DNA Doe Project: Difference between revisions
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|align=left| Phoenix, Arizona |
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|align=left| Genealogical analysis<ref name = facebook/><ref>{{cite web |title=Unidentified Person / NamUs #UP2064 |url=https://www.namus.gov/UnidentifiedPersons/Case#/2064/details |website=NAMUS |accessdate=10 November 2018}}</ref> |
|align=left| Genealogical analysis<ref name = facebook/><ref>{{cite web |title=Unidentified Person / NamUs #UP2064 |url=https://www.namus.gov/UnidentifiedPersons/Case#/2064/details |website=NAMUS |accessdate=10 November 2018}}</ref> |
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⚫ | |align=left| New Britain Jane Doe<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newbritainherald.com/NBH-General+News/337564/cold-case-revisited-1991-jane-doe-had-gunshot-wound-to-head|title=Cold case revisited: 1991 Jane Doe had gunshot wound to head|last=Backus|first=Lisa|date=2018-10-22|website=New Britain Herald|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-01-24}}</ref> |
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|align=left| [[Wilson Chouest|Kern County Jane Doe]]<ref name=":1" /> |
|align=left| [[Wilson Chouest|Kern County Jane Doe]]<ref name=":1" /> |
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|align=left| Santa Ana, California |
|align=left| Santa Ana, California |
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|align=left| Sequencing<ref name = facebook/><ref>{{cite web |title=NamUs #UP7663 |url=https://www.namus.gov/UnidentifiedPersons/Case#/7663 |website=www.namus.gov |accessdate=18 January 2019 |date=}}</ref> |
|align=left| Sequencing<ref name = facebook/><ref>{{cite web |title=NamUs #UP7663 |url=https://www.namus.gov/UnidentifiedPersons/Case#/7663 |website=www.namus.gov |accessdate=18 January 2019 |date=}}</ref> |
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|align=left| [[Alachua County John Doe (1979)|Alachua County John Doe]] |
|align=left| [[Alachua County John Doe (1979)|Alachua County John Doe]] |
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|align=left| Georgetown, Williamson County, Texas |
|align=left| Georgetown, Williamson County, Texas |
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|align=left| Extraction<ref name = facebook/><ref>{{cite web |title=Unidentified Person / NamUs #UP8056 |url=https://www.namus.gov/UnidentifiedPersons/Case#/8056 |website=NAMUS |accessdate=12 October 2018}}</ref> |
|align=left| Extraction<ref name = facebook/><ref>{{cite web |title=Unidentified Person / NamUs #UP8056 |url=https://www.namus.gov/UnidentifiedPersons/Case#/8056 |website=NAMUS |accessdate=12 October 2018}}</ref> |
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⚫ | |align=left| New Britain Jane Doe<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newbritainherald.com/NBH-General+News/337564/cold-case-revisited-1991-jane-doe-had-gunshot-wound-to-head|title=Cold case revisited: 1991 Jane Doe had gunshot wound to head|last=Backus|first=Lisa|date=2018-10-22|website=New Britain Herald|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-01-24}}</ref> |
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|align=left| Birchwood John Doe |
|align=left| Birchwood John Doe |
Revision as of 21:42, 25 January 2019
Formation | 2017 |
---|---|
Founder | Colleen Fitzpatrick (Co-Executive Director), Margaret Press (Co-Founder) |
Purpose | Body identification |
Headquarters | Sebastopol, California |
Location |
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Volunteers | 40+ |
Website | Official website |
DNA Doe Project (AKA DNA Doe Project, Inc. or DDP) was founded in 2017 by Colleen Fitzpatrick and Margaret Press and is a non-profit organization of volunteers who use genetic genealogy to identify unidentified victims of: auto accidents, homicide, unusual circumstances, and people who committed suicide under an alias.[1]
History
Colleen Fitzpatrick worked as a nuclear physicist with NASA and the US Department of Defense.[2] She was the founder of IdentiFinders, an organization which used Y-chromosomal testing to attempt to identify male killers in unsolved homicides.[2] IdentiFinders was also responsible for solving the identity of the unknown child on the Titanic.[3]
