William Woods Holden: Difference between revisions
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'''William Woods Holden''' (November 24, 1818{{spnd}}March 1, 1892) was the [[List of Governors of North Carolina|38th and 40th]] [[Governor of North Carolina]], who was appointed by President Andrew Johnson in 1865 for a brief term, and then elected in 1868, serving until 1871. He was the leader of the state's [[History of the United States Republican Party|Republican Party]] during the [[Reconstruction Era]]. |
'''William Woods Holden''' (November 24, 1818{{spnd}}March 1, 1892) was the [[List of Governors of North Carolina|38th and 40th]] [[Governor of North Carolina]], who was appointed by [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Andrew Johnson]] in 1865 for a brief term, and then elected in 1868, serving until 1871. He was the leader of the state's [[History of the United States Republican Party|Republican Party]] during the [[Reconstruction Era]]. |
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Holden was the second governor in American history to be [[Impeachment in the United States|impeached]], and the first to be removed from office. He is the only North Carolina governor to have been impeached. In 2011, Holden was posthumously pardoned by the [[North Carolina Senate]] but similar action was not taken by the [[North Carolina House of Representatives]], as of 2018 |
Holden was the second governor in American history to be [[Impeachment in the United States|impeached]], and the first to be removed from office. He is the only North Carolina governor to have been impeached. In 2011, Holden was posthumously pardoned by the [[North Carolina Senate]] but similar action was not taken by the [[North Carolina House of Representatives]], as of 2018 |
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As the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] progressed, Holden became an outspoken critic of the [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] government, and became a leader of the North Carolina peace movement. In 1864, he was the unsuccessful "peace candidate" against the incumbent Governor [[Zebulon B. Vance]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=60139|title=Our Campaigns – NC CSA Governor Race – Aug 04, 1864|work=ourcampaigns.com|accessdate=April 15, 2015}}</ref> Vance won overwhelmingly, and Holden carried only three counties: Johnston, Randolph, and Wilkes.<ref name="FolkShaw1982" />{{RP|86}} |
As the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] progressed, Holden became an outspoken critic of the [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] government, and became a leader of the North Carolina peace movement. In 1864, he was the unsuccessful "peace candidate" against the incumbent Governor [[Zebulon B. Vance]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=60139|title=Our Campaigns – NC CSA Governor Race – Aug 04, 1864|work=ourcampaigns.com|accessdate=April 15, 2015}}</ref> Vance won overwhelmingly, and Holden carried only three counties: Johnston, Randolph, and Wilkes.<ref name="FolkShaw1982" />{{RP|86}} |
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When the Civil War ended on May 9, 1865, Holden was appointed Governor on May 29, by President [[Andrew Johnson]].<ref>Presidential Proclamation No. 38, May 29, 1865, {{USStat|13|760}}</ref> He played a central role in stabilizing the state during the early days of [[Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction]] (he placed the newspaper the ''Standard'' in the hands of his son, [[Joseph W. Holden]]). But he was defeated by [[Jonathan Worth (Governor)|Jonathan Worth]] in a special 1865 election for governor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=60133|title=Our Campaigns – NC Governor Race – Nov 09, 1865|work=ourcampaigns.com|accessdate=April 15, 2015}}</ref> |
When the Civil War ended on May 9, 1865, Holden was appointed Governor on May 29, by [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Andrew Johnson]].<ref>Presidential Proclamation No. 38, May 29, 1865, {{USStat|13|760}}</ref> He played a central role in stabilizing the state during the early days of [[Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction]] (he placed the newspaper the ''Standard'' in the hands of his son, [[Joseph W. Holden]]). But he was defeated by [[Jonathan Worth (Governor)|Jonathan Worth]] in a special 1865 election for governor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=60133|title=Our Campaigns – NC Governor Race – Nov 09, 1865|work=ourcampaigns.com|accessdate=April 15, 2015}}</ref> |
