Caodaism

Đạo Cao Đài

Chinese: 高台教 (Gao-tai-jiao)

English: Caodaiism, Caodaism

Vietnamese: Đạo Cao Đài

Tay Ninh Holy See

Cao Dai (Cao Đài) is a relatively new, syncretist, monotheistic religion, officially established in Tây Ninh, southern Vietnam, in 1926. Đạo Cao Đài is the religion's shortened name, the full name is Đại Đạo Tam Kỳ Phổ Độ (Great Religion [of The] Third Period [of] Revelation [and] Salvation). The term Cao Đài literally means "high place." Figuratively, it means that highest place where God reigns. It is also the abbreviated name for God, the creator of the universe, whose full title is Cao Đài Tiên Ông Đại Bồ Tát Ma-ha-tát.

Caodaiists credit God as the religion's founder. They believe the teachings, symbolism and organization were communicated directly from Đức (means Venerable) Cao Đài. Even the construction of the Tây Ninh Holy See is claimed to have had divine guidance. Cao Đài's first disciples Ngô Văn Chiêu, Cao Quỳnh Cư, Phạm Công Tắc, and Cao Hoài Sang claimed to have received direct communications from God, who gave them explicit instructions for establishing a new religion that would commence the Third Era of Religious Amnesty.

Adherents engage in ethical practices such as prayer, veneration of ancestors, nonviolence, and vegetarianism with the minimum goal of rejoining God the Father in Heaven and the ultimate goal of freedom from the cycle of birth and death. Estimates of the number of Cao Đài adherents in Vietnam vary, but most sources give two to three million. Some estimates are as high as eight million adherents in Vietnam. An additional 30,000 (primarily ethnic Vietnamese) in the United States, Europe, and Australia.

Origin of God and the universe

Cao Dai ceremony

Before God existed, there was the Tao, that nameless, formless, unchanging, eternal source referenced in the Tao Te Ching. At some point, manifestation occurred, out of which the Supreme Being was born. The universe could not yet be formed, for God controlled Yang. Therefore, He shed a part of himself and created the Goddess, master of Yin. In the presence of Yin and Yang, the universe materialized. The Goddess is, literally, the mother of the myriad of things in the Universe. Thus, Caodaiists not only worship God, the father, but also the Goddess, literally referred to as the Mother Buddha. Note that the Goddess, or Mother Buddha, is male, as are all Buddhas. The Goddess is master over Yin but is not a part of Yin, which is female.

There are 36 levels of heaven and 72 planets harboring intelligent life, with number one being the closest to heaven and 72 nearest to Hell. Earth is number 68. It is said that even the lowest citizen on planet 67 would not trade place with a king on 68 and so forth.

Scriptures

The Tây Ninh Holy See recognizes three main scriptures:

1. Thánh Ngôn Hiệp Tuyển

2. Pháp Chánh Truyền (The Religious Constitution of Caodaiism)

3. Kinh Thiên Đạo Và Thế Đạo

Other sects have additional scriptures.

Symbolism

God is symbolized by the Divine Eye, specifically the left eye because Yang is the left side and God is the master of Yang.

The Three Teachings

In the order of most to least difficult, the Three Teachings within Caodaiism are:

The Teachings of Buddhas

The Teachings of Sages

The Teachings of Saints

The Three Teachings represent levels of spiritual attainment, with Buddha as the highest. Caodaiism's various stages of spiritual development from human on up are: Thần (no translation yet), Thánh (Saint), Tiên (Sage), and Phật (Buddha). Thần, Saints and Sages may have, accordingly, extremely long lives in the realms of heaven, but only Buddhas are free from the cycle of birth and death.

The Three Periods of Revelation and Salvation

First Period:

1. The Teachings of Buddhas - Dipankara Buddha

2. The Teachings of Sages -

3. The Teachings of Saints -

Second Period:

1. The Teachings of Buddhas - Shakyamuni Buddha

2. The Teachings of Sages - Lao Zi

3. The Teachings of Saints - Confucius and Jesus

Third Period:

God is at the helm.

Jesus is regarded as a Buddha and true son of God, shed directly from God.

Religious constitution and organization

Cao Đài temple near Hồ Chí Minh City, Vietnam

Caodaiism's organizational structure closely resembles that of the government of the United States. Caodaiism's governing body consists of three branches that are functionally equivalent to the U.S.'s legislative, executive and judicial branches.

The head of the Executive Branch is called "Giáo Tông," which means leader or head of a philosophical or religious organization. Similarities between the hierarchy of Caodaiism's dignitaries and those of the Roman Catholic Church have led translators to borrow terminologies such as pope, cardinals, bishops, priests, etc. In practice, Caodaiism has more ranks and titles of which there are no official English translation as of yet. The actual Vietnamese term for Pope, as in the Catholic Pope, is "Giáo Hoàng."

Caodaiism stresses equality among men and women in society. However, in the spiritual domain, ordained women may not attain the position of Legislative Cardinal or Pope. The church claims this is ordered by God, who declared that because Yang represents male and Yin corresponds to female, Yin cannot dominate Yang spiritually or else chaos would occur.

Schism

Caodaiism has also faced schisms like other religions. Some of the Cao Dai sects that have broken away from the Tây Ninh Holy See are Chiếu Minh, Bến Tre and Đà Nẵng. Ngô Văn Chiêu founded Chiếu Minh when he left the original church structure, refusing his appointment as Caodaiism's first Pope. He was neither involved in the religion's official establishment in 1926 nor the Tay Ninh Holy See; he accepted another entity as Đức Cao Đài and the Chiếu Minh sect of Caodaiism was formed. A more recent schism occured in Britain in 2005, with the appearance of "Reform Cao Daiism".

Saints

Although various sects of Caodaiism claim to have received messages from numerous spiritual entities, the Tây Ninh Holy See acknowledges significantly fewer. Inside the Holy See is a painting depicting the Three Saints [1] signing a covenant between God and mankind. From left to right, they are: Sun Yat-sen, Victor Hugo (also a Rosicrucian Initiate) and Nguyễn Bỉnh Khiêm.

External links

• Centre for Studies in Caodaiism, Sydney
• Tam Kỳ Nguyên Nguyên Bản Bản
• Cao Đài Overseas Missionary
• Cao Đài site
• Cao Đài
• PBS feature: Cao Đài
• Reporter Ron Gluckman's impression of Caodaiism