Gaiseric: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Genseric sacking rome 456.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|Genseric Sacking Rome, a painting by Karl Briullov]] |
[[File:Genseric sacking rome 456.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|Genseric Sacking Rome, a painting by Karl Briullov]] |
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Taking advantage of a dispute between [[Bonifacius|Boniface]], Roman governor of [[North Africa]], and [[Flavius Aetius|Aetius]], Gaiseric ferried all of his people (80,000 according to Procopius in his ''History of the Vandalic Wars''; however, some scholars that this was a large exaggeration and the number was probably closer to 20,000<ref>Merrills and Miles, ''The Vandals'', 2012</ref><ref>Conant, ''Staying Roman'', 2014</ref>) across to [[North Africa during the Classical Period|Africa]] in 429. Once there, he won many battles over the weak and divided Roman defenders and quickly overran the territory now comprising modern [[Morocco]] and northern [[Algeria]]. His Vandal army laid siege to the city of [[Hippo Regius]] (where [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustine]] had recently been bishop — he died during the siege), taking it after [[Siege of Hippo Regius|14 months of bitter fighting]]. A peace between Gaiseric and the [[Roman Emperors|Roman Emperor]] [[Valentinian III]] was concluded on 11 February 435, and in return for recognizing Gaiseric as king of the lands he and his men had conquered the Vandals would desist from attacks on Carthage, pay a tribute to the Empire, and send his son [[Huneric]] as a hostage to Rome.<ref>Thomas Hogdkins, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=YrcNAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Italy and Her Invaders]'', second edition (Oxford, 1892), vol. 2 pp. 244-249</ref> |
Taking advantage of a dispute between [[Bonifacius|Boniface]], Roman governor of [[North Africa]], and [[Flavius Aetius|Aetius]], Gaiseric ferried all of his people (80,000 according to Procopius in his ''History of the Vandalic Wars''; however, some scholars that this was a large exaggeration and the number was probably closer to 20,000<ref>Merrills and Miles, ''The Vandals'', 2012</ref><ref>Conant, ''Staying Roman'', 2014</ref>; Peter Heather suggests more than 50,000 people including more than 10,000 warriors<ref>Peter Heather, ''Empires and Barbarians'', p. 176.</ref>) across to [[North Africa during the Classical Period|Africa]] in 429. Once there, he won many battles over the weak and divided Roman defenders and quickly overran the territory now comprising modern [[Morocco]] and northern [[Algeria]]. His Vandal army laid siege to the city of [[Hippo Regius]] (where [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustine]] had recently been bishop — he died during the siege), taking it after [[Siege of Hippo Regius|14 months of bitter fighting]]. A peace between Gaiseric and the [[Roman Emperors|Roman Emperor]] [[Valentinian III]] was concluded on 11 February 435, and in return for recognizing Gaiseric as king of the lands he and his men had conquered the Vandals would desist from attacks on Carthage, pay a tribute to the Empire, and send his son [[Huneric]] as a hostage to Rome.<ref>Thomas Hogdkins, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=YrcNAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Italy and Her Invaders]'', second edition (Oxford, 1892), vol. 2 pp. 244-249</ref> |
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On 19 October 439, noting that the forces of the Western Empire were heavily involved in [[Gaul]], Gaiseric [[Battle of Carthage (439)|took possession]] of [[Carthage]], probably through some treachery. Stewart Oost observes, "Thus he undoubtedly achieved what had been his purpose since he first crossed to Africa."<ref>Stewart Oost, ''Galla Placidia Augusta: A biographical essay'' (Chicago: University Press, 1968), p. 259</ref> The Romans were caught unaware, and Gaiseric captured a large part of the western Roman navy docked in the port of Carthage. The [[Catholic]] bishop of the city, [[Quodvultdeus]], was exiled to [[Naples]], since Gaiseric demanded that all his close advisors follow the [[Arianism|Arian]] form of [[Christianity]]. Nevertheless, Gaiseric gave freedom of religion to the Catholics, while insisting that the regime's elite follow Arianism. The common folk had low [[tax]]es under his reign, as most of the tax pressure was on the rich Roman families and the Catholic [[clergy]]. |