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Johnson then nominated Holden to be [[United States Ambassador to El Salvador|minister to El Salvador]], but the Senate rejected his nomination, so he returned to editing the ''Standard'', and became president of the North Carolina [[Union League]], and organized the North Carolina [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] in 1866–67.<ref name="FolkShaw1982" />{{RP|203}} |
Johnson then nominated Holden to be [[United States Ambassador to El Salvador|minister to El Salvador]], but the Senate rejected his nomination, so he returned to editing the ''Standard'', and became president of the North Carolina [[Union League]], and organized the North Carolina [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] in 1866–67.<ref name="FolkShaw1982" />{{RP|203}} |
Revision as of 02:25, 28 November 2018
William Woods Holden | |
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38th and 40th Governor of North Carolina | |
In office July 1, 1868 – March 22, 1871 | |
Lieutenant | Tod R. Caldwell |
Preceded by | Jonathan Worth |
Succeeded by | Tod R. Caldwell |
In office May 29, 1865 – December 15, 1865 | |
Appointed by | Andrew Johnson |
Preceded by | Zebulon B. Vance |
Succeeded by | Jonathan Worth |
Member of the North Carolina Senate | |
In office 1846–1848 | |
Personal details | |
Born | Orange County, North Carolina | November 24, 1818
Died | March 1, 1892 Raleigh, North Carolina | (aged 73)
Nationality | American |
Political party | Republican (1866 onward) National Unionist (1865–1866) Democratic (1843–1865) Whig (1841–1843) |
Occupation | Lawyer, Journalist |
William Woods Holden (November 24, 1818 – March 1, 1892) was the 38th and 40th Governor of North Carolina, who was appointed by U.S. President Andrew Johnson in 1865 for a brief term, and then elected in 1868, serving until 1871. He was the leader of the state's Republican Party during the Reconstruction Era.
Holden was the second governor in American history to be impeached, and the first to be removed from office. He is the only North Carolina governor to have been impeached. In 2011, Holden was posthumously pardoned by the North Carolina Senate but similar action was not taken by the North Carolina House of Representatives, as of 2018
Early years
Holden was born and raised near what is now Eno River State Park in present-day Orange County, North Carolina. At age of 10, he began a six-year apprenticeship with Dennis Heartt at the Hillsborough Recorder newspaper (in Hillsborough, North Carolina). By age 19, Holden was working as a printer and writer at the Raleigh Star, in Raleigh, North Carolina. He then studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1841, and became a member of the Whig party.
In 1843, he became owner and editor of the North Carolina Standard, changing its party affiliation to the Democratic party. When Holden took over the newspaper, it was struggling financially. Under his leadership, it became one of the most widely read newspapers in the state.[citation needed]
Political career
In December 1843, Holden became a delegate to the Democratic state party convention, where he was elected to the North Carolina Democratic Party state executive committee.[1]: 37 In 1846, Holden was elected by Wake County voters to the North Carolina House of Commons. He did not run for re-election after serving one term.[1]: 45 As the "eloquent propagandist" of the Democratic Party, Holden was a key contributor to his party's successes in 1850, which ended years of Whig dominance in the state.[1]: 64 By 1858, he was chairman of the party.[2] That year, he unsuccessfully attempted to gain the Democratic gubernatorial nomination (losing to John W. Ellis), and then his party passed him over for a U.S. Senate seat.
Throughout the 1840s and 1850s, Holden advocated for Southern rights to expand slavery and at times championed the right of secession, but by 1860 he had shifted his position to support the Union.[3] Accordingly, Holden and his newspaper fell out of favor with the state Democratic Party, and he was removed as the state's printer, when he cautiously editorialized against secession in 1860.[1]: 123
In 1861, Holden was sent to a State Convention to vote against secession by the voters of Wake County. When President Abraham Lincoln called on North Carolina to provide troops to militarily suppress the seceding states, however, Holden joined in a unanimous vote to secede from the Union.
