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The '''Social Democratic Party''' is a [[political party]] in the [[United Kingdom]], established in 1990. It traces its origin to the [[Social Democratic Party (UK)|Social Democratic Party]] (SDP) which was formed in 1981 by a group of dissident [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] [[Member of Parliament|Members of Parliament]] (MPs) and former MPs: [[Roy Jenkins]], [[David Owen]], [[Bill Rodgers (politician)|Bill Rodgers]] and [[Shirley Williams]], who became known as the 'Gang of Four'. The original SDP merged with the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]] in 1988 to form the [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]], but Owen, two other MPs and a minority of party activists formed a breakaway group [[Social Democratic Party (UK, 1988)|with the same name]] immediately afterward. That continuing party dissolved itself in 1990, but activists met and voted to continue the party in defiance of its National Executive, leading to the creation of a new Social Democratic Party. The party is listed on the Register of Political Parties for England, Scotland and Wales.
The '''Social Democratic Party''' is a [[political party]] in the [[United Kingdom]], established in 1990. It traces its origin to the [[Social Democratic Party (UK)|Social Democratic Party]] (SDP) which was formed in 1981 by a group of dissident [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] [[Member of Parliament|Members of Parliament]] (MPs) and former MPs: [[Roy Jenkins]], [[David Owen]], [[Bill Rodgers (politician)|Bill Rodgers]] and [[Shirley Williams]], who became known as the 'Gang of Four'. The original SDP merged with the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]] in 1988 to form the [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]], but Owen, two other MPs and a minority of party activists formed a breakaway group [[Social Democratic Party (UK, 1988)|with the same name]] immediately afterward. That continuing party dissolved itself in 1990, but activists met and voted to continue the party in defiance of its National Executive, leading to the creation of a new Social Democratic Party. The party is listed on the Register of Political Parties for England, Scotland and Wales.


As of 2019, the SDP had one MEP and two councillors. It gained its first parliamentarian when [[Patrick O'Flynn]], [[Member of the European Parliament]] for [[East of England (European Parliament constituency)|East of England]], joined the SDP in November 2018.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=East of England MEP Patrick O'Flynn quits UKIP |url=https://www.itv.com/news/anglia/2018-11-27/oflynn-quits-ukip/ |accessdate=27 November 2018 |publisher=[[ITV News]] |date=27 November 2018}}</ref>. Prominent members include the political journalist [[Rod Liddle]], and the social justice activist and former Guardian journalist Rev. [[Giles Fraser]] <ref>[https://www.spectator.co.uk/2019/03/why-ive-joined-the-sdp-and-why-you-should-too/ Article in ‘The Spectator’]</ref> <ref>[https://twitter.com/giles_fraser/status/1106282653966307328?s=21 Giles Fraser’s Tweet]</ref>. The SDP boast “rapidly” growing membership since the Brexit referendum result and increased disillusionment by voters with mainstream parties <ref>[https://www.standard.co.uk/news/londoners-diary/centrists-revive-the-ghost-of-sdp-a3931676.html Article in ‘The Evening Standard’, 10/9/18]</ref>.
As of 2019, the SDP had one MEP and two councillors. It gained its first parliamentarian when [[Patrick O'Flynn]], [[Member of the European Parliament]] for [[East of England (European Parliament constituency)|East of England]], joined the SDP in November 2018.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=East of England MEP Patrick O'Flynn quits UKIP |url=https://www.itv.com/news/anglia/2018-11-27/oflynn-quits-ukip/ |accessdate=27 November 2018 |publisher=[[ITV News]] |date=27 November 2018}}</ref>. Prominent members include the political journalist [[Rod Liddle]], and the social justice activist and former Guardian journalist Reverend [[Giles Fraser]] <ref>[https://www.spectator.co.uk/2019/03/why-ive-joined-the-sdp-and-why-you-should-too/ Article in ‘The Spectator’]</ref> <ref>[https://twitter.com/giles_fraser/status/1106282653966307328?s=21 Giles Fraser’s Tweet]</ref>. The SDP boast “rapidly” growing membership since the Brexit referendum result and increased disillusionment by voters with mainstream parties <ref>[https://www.standard.co.uk/news/londoners-diary/centrists-revive-the-ghost-of-sdp-a3931676.html Article in ‘The Evening Standard’, 10/9/18]</ref>.