Margaret Press was a novelist with previous careers in computer programming, speech, and language consulting.[4] She retired from computer programming in 2015 and relocated from Salem, Massachusetts to Sebastopol, California to live near family.[4] As a hobby, Press began pursuing genealogy in 2007; helping friends and acquaintances find their loved ones as well as helping adoptees find their biological parents.[4] After reading Sue Grafton's novel A” Is for Alibi, about a Jane Doe, Margaret Press planned to use family trees to identify unidentified homicide victims.[2]
In 2017 Fitzpatrick, Press and a small group of volunteers formed the volunteer-based, nonprofit DNA Doe Project (DDP) a 501(c)(3) non-profit organisation based in Sebastopol, California.[4] The two, along with many volunteers, use genealogy in conjunction with DNA from unidentified victims to build family trees through GEDmatch, a free public DNA database. [2]
In March 2018 DNA Doe Project announced it had solved its first case - the "Buckskin Girl."[5]
Procedure
Typical Steps
Typically, each genetic genealogy case at the DNA Doe Project undergoes the following steps:
- Acceptance of case from law enforcement
- Extraction of DNA sample (sometimes repeated if the first sample proves too degraded for analysis)
- Fundraising for DNA sequencing
- Sequencing of DNA sample
- Bioinformatics "translates" the DNA sequencing into a digital data file that is compatible with GEDmatch
- Uploading DNA data file to GEDmatch
- Genealogical analysis using GEDmatch and other tools
- Tentative identification of the Doe
- Law enforcement verifies identity, typically using fingerprints or a DNA sample provided by an immediate relative
Difficulties
Some of the difficulties the DNA Doe project encountered when using genetic genealogy to identify bodies were:[6]
- Adoptions into the family tree. Fitzpatrick described this as having to “solve a mystery to solve a mystery,”
- Unusual ethnicities. For example in the Apache Junction Jane Doe and Lyle Stevik cases.
- Recent immigration to the United States. For example Philadelphia Jane Doe appeared to have ancestors from Australia and Malta.
- Intermarriage between families (endogamy). For example in the “Belle in the Well” and Lyle Stevik cases.
- The small amounts of DNA available - especially with difficult bone extractions. This could need multiple extractions.
- Degraded DNA. For example in the Joseph Newton Chandler III case.
Cases
Solved Cases
Robert Ivan Nichols, AKA Joseph Newton Chandler III
Joseph Newton Chandler III, a resident of Eastlake, Ohio, committed suicide in his apartment on 24 July 2002. As authorities sought to identify his heirs, they discovered that his name and identity were fake. The real Joseph Newton Chandler III had died in a Sherman, Texas car accident at age eight on 21 December 1945. The suicide victim had stolen the boy’s identity in 1978, while living in South Dakota. Authorities began a search for the man’s real name.[7][8][9][10][11]
Extracting DNA proved difficult, as the suicide victim’s remains had been cremated. In the year 2000, however, two years before his death, the victim had had a tissue sample taken for a medical treatment. Authorities obtained this sample, but genetic analysis of the sample using traditional law enforcement techniques yielded few clues. In 2016, authorities reached out to IdentiFinders, a company run by Dr. Colleen Fitzpatrick, for help. In examining the man’s Y-DNA signature, they determined that his true last name was likely “Nicholas” or some variation.[7][9][8][10][11]
Chandler became the first case for the DDP. They analyzed the autosomal DNA[5] of the highly degraded sample of the man’s DNA, which had been stored in paraffin for about 15 years. Despite the obstacles, and after over 2,500 hours of work,[2] the DDP researchers were able to conclusively determine in June 2018[9] that Joseph Newton Chandler III, was actually Robert Ivan Nichols, son of Silas and Alpha Nichols of New Albany, Indiana. This identification was verified when Robert’s son, Phillip Nichols, volunteered a DNA sample, which proved to be a match.[7][9][8][10][11]
Marcia Lenore Sossoman King, AKA "Buckskin Girl"
In 1981, Police found a murder victim in a ditch in Troy, Ohio. Because the victim, a female, was found wearing a distinctive buckskin coat, she was given the name “Buckskin Girl” as the case continued. For decades, authorities sought the woman’s identity, but to no avail.[5][12]