As the Civil War progressed, Holden became an outspoken critic of the Confederate government, and became a leader of the North Carolina peace movement. In 1864, he was the unsuccessful "peace candidate" against the incumbent Governor Zebulon B. Vance.[4] Vance won overwhelmingly, and Holden carried only three counties: Johnston, Randolph, and Wilkes.[1]: 86
When the Civil War ended on May 9, 1865, Holden was appointed Governor on May 29, by U.S. President Andrew Johnson.[5] He played a central role in stabilizing the state during the early days of Reconstruction (he placed the newspaper the Standard in the hands of his son, Joseph W. Holden). But he was defeated by Jonathan Worth in a special 1865 election for governor.[6]
Johnson then nominated Holden to be minister to El Salvador, but the Senate rejected his nomination, so he returned to editing the Standard, and became president of the North Carolina Union League, and organized the North Carolina Republican Party in 1866–67.[1]: 203
Governor
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Address_to_the_Colored_People_of_North_Carolina_Raleigh_December_19_1870.jpg/200px-Address_to_the_Colored_People_of_North_Carolina_Raleigh_December_19_1870.jpg)
While voters were approving the new state constitution, Holden was elected governor at the head of the Republican ticket in 1868, defeating Thomas Samuel Ashe.[7] When he was elected governor, Holden gave up editorship and ownership of the Standard.[1]: 206
To combat the Ku Klux Klan, Holden hired two dozen detectives in 1869–70. The detective unit was not overly successful in limiting Klan activities, but Holden's efforts to suppress the Klan exceeded those of other Southern governors. With new powers granted to him by the State Legislature under the 1870 Shoffner Act, he called out the militia against the Klan in 1870, imposed martial law in two counties, and suspended the writ of habeas corpus for accused leaders of the Klan in what became known as the Kirk-Holden war. The result was a political backlash, accompanied by violence at the time of the election to suppress the black vote. The Republicans lost the legislative election.[8][9]
After the Democratic Party regained majorities in both houses of the state legislature in 1870, Governor Holden was impeached by the North Carolina House of Representatives on December 14, 1870.[1]: 223 Despite being defended by well-known attorneys such as Nathaniel Boyden and William Nathan Harrell Smith, he was convicted on six of the eight charges against him by the Democrats of the North Carolina Senate in straight party-line votes on March 22, 1871. Holden's son-in-law, Sen. Lewis P. Olds, was among those who voted against removal.[10] The other two charges received majority votes, but not the required two-thirds majorities.[1]: 234
The main charges against Holden were related to the rough treatment and arrests of North Carolina citizens by state militia officer Col. George W. Kirk during the enforcement of Reconstruction civil rights legislation. Holden had formed the state militia to respond to the assassination of Republican senator John W. Stephens on May 21, 1870, and the lynching of Wyatt Outlaw, an African American police officer in the town of Graham in Alamance County, as well as numerous attacks by the Ku Klux Klan.[11]
Holden was the first governor in American history to be impeached, convicted, and removed from office. Gov. Charles L. Robinson of Kansas was the first American governor to be impeached, however, without conviction and removal.[1]: 227 [12] In 2011, Holden was posthumously pardoned by the North Carolina Senate in a 48–0 vote.[13]
Later life
After his removal from office, Holden moved to Washington, D.C., where he resumed work on a newspaper. He returned to Raleigh when President Ulysses Grant appointed him as postmaster, serving from 1873 to 1881. Raleigh Republicans persuaded President James Garfield not to re-appoint him to his post, and Holden subsequently left the party.[1]: 236
Holden died in 1892 and is buried at Historic Oakwood Cemetery in Raleigh. He was recognized as "one of the foremost men in intellectual power and daring that were ever born here" by North Carolinian Walter Hines Page.
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Folk, Edgar E.; Shaw, Bynum (1982). W. W. Holden: A Political Biography. Winston-Salem, North Carolina: John F. Blair. ISBN 0-89587-025-8.
- ^ "State Rights and Political Parties in North Carolina—1776–1861". google.com. Retrieved April 15, 2015.
- ^ "Biography". unc.edu. Retrieved April 15, 2015.
