocks of the paper and appoints the editors. As appointees of the state, little censorship is exercised over them; it is understood that they are loyal to the state.[20] Under President Hosni Mubarak, Al-Ahram largely ignored, and trivialised the opposition parties to Mubarak's ruling National Democratic Party, and did not publish much direct criticism of the government.[21]
The Anti-Defamation League, in a review of Arab newspapers in 2005, stated that Al-Ahram "is given substantial leeway" by the government so long as they avoid "certain 'taboos'."[22] Reporters Without Borders, in their 2005 report on press freedom in Egypt, reported that editorials in many newspapers, including Al-Ahram, had become increasingly critical of the National Democratic Party's control of the government, and the corruption of the Mubarak regime.[23] In an interview with Reporters Without Borders, Abdel Halim Qandil, editor of the weekly magazine Al-Arabi, said that the government interfered with independent operation of Al-Ahram by controlling the printing presses and appointing the editors.[23]
Al-Ahram generated controversy in September 2010 when an Egyptian blogger, Wael Khalil, revealed that the newspaper had altered a photo of Middle East leaders walking with United States President Barack Obama so that instead of Obama leading the group, Egyptian President Mubarak was placed in the front when he was actually walking in the rearmost position.[24] Osama Saraya, Al-Ahram's editor-in-chief, defended the altered photo, stating that it was meant to underscore Egypt's leading role in the peace process: "The expressionist photo is... a brief, live and true expression of the prominent stance of President Mubarak in the Palestinian issue, his unique role in leading it before Washington or any other."[25]
Notable writers and editors
Mohammad Hassanein Haykal was the long-term editor-in-chief of Al Ahram. He served in the post between August 1957[19] and 1974.[9] Ali Amin served as editor-in-chief between 1974 and 1976.[9] From 1978 to July 2006 Ibrahim Nafie was the editor-in-chief of Al Ahram.[26] He also served as the chairman of the daily until 2005.[27] Nafie was replaced by Osama Saraya as editor-in-chief in July 2005.[27] In August 2012, Abdel Nasser Salama was appointed editor-in-chief of the paper by the Egyptian Shura Council.[28]
Notable writers include:
- Naguib Mahfouz (1911–2006), awarded the 1988 Nobel Prize in Literature
- Salama Moussa
- Taha Hussein
- Zaki Naguib Mahmoud
- Yusuf Idris
- Ihsan Abdel Quddous
- Mohamed Hassanein Heikal served as editor-in-chief of the daily (August 1957 – 1974)
- Edward Said
- Hamid Dabashi
- Ahdaf Soueif
- Sabah Hamamou
- Anis Mansour
- Azmi Bishara
- Joseph Massad
- Khalid Amayreh
- Shahid Alam
- Fekry Abaza
References
- ^ Drost, 1991: 139–140.
- ^ "Publication overview" (PDF). Ipsos. Retrieved 9 November 2013.
- ^ Middle East Institute, 1950, p. 155.
- ^ Murphy, Caryle (18 December 2012). "The Future of Print". The Majalla. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
- ^ a b Turck, Nancy B. (September–October 1972). "The Authoritative Al-Ahram". Saudi Aramco. Retrieved 15 September 2013.
- ^ Talaat I. Farag. "Satirical Papyrus and Modern Cartoonists (Part II)". The Ambassadors (15). Retrieved 24 November 2013.
- ^ a b c Clare Davies. "Archive Map: Egypt" (PDF). Speak Memory. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b Hend Selim. "The Coverage of Egypt's Revolution in the Egyptian, American and Israeli Newspapers" (PDF). Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b c Arthur Goldschmidt (2000). Biographical Dictionary of Modern Egypt. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-55587-229-8. Retrieved 13 September 2014.
- ^ Lindsey, Ursula (21 March 2011). "First Draft of History". Newsweek. 157 (12). Retrieved 3 September 2013.
- ^ a b Mushira Eid (1 January 2002). The World of Obituaries: Gender across Cultures and over Time. Wayne State University Press. p. 52. ISBN 0-8143-3655-8. Retrieved 13 September 2014.
- ^ Sahar Hegazi; Mona Khalifa (October 2000). "Increasing the Coverage of Reproductive Health Issues in Egyptian Press Project" (PDF). FRONTIERS/Population Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Islam, 2002, p. 277.
- ^ "Al Ahram Al Arabi". OCLC Worldcat. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
- ^ "Forbes Releases Top 50 MENA Online Newspapers; Lebanon Fails to Make Top 10". Jad Aoun. 28 October 2010. Retrieved 11 September 2014.
- ^ "Al Ahram tops online newspapers in Arab world: Forbes". Ahram Online. 27 December 2012. Retrieved 20 September 2013.
- ^ "Forbes ME reveals top Arab online media". Emirates 24/7. WAM. 27 December 2012. Retrieved 11 September 2014.
- ^ "Al-Ahram-daily newspaper in Cairo, Egypt with local news and events". Mondo Times. 28 November 2011. Retrieved 10 September 2012.
- ^ a b Shimon Shamir (1995). Egypt from Monarchy to Republic: A Reassessment of Revolution and Change. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Retrieved 9 December 2013. – via Questia (subscription required)
- ^ "Egypt Press, Media". Pressreference. Retrieved 10 September 2012.
- ^ "The media in Egypt". BBC News. 2 September 2005. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
- ^ Arab Media Review: Index of Arab Newspapers Anti-Defamation League, 14 February 2005
- ^ a b Egypt – 2005 annual report, Reporters Without Borders, January 2005
- ^ Robert Mackey (16 September 2010). "Doctored Photo Flatters Egyptian President". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
- ^ "Al-Ahram newspaper defends doctored photo of Hosni Mubarak". The Guardian. Associated Press. 17 September 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
- ^ Zvi Barel (5 April 2006). "In Nafie's pocket: $600 million". Haaretz. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
- ^ a b Gamal Essam El Din (7–13 July 2005). "A radical shake-up?". Al Ahram Weekly (750). Archived from the original on 26 March 2013. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "New editors appointed by Shura". Daily News Egypt. 9 August 2012. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
Bibliography
- Merrill, John C. and Harold A. Fisher. The world's great dailies: profiles of fifty newspapers (1980) pp 51–58
- Islam, Roumeen (2002). The right to tell: the role of mass media in economic development (Illustrated ed.). World Bank Publications. ISBN 978-0-8213-5203-8.
- The Middle East journal, Volume 4. Washington, D.C.: Middle East Institute. 1950.
- Drost, Harry (1991). The World's news media: a comprehensive reference guide. Longman.