At the 2017 American Academy of Forensic Sciences conference, Elizabeth Murray, an Ohio forensic anthropologist, met the founders of the DNA Doe Project and discussed what genetic genealogy techniques could do for the case. The victim’s body had long since been buried, but a vial of blood had been held in a lab for 37 years. The vial had not been refrigerated, however, leaving the DNA highly degraded, with only 50%-75% of markers remaining. With the help of Greg Magoon, a senior researcher at Aerodyne Research, they were able to upload this DNA data to GEDmatch.[5][12]
From here, the DNA Doe Project was able to identify the "Buckskin Girl" thanks to a very close DNA match (a first cousin once removed). Her real name was Marcia Lenore Sossoman King from Arkansas, age 21 at the time of her death. From here, DNA Doe Project volunteers provided law enforcement with the name of a close relative of King’s who lived in Florida. This relative volunteered a DNA sample to verify King’s identity. This sample proved to be a match. After 37 years, her mother was still living and had refused to move or change her phone number in hopes that her daughter might return.[5][12]
Lyle Stevik
In September 2001, a man was found to have hanged himself in a motel in Amanda Park, Washington. The man had checked in as “Lyle Stevik,” the name of a character in a Joyce Carol Oates novel. The Gray Harbor County Sheriff’s Office spent countless hours in search of the man’s true identity, but to no avail.[13][14][15]
[16] In 2018, the DNA Doe Project adopted the case at the request of the Sheriff’s Office. In order to raise the funds required to complete the necessary DNA tests, the DDP set up its first-ever “Doe Fund Me” campaign on his behalf. The campaign was a quick success, as by this time “Lyle” had gained Internet fame among websleuths. Adequate funds were raised within 24 hours. By 22 March 2018, DDP volunteers had obtained his DNA results and began analyzing.[13][14][15][16]
After about 20 volunteers poured hundreds of hours into the case, a candidate was found in a 25-year-old young man from California. Authorities reached out to the man’s family, who were able to conclusively verify his identity using fingerprint samples they had from earlier years. The family has requested that Lyle’s true identity not be released.[13][14][15][16]
"Alfred Jake Fuller"
A man aged 40 to 46 was discovered in a hotel room, not long after his death on May 2, 2014, which occurred due to natural causes.[17] He registered under the name "Alfred Jake Fuller" and provided a birth date of November 8, 1970. No records were found to match this information, leading investigators to speculate he used an alias. The man was estimated to be 5'10" at a weight of 255 pounds. He wore a short goatee and had curly brown hair. A blue "discoloration was on the left side of his face and a large nevus was in between his shoulders. His personal items included a prepaid Visa card and a "fugitive recovery agent" document. He was fully clothed and wore two pieces of jewelry on his neck.[18][6][19] In 2018 the DNA Doe Project took on his case and identified him. His family requested for his identity to remain withheld.[20]
Tracey Hobson
The extensively decomposed remains of a young female were found at the side of a freeway in the Santa Ana Canyon in Anaheim, Orange County on August 30, 1987. The victim's body had almost completely skeletonized at the time of discovery, although some fragments of soft tissue were still present upon the remains. The victim—also known as Jane Doe 87-04092 EL—was a slender young woman who had medium length light hair, estimated to have been between 15 and 19 years old when she died,[21] and was speculated to have been a teenage runaway.[22] Her hands had been cut off by her killer or killers, likely as a way to prevent identification via fingerprinting.[23]