==History==
==History==
===Formation===
===Formation===
The second incarnation of the [[Social Democratic Party (UK, 1988)|Social Democratic Party]] (SDP), often referred to as 'the continuing SDP', decided to dissolve itself after a disastrous result in the [[1990 Bootle by-elections|May 1990 Bootle by-election]]. However, a number of SDP activists met and voted to continue the party in defiance of the National Executive. The continuing group was led by Jack Holmes, whose defeat by the [[Official Monster Raving Loony Party]] at the Bootle by-election had caused the party's end.
The second incarnation of the [[Social Democratic Party (UK, 1988)|Social Democratic Party]] (SDP), often referred to as 'the continuing SDP', decided to dissolve itself after a disastrous result in the [[1990 Bootle by-elections|May 1990 Bootle by-election]]. However, a number of SDP activists met and voted to continue the party in defiance of the National Executive. The continuing group was led by Jack Holmes, who by polling fewer votes the [[Official Monster Raving Loony Party]] at the Bootle by-election had caused the party's end.


The much-reduced SDP decided to fight the [[1991 Neath by-election]]. With Holmes serving as the party's election agent, the SDP candidate finished fifth with 5.3% of the vote—only 174 votes behind the fourth-placed [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]]. (The SDP candidate joined the Lib Dems shortly thereafter.)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.uk/documents/upload/m12.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=November 28, 2005 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060105123951/http://www.parliament.uk/documents/upload/m12.pdf |archivedate=January 5, 2006}}</ref> The party subsequently won a number of seats on the [[Neath Port Talbot County Borough Council]].
The much-reduced SDP decided to fight the [[1991 Neath by-election]]. With Holmes serving as the party's election agent, the SDP candidate finished fifth with 5.3% of the vote—only 174 votes behind the fourth-placed [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]], although the SDP candidate joined the Lib Dems shortly thereafter.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.uk/documents/upload/m12.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=November 28, 2005 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060105123951/http://www.parliament.uk/documents/upload/m12.pdf |archivedate=January 5, 2006}}</ref> The party subsequently won a number of seats on the [[Neath Port Talbot County Borough Council]].


===1992–2018===
===1992–2018===
Line 68: Line 68:
The party published a New [[Limehouse Declaration|Declaration]] of aims and values in October 2018, which it describes as putting the principles of [[social democracy]] in a modern setting. It calls for a "[[communitarianism|communitarian]], social democratic [[nation-state]]".
The party published a New [[Limehouse Declaration|Declaration]] of aims and values in October 2018, which it describes as putting the principles of [[social democracy]] in a modern setting. It calls for a "[[communitarianism|communitarian]], social democratic [[nation-state]]".


[[Patrick O'Flynn]], [[Member of the European Parliament]] for [[East of England (European Parliament constituency)|East of England]], defected from the [[UK Independence Party]] (UKIP) to join the SDP in November 2018.<ref name="auto"/> O'Flynn cited UKIP leader [[Gerard Batten]]'s appointment of [[Tommy Robinson (activist)|Tommy Robinson]] as an adviser as a key reason for his departure from the party.<ref name="auto1"/> O'Flynn became the first MEP affiliated with the current-day SDP.
[[Patrick O'Flynn]], [[Member of the European Parliament]] for [[East of England (European Parliament constituency)|East of England]], defected from the [[UK Independence Party]] (UKIP) to join the SDP in November 2018.<ref name="auto"/> O'Flynn cited UKIP leader [[Gerard Batten]]'s appointment of [[Tommy Robinson (activist)|Tommy Robinson]] as an adviser as a key reason for his departure from the party.<ref name="auto1"/> O'Flynn became the first MEP affiliated to the current-day SDP.