On 19 October 439, noting that the forces of the Western Empire were heavily involved in [[Gaul]], Gaiseric [[Battle of Carthage (439)|took possession]] of [[Carthage]], probably through some treachery. Stewart Oost observes, "Thus he undoubtedly achieved what had been his purpose since he first crossed to Africa."<ref>Stewart Oost, ''Galla Placidia Augusta: A biographical essay'' (Chicago: University Press, 1968), p. 259</ref> The Romans were caught unaware, and Gaiseric captured a large part of the western Roman navy docked in the port of Carthage. The [[Catholic]] bishop of the city, [[Quodvultdeus]], was exiled to [[Naples]], since Gaiseric demanded that all his close advisors follow the [[Arianism|Arian]] form of [[Christianity]]. Nevertheless, Gaiseric gave freedom of religion to the Catholics, while insisting that the regime's elite follow Arianism. The common folk had low [[tax]]es under his reign, as most of the tax pressure was on the rich Roman families and the Catholic [[clergy]]. |
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Revision as of 22:09, 22 November 2018
| Gaiseric | |
|---|---|
| Ruler of the Vandal Kingdom | |
 Siliqua of Gaiseric | |
| Reign | 428-477 |
| Predecessor | Gunderic |
| Successor | Huneric |
| Born | c. 400 Lake Balaton, Hungary |
| Died | 25 January 477 (aged 77) Carthage, Tunisia |
| Issue | Huneric Gento |
| Father | Godigisel |
| Religion | Arianism |
Gaiseric (c. 400[citation needed] – 25 January 477), also known as Geiseric or Genseric (Template:Lang-la; reconstructed Vandalic: *Gaisarīks), was King of the Vandals and Alans (428–477) who established the Vandal Kingdom and was one of the key players in the troubles of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century. During his nearly 50 years of rule, he raised a relatively insignificant Germanic tribe to the status of a major Mediterranean power. After he died, they entered a swift decline and eventual collapse.
Succeeding his brother Gunderic at a time when the Vandals were settled in Baetica, Roman Hispania (modern Andalusia, Spain), Gaiseric successfully defended himself against a Suebian attack and transported all his people, around 80,000, to Northern Africa in 428. He might have been invited by the Roman governor Bonifacius, who wished to use the military strength of the Vandals in his struggle against the imperial government.
Gaiseric caused great devastation as he moved eastward from the Strait of Gibraltar across Africa. He turned on Bonifacius, defeated his army in 430, and then crushed the joint forces of the Eastern and Western empires that had been sent against him. In 435 Gaiseric concluded a treaty with the Romans under which the Vandals retained Mauretania and part of Numidia as foederati (allies under special treaty) of Rome. In a surprise move on 19 October 439, Gaiseric captured Carthage, striking a devastating blow at imperial power. In a 442 treaty with Rome, the Vandals were recognized as the independent rulers of Byzacena and part of Numidia. Seizing Sicily in 440 AD and later the Balearic Islands, Sardinia, Corsica, and Malta, Gaiseric’s fleet soon came to control much of the western Mediterranean.
His most famous exploit, however, was the capture and plundering of Rome in June 455. Subsequently, the King defeated two major efforts by the Romans to overthrow him, that of the emperor Majorian in 460 or 461 and that led by Basiliscus at the Battle of Cape Bon in 468. After dying in Carthage at the age of 77, Gaiseric was succeeded by his son Huneric.
Early life and accession
Gaiseric was an illegitimate son of King Godigisel; he is assumed to have been born near Lake Balaton[citation needed] (Hungary) around 400. After his father's death in battle against the Franks during the Crossing of the Rhine 406 AD, Gaiseric became the second most powerful man among the Vandals, after the new king, his half-brother Gunderic.