At the crime scene, enough hair was found upon and near the body to determine that the decedent had either blond or light brown hair, although no personal belongings beyond a red handkerchief were discovered with her remains. Her skull was forensically reconstructed by Shannon Collis in hopes of identifying the body, determining the decedent also had high cheekbones. One of her front teeth was slightly chipped, while three of her other teeth had visible cavities, and six molars were missing. She was estimated to be between five feet one to five feet four inches in height. It is believed that the victim had died approximately six weeks before her body was discovered, meaning she likely died in July 1987. She may possibly have died by repeated stab wounds to her chest area, as incisive damage to two of her ribs suggested.[24] Therefore, her death was ruled as a definite homicide.[25][26][27][28][29]
In 2018, the identity of Anaheim Jane Doe was established by the DNA Doe Project,[30] although due to the fact the case was an ongoing homicide investigation, her identity was not released to the media until January 2019. The decedent was 20-year-old resident of Anaheim named Tracey Corine Hobson.[23][31][32][6]
Ongoing Cases
The following is a chart of the DNA Doe Project's ongoing cases, along with an indication of where each case is in the process:
Name | Date Remains were Found | Place Remains were Found | Status |
---|---|---|---|
Sheep Flats Jane Doe / Washoe County Jane Doe | 17 July 1982 | Near Lake Tahoe, Washoe County, Nevada | Tentatively identified[33][34][35][2][6] |
Belle in the Well / Chesapeake Jane Doe[5] | 22 April 1981 | Windsor Township, Lawrence County, Ohio | Genealogical analysis[36][37] |
Mill Creek Shed Man[5] | 12 January 2015 | Mill Creek, Snohomish County, Washington | Genealogical analysis[38][39] |
Lavender Doe[40] | 29 October 2006 | Kilgore, Gregg County, Texas | Genealogical analysis[41] |
Butler County Jane Doe[42] | 7 March 2015 | West Chester, Butler County, Ohio | Genealogical analysis[41] |
Ventura County Jane Doe[43] | 18 July 1980 | Westlake, Ventura County, California | Genealogical analysis[41][44] |
John Clinton Doe / Rock County John Doe[45] | 26 November 1995 | Bradford Township, Rock County, Wisconsin | Genealogical analysis[41][46] |
St. Tammany Parish John Doe | 29 July 2016 | St Tammany Parish, Louisiana | Genealogical analysis[41][47] |
Annie Doe[48] | 19 August 1971 | Cave Junction, Josephine County, Oregon | Genealogical analysis[41][49][50] |
Apache Junction Jane Doe[51] | 6 August 1992 | Apache Junction, Pinal County, Arizona | Genealogical analysis[52] |
Kings County Jane Doe | 13 May 2015 | Corcoran, Kings County, California | Genealogical analysis[53] |
Philadelphia Jane Doe | 10 December 2017 | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | Genealogical analysis[41][54] |
Phoenix Jane Doe | 4 October 1997 | Phoenix, Arizona | Genealogical analysis[41][55] |
Julie Doe | 25 September 1988 | Clermont, Lake County, Florida | Genealogical analysis[41][56] |
New Britain Jane Doe[57] | 11 October 1991 | New Britain, Hartford County, Connecticut | Genealogical analysis[41][58] |
Kern County Jane Doe[43] | 14 July 1980 | Kern County, California | Sequencing[41][59] |
Simpson County Jane Doe | 9 October 2001 | Franklin, Kentucky | Sequencing[41][60] |
Wayne County Jane Doe/Harper Jane Doe | 10 February 1987 | Detroit, Michigan | Sequencing[41][61] |
Cumberland County Jane Doe | 22 May 2015 | Portland, Maine | Sequencing[41][62] |
Orange County Jane Doe | 31 March 1988 | Santa Ana, California | Sequencing[41][63] |
Rebel Ray | 3 October 1988 | Williamson County, Texas | Extraction complete[41][64] |
Corona Girl | 25 Sep 1989 | Williamson County, Texas | Extraction complete[41][65] |
Alachua County John Doe | 13 February 1979 | Alachua County, Florida | Extraction[41][66] |
Orange Socks | 31 October 1979 | Georgetown, Williamson County, Texas | Extraction[41][67] |
Birchwood John Doe | 28 August 2006 | Hamilton County, Tennessee | Extraction[41][68] |
Plainview Jane Doe | 16 February 1982 | near Plainview, Texas | Extraction[41][69] |
Beckler River Road Jane Doe[70] | 10 Oct 2009 | Skykomish, Washington | Stalled (insufficient/contaminated DNA)[41] |
Sultan Basin Road John Doe[71] | 10 April 2007 | Sultan, Washington | Stalled (insufficient/contaminated DNA)[41] |
References
- ^ Bowman, Nancy (2018-05-11). "How they did it: Groundbreaking technology reveals ID in 37-year-old cold case". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved 2019-01-01.
{{cite web}}
: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|dead-url=
(help) - ^ a b c d e f Testa, Jessica (2018-09-22). "Nobody Was Going To Solve These Cold Cases. Then Came The DNA Crime Solvers". BuzzFeed News. Retrieved 2019-01-01.