- ^ "Our Campaigns – NC CSA Governor Race – Aug 04, 1864". ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved April 15, 2015.
- ^ Presidential Proclamation No. 38, May 29, 1865, 13 Stat. 760
- ^ "Our Campaigns – NC Governor Race – Nov 09, 1865". ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved April 15, 2015.
- ^ "Our Campaigns – NC Governor Race – Apr 21, 1868". ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved April 15, 2015.
- ^ Wade, 1987, p. 85.
- ^ Richmond Stanfield Frederick, Jr. "Kirk-Holden War". rootsweb.com. Retrieved April 15, 2015.
- ^ "Trial of William W. Holden". google.com. Retrieved April 15, 2015.
- ^ "Chapter 12 "The Aftermath"". ancestry.com. Retrieved April 15, 2015.
- ^ "Kirk-Holden War (1870)". Retrieved March 31, 2010.
- ^ Barnett, Ned (April 12, 2011). "N.C. state senate pardons governor who stood up to Klan". Reuters. Retrieved September 30, 2012., see also the text of the resolution pardoning him
Bibliography
Primary sources
- Argument in the impeachment trial of W. W. Holden. Raleigh: James A. Moore, 1871.
- Memoirs of W. W. Holden (published 1911) complete text
- Holden, William Woods. The Papers of William Woods Holden. Vol. 1: 1841–1868. Horace Raper and Thornton W. Mitchell, ed. Raleigh, Division of Arch. and Hist., Dept. of Cultural Resources, 2000. 457 pp.
Secondary sources (chronologically)
- Folk, Edgar E. W.W. Holden, Political Journalist, Editor of N.C. Standard, 1843–1865. Ph. D. dissertation, Department of English, George Peabody College for Teachers. Nashville. 1934.
- Folk, Edgar E.; Shaw, Bynum (1982). W. W. Holden: A Political Biography. Winston-Salem, North Carolina: John F. Blair. ISBN 0-89587-025-8.
- Harris, William C. "William Woods Holden: in Search of Vindication." North Carolina Historical Review 1982 59(4): 354–372. ISSN 0029-2494
- Massengill, Stephen E. "The Detectives of William W. Holden, 1869–1870." North Carolina Historical Review 1985 62(4): 448–487. ISSN 0029-2494
- Raper, Horace W. William W. Holden: North Carolina's Political Enigma U. of North Carolina Press, 1985. 376 pp.
- Reid, Richard. "William W. Holden and 'Disloyalty' in the Civil War." Canadian Journal of History 1985 20(1): 23–44. ISSN 0008-4107 Fulltext online in Ebsco
- Harris, William C. William Woods Holden, Firebrand of North Carolina Politics. Louisiana State U. Press, 1987. 332 pp.
- Wade, Wyn Craig. The Fiery Cross: The Ku Klux Klan in America. New York: Simon and Schuster. 1987.
- Doran, Will (November 24, 2018). "As hate crimes rise, some look to an impeached NC governor for lessons". News & Observer.
External links
- Memoirs of W. W. Holden. Durham, NC: The Seeman Printery, 1911.
- Dictionary of NC Biography
- William Woods Holden (1818–1892), from the Caswell County Historical Association
- 1818 births
- 1892 deaths
- People from Durham County, North Carolina
- Members of the North Carolina House of Representatives
- Governors of North Carolina
- North Carolina Republicans
- People of North Carolina in the American Civil War
- American postmasters
- History of North Carolina
- Holden family
- Burials at Historic Oakwood Cemetery
- Impeached United States officials removed from office
- North Carolina politicians convicted of crimes
- North Carolina Whigs
- 19th-century American politicians
- North Carolina Democratic Party chairs
- Southern Unionists in the American Civil War
- North Carolina Democrats
- Washington, D.C. Republicans
- Republican Party state governors of the United States
- American anti-war activists
- Activists from North Carolina
- People from Orange County, North Carolina
- Proslavery activists