After Gunderic's death in 428, Gaiseric was elected king. He immediately began to seek ways of increasing the power and wealth of his people, who then resided in the Roman province of Hispania Baetica in southern Hispania. The Vandals had suffered greatly from attacks from the more numerous Visigothic federates, and not long after taking power, Gaiseric decided to leave Hispania to this rival Germanic tribe. In fact, he seems to have started building a Vandal fleet even before he became king. In 428 Gaiseric was attacked from the rear by a large force of Suebi under the command of Heremigarius who had managed to take Lusitania.[1] This Suebic army was defeated near Mérida and its leader Hermigario drowned in the Guadiana River while trying to flee.[1]
Africa
 | This section needs additional citations for verification. (October 2011) |
Taking advantage of a dispute between Boniface, Roman governor of North Africa, and Aetius, Gaiseric ferried all of his people (80,000 according to Procopius in his History of the Vandalic Wars; however, some scholars that this was a large exaggeration and the number was probably closer to 20,000[2][3]; Peter Heather suggests more than 50,000 people including more than 10,000 warriors[4]) across to Africa in 429. Once there, he won many battles over the weak and divided Roman defenders and quickly overran the territory now comprising modern Morocco and northern Algeria. His Vandal army laid siege to the city of Hippo Regius (where Augustine had recently been bishop — he died during the siege), taking it after 14 months of bitter fighting. A peace between Gaiseric and the Roman Emperor Valentinian III was concluded on 11 February 435, and in return for recognizing Gaiseric as king of the lands he and his men had conquered the Vandals would desist from attacks on Carthage, pay a tribute to the Empire, and send his son Huneric as a hostage to Rome.[5]
On 19 October 439, noting that the forces of the Western Empire were heavily involved in Gaul, Gaiseric took possession of Carthage, probably through some treachery. Stewart Oost observes, "Thus he undoubtedly achieved what had been his purpose since he first crossed to Africa."[6] The Romans were caught unaware, and Gaiseric captured a large part of the western Roman navy docked in the port of Carthage. The Catholic bishop of the city, Quodvultdeus, was exiled to Naples, since Gaiseric demanded that all his close advisors follow the Arian form of Christianity. Nevertheless, Gaiseric gave freedom of religion to the Catholics, while insisting that the regime's elite follow Arianism. The common folk had low taxes under his reign, as most of the tax pressure was on the rich Roman families and the Catholic clergy.
Added to his own burgeoning fleet, the Kingdom of the Vandals now threatened the Empire for mastery of the western Mediterranean Sea. Carthage, meanwhile, became the new Vandal capital and an enemy of Rome for the first time since the Punic Wars.
With the help of their fleet, the Vandals soon subdued Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica and the Balearic Islands. Gaiseric strengthened the Vandal defenses and fleet and regulated the positions of Arians and Catholics. In 442, the Romans acknowledged the Carthaginian conquests, and recognized the Vandal kingdom as an independent country rather than subsidiary to Roman rule. The area in Algeria that had remained for the larger part independent of the Vandals turned from a Roman province into an ally.
For the next 30 years, Gaiseric and his soldiers sailed up and down the Mediterranean, living as pirates and raiders. One legend has it that Gaiseric was unable to vault upon a horse because of a fall he had taken as a young man; so he assuaged his desire for military glory on the sea.
Consolidation and later life
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In 455, Roman emperor Valentinian III was murdered on orders of Petronius Maximus, who usurped the throne. Gaiseric was of the opinion that these acts voided his 442 peace treaty with Valentinian, and on 31 May, he and his men landed on Italian soil and marched on Rome, where Pope Leo I implored him not to destroy the ancient city or murder its inhabitants. Gaiseric agreed and the gates of Rome were thrown open to him and his men.[7]
Maximus, who fled rather than fight the Vandal warlord, was killed by a Roman mob outside the city. Although history remembers the Vandal sack of Rome as extremely brutal — making the word vandalism a term for any wantonly destructive act — in actuality the Vandals did not wreak great destruction in the city; they did, however, take gold, silver and many other things of value. He also took with him Empress Licinia Eudoxia, Valentinian's widow, and her daughters, Eudocia and Placidia. Many important people were taken hostage for even more riches.[7] Eudocia married Gaiseric's son Huneric after arriving in Carthage. They had been betrothed earlier as an act of solidifying the treaty of 442.