{{cite web}}
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(help) - ^ Goodwin, Sidney (2009-10-06). "Unlocking a Titanic mystery". Orange County Register. Retrieved 2019-01-01.
{{cite web}}
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(help) - ^ a b c d Hillin, E.I. "Finding Jane Doe's real name: Local DNA sleuth is on the case". Sonoma West Times. Retrieved 2019-01-01.
{{cite web}}
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(help) - ^ a b c d e f g Augenstein, Seth (16 Apr 2018). "'Buckskin Girl' Case Break Is Success of New DNA Doe Project". Forensic Magazine. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
- ^ a b c d Augenstein, Seth (2019-01-10). "DNA Doe Project Names 3 More, Notes Case Patterns". Forensic Magazine. Retrieved 2019-01-11.
- ^ a b c Augenstein, Seth. "DNA Doe Project Names Another, Giving Major Piece in Infamous Ohio Mystery". Forensic Magazine. Forensic Magazine. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
- ^ a b c Metzger, Stephanie. "How did authorities solve the true identity of Joseph Newton Chandler III?". wkyc3. WKYC. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
- ^ a b c d Caniglia, John. "Authorities solve cold case of war hero who hid behind dead boy's identity". Cleveland.com. cleveland.com. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
- ^ a b c Grzegorek, Vince. "Mystery of Identity of Ohio Man Who Hid Behind Fake Name for Years Solved, Mystery of Why Remains". clevescene.com. Clevescene.com. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
- ^ a b c Pepi, Kirk. "The Man Who Woke Up As An 8-Year-Old Boy". Mel Magazine. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
- ^ a b c ""Buckskin Girl" case: DNA breakthrough leads to ID of 1981 murder victim". CBS News. 12 Apr 2018. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
- ^ a b c Murphy, Neil (19 May 2018). "Internet sleuths finally solve riddle of mystery man 'Lyle Stevik' whose suicide ignited numerous conspiracy theories during 9/11 aftermath". Mirror. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
- ^ a b c Pepi, Kirk (14 May 2018). "One of the Internet's Favorite Mysteries Has Been Solved". Mel Magazine. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
- ^ a b c "Lyle Stevik Identified; Closing 16 1/2 Year Old Unsolved Case". KXRO News. 8 May 2018. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
- ^ a b c Augenstein, Seth (9 May 2018). "DNA Doe Project IDs 2001 Motel Suicide, Using Genealogy". Forensic Magazine. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
- ^ Augenstein, Seth (10 January 2019). "DNA Doe Project Names 3 More, Notes Case Patterns". Forensic Magazine. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
- ^ "Alfred Jake Fuller". DNA Doe Project. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
- ^ "NamUs #UP15432". www.namus.gov. National Missing and Unidentified Persons System. 1 July 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
- ^ "DNA Doe Project". Facebook. Retrieved 2018-12-21.
- ^ "Remains in Canyon are that of a Woman". Anaheim Bulletin. 1 September 1987. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
- ^ "Remains in Canyon are that of a Woman". Anaheim Bulletin. 1 September 1987. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
- ^ a b "Orange County News Release". Orange County Sheriff. Retrieved 18 January 2019.
- ^ Needham, John (17 August 1989). "ID-ing the Dead : Bodies of John and Jane Does Trigger Special Concern Among 34 Members of Coroner's Office". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
- ^ Eddy, Steve (26 October 1987). "3D Techniques may ID dead Teen-Ager: Skull of girl found in canyon used in OC's first facial reconstruction". Orange County Register. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
- ^ Bishop, Alex (30 May 2013). "Unsolved Murder Spotlight: The Orange County Jane Doe". Crimelibrary.com. Retrieved 16 April 2014.
- ^ "Unidentified Jane Doe in 1987 in Aneheim California". Retrieved 18 April 2014.
- ^ "Case File 22UFCA". The Doe Network. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
- ^ "Jane Doe 1987". National Center for Missing and Exploited Children. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
- ^ "Anaheim Jane Doe". DNA Doe Project. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
{{cite web}}
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(help) - ^ Augenstein, Seth (2019-01-10). "DNA Doe Project Names 3 More, Notes Case Patterns". Forensic Magazine. Retrieved 2019-01-11.
- ^ "Anaheim Jane Doe". DNA Doe Project. Retrieved 20 December 2018.
- ^ "Sheep Flat Jane Doe". DNA Doe Project. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
- ^ "Identified! "Sheep Flat Jane Doe"". Facebook. DNA Doe Project. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
- ^ "Unidentified Person / NamUs #UP8427". NAMUS. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
- ^ "Belle in the Well". DNA Doe Project. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
- ^ "Unidentified Person / NamUs #UP6259". NAMUS. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
- ^ "Mill Creek Shed Man". DNA Doe Project. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
- ^ "Unidentified Person Case - 13502". National Missing and Unidentified Persons System. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
- ^ Coble, AnnaLise (2018-11-30). "EXCLUSIVE: New DNA Technology could help close local cold case". East Texas Matters, Nexstar. Retrieved 2019-01-01.
{{cite web}}
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(help) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w "DNA Doe Project". Facebook. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
- ^ Schmidt, Jessica (2018-06-20). "DNA Doe Project helping with years-old Butler County Jane Doe case". Fox19 Now. Retrieved 2019-01-01.
- ^ a b LaVoice, Olivia (2018-10-25). "Kern County and Ventura County Jane Doe may be closer than ever to being identified". KGET. Retrieved 2019-01-01.
- ^ "Unidentified Person / NamUs #UP11249". NAMUS. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
- ^ Schultz, Frank (2018-05-18). "New DNA method might identify body found in Rock County". GazetteXtra. Retrieved 2019-01-01.
{{cite web}}
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(help) - ^ "John Clinton Doe". DNA Doe Project. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
- ^ "New Details Released About Unidentified Homicide Victim". St Tammany Parish Sheriff's Office. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
- ^ Daily, Michael (2018-11-09). "Mystery US skeleton has Kiwi DNA matches, was wearing New Zealand-made bra". Stuff, New Zealand. Retrieved 2019-01-01.
{{cite web}}
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(help) - ^ "Annie Doe". DNA Doe Project. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
- ^ "Have you seen this child? JANE DOE1971". National Center for Missing and Exploited Children. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
- ^ "Crime Tech Secures DNA Analysis Funds" (PDF). The Apache Junction/Gold Canyon News. Vol. XXII, no. 35. 2018-08-27. p. A8. Retrieved 2019-01-01.
- ^ "Apache Junction Jane Doe". DNA Doe Project. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
- ^ "Kings County Jane Doe". DNA Doe Project. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
- ^ "NamUs #17475". www.namus.gov. 13 February 2018. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
- ^ "Unidentified Person / NamUs #UP2064". NAMUS. Retrieved 10 November 2018.
- ^ "Unidentified Person / NamUs #UP6030". NAMUS. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
- ^ Backus, Lisa (2018-10-22). "Cold case revisited: 1991 Jane Doe had gunshot wound to head". New Britain Herald. Retrieved 2019-01-24.
{{cite web}}
: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|dead-url=
(help) - ^ "NamUs #17475". www.namus.gov. 6 June 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
- ^ "Unidentified Person / NamUs #UP14243". NAMUS. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
- ^ "Unidentified Person / NamUs #UP71". NAMUS. Retrieved 19 November 2018.
- ^ "NamUs #UP8272". www.namus.gov. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
- ^ "NamUs #UP15135". www.namus.gov. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
- ^ "NamUs #UP7663". www.namus.gov. Retrieved 18 January 2019.
- ^ "Unidentified Person / NamUs #UP4062". NAMUS. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
- ^ "Unidentified Person / NamUs #UP4023". NAMUS. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
- ^ "Unidentified Person / NamUs #UP5286". NAMUS. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
- ^ "Unidentified Person / NamUs #UP8056". NAMUS. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
- ^ "Unidentified Person / NamUs #UP8189". NAMUS. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
- ^ "NamUs #UP53955". www.namus.gov. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
- ^ "NamUs #UP6599". www.namus.gov. 27 January 2010. Retrieved 22 October 2018.
- ^ "NamUs #UP2886". www.namus.gov. 13 December 2008. Retrieved 22 October 2018.