In 468, Gaiseric's kingdom was the target of the last concerted effort by the two halves of the Roman Empire. They wished to subdue the Vandals and end their pirate raids. Gaiseric defeated the eastern Roman fleet commanded by Basiliscus off Cap Bon. According to Procopius, the total invasion force consisted of 100,000 men with a fleet drawn from the whole of the eastern Mediterranean.[8] Gaiseric sent a fleet of 500 Vandal ships against the Romans, losing 340 ships in the first engagement, but succeeded in destroying 600 Roman ships in the second. The Romans abandoned the campaign and Gaiseric remained master of the western Mediterranean until his death, ruling from the Strait of Gibraltar all the way to Tripolitania.[9]
Following up the Byzantine defeat, the Vandals tried to invade the Peloponnese but were driven back by the Maniots at Kenipolis with heavy losses.[10] In retaliation, the Vandals took 500 hostages at Zakynthos, hacked them to pieces, and threw the pieces overboard on the way to Carthage.[10]
In 474, Gaiseric made peace with the Eastern Roman Empire, and on 25 January 477, he died at Carthage.
Media adaptions
- Named Genseric, he was played by Götz Otto in the 2010 miniseries Augustine: The Decline of the Roman Empire.
- Named Geiseric, he was played by Richard Brake in the 2016 miniseries Barbarians Rising
- In Kentaro Miura's popular dark fantasy manga Berserk the character of Skull Knight is said to have been a King Gaiseric, however the character has similarites with both Gaiseric and Charlemagne.
See also
References
- Diesner, Hans-Joachim (1966). Das Vandalenreich. Aufstieg und Untergang. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer.
- Antiquité Tardive - L'Afrique vandale et byzantine. Turnhout: Brepols. 2002–2003.
- Miles &, Merrills (2010). The Vandals. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.
- Conant, Jonathon (2012). Staying Roman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Nsiri, Mohamed-Arbi (2018). " Genséric fossoyeur de la Romanitas africaine ?". in Libyan Studies, N° 49. pp. 93–119.
Footnotes
- ^ a b Cossue (28 November 2005). "Breve historia del reino suevo de Gallaecia (1)". Celtiberia.net. Retrieved 11 August 2010.
- ^ Merrills and Miles, The Vandals, 2012
- ^ Conant, Staying Roman, 2014
- ^ Peter Heather, Empires and Barbarians, p. 176.
- ^ Thomas Hogdkins, Italy and Her Invaders, second edition (Oxford, 1892), vol. 2 pp. 244-249
- ^ Stewart Oost, Galla Placidia Augusta: A biographical essay (Chicago: University Press, 1968), p. 259
- ^ a b J.B. Bury, History of the Later Roman Empire (London: Macmillan, 1889), vol. 1 p. 235f
- ^ Procopius, De Bello III.6.1. Translated by H.B. Dewing, Procopius (Cambridge: Loeb Classical Library, 1979), vol. 2 p. 55
- ^ Priscus, fragment 42; Candidus, fragment 2. Both translated by Colin D. Gordon, The Age of Attila: Fifth Century Byzantium and the Barbarians (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1966), p. 120f
- ^ a b Greenhalgh and Eliopoulos, Deep into Mani: Journey into the Southern Tip of Greece, p. 21
Further reading
- Gibbon, Edward (1896–1902). The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. New York: Macmillan.
- Goffart, Walter (1980). Barbarians and Romans, A.D. 418-584 : the Techniques of Accommodation. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-05303-0.
- Gwatkin, H.; Whitney, J., eds. (1957). The Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge: Macmillan.
- O'Donnell, James J. (1985). Augustine. Boston: Twayne Publishers. ISBN 0-8057-6609-X.
- Mills, Andrew (2010). The Vandals. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 1405160683.
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