In March 2019, prominent political journalists [[Rod Liddle]] and [[Giles Fraser]] announced that they were joining the party.<ref>[https://www.spectator.co.uk/2019/03/why-ive-joined-the-sdp-and-why-you-should-too/ Article in ‘The Spectator’]</ref> <ref>[https://twitter.com/giles_fraser/status/1106282653966307328?s=21 Giles Fraser’s Tweet]</ref>
In March 2019, prominent political journalists [[Rod Liddle]] and [[Giles Fraser]] announced that they were joining the party.<ref>[https://www.spectator.co.uk/2019/03/why-ive-joined-the-sdp-and-why-you-should-too/ Article in ‘The Spectator’]</ref> <ref>[https://twitter.com/giles_fraser/status/1106282653966307328?s=21 Giles Fraser’s Tweet]</ref>


==Policies==
==Policies==
The SDP is a centrist political party combining traditions of the centre-left (on economics) and centre-right (on defence and social issues). A formal statement of its values and aims were set out in the SDP’s ‘New Declaration’ in October 2018<ref>[https://sdp.org.uk/new-declaration/ “New Declaration”, SDP Official Website]</ref>.
The SDP is a centrist political party combining traditions of the centre-left on economics and centre-right on defence and social issues. A formal statement of its values and aims were set out in the SDP’s ''New Declaration'' in October 2018<ref>[https://sdp.org.uk/new-declaration/ “New Declaration”, SDP Official Website]</ref>.


===Position on Europe===
===Position on Europe===
Line 82: Line 82:


===Position on foreign affairs and defence===
===Position on foreign affairs and defence===
The SDP supports marginal reductions in aid spending made possible by (in its view) more effective use of the aid budget: It proposes that the Department for International Development be absorbed into a new Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, which would ensure a greater alignment of aid and U.K. foreign policy interests. The SDP has criticised past U.K. efforts to “impose liberal democracy on complex societies in the Middle East”. <ref>[https://sdp.org.uk/policies/ SDP policy platform, 2019 (Official Website)]</ref>.
The SDP supports marginal reductions in aid spending made possible, in its view, by more effective use of the aid budget: It proposes that the Department for International Development be absorbed into a new Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, which would ensure a greater alignment of aid and UK foreign policy interests. The SDP has criticised past UK efforts to “impose liberal democracy on complex societies in the Middle East”. <ref>[https://sdp.org.uk/policies/ SDP policy platform, 2019 (Official Website)]</ref>.


The SDP supports NATO and maintaining a minimum of 2% of GDP on defence. It would maintain and update Britain’s nuclear deterrent and increase the size of the U.K. Armed Forces. It would complete the Carrier programme and related air/naval investment to make and keep HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Prince of Wales fully operational. And supports increased spending on Intelligence to combat terrorism and cyber-warfare as a proportion of the overall defence budget. For veterans it would increase their housing priority and create tax incentives for business to employ veterans.
The SDP supports [[NATO]] and maintaining a minimum of 2% of GDP on defence. It would maintain and update Britain’s nuclear deterrent and increase the size of the UK armed forces. It would complete the aircraft carrier programme and related air and naval investment to make and keep [[HMS Queen Elizabeth (R08)|HMS ''Queen Elizabeth'']] and [[HMS Prince of Wales (R09)|HMS ''Prince of Wales'']] fully operational. It supports increased spending on Intelligence to combat terrorism and cyber-warfare as a proportion of the overall defence budget. For veterans it would increase their housing priority and create tax incentives for business to employ veterans.
<ref>[https://sdp.org.uk/policies/ SDP policy platform, 2019 (Official Website)]</ref>.
<ref>[https://sdp.org.uk/policies/ SDP policy platform, 2019 (Official Website)]</ref>.


Revision as of 10:23, 5 April 2019

This article is about the UK Social Democratic Party that has existed since 1990. For other UK parties of this name, see Social Democratic Party.
Social Democratic Party
LeaderWilliam Clouston
Founded1990
Preceded bySocial Democratic Party (1988)
Headquarters272 Bath Street
Glasgow
G2 4JR
IdeologySocial Democracy
Euroscepticism
Localism
Political positionCentre[1]
Colours  Red
  Blue
SloganThe Common Good in the National Interest
European Parliament[2]
1 / 73
Local government[3]
2 / 20,270
Website
www.sdp.org.uk

The Social Democratic Party is a political party in the United Kingdom, established in 1990. It traces its origin to the Social Democratic Party (SDP) which was formed in 1981 by a group of dissident Labour Party Members of Parliament (MPs) and former MPs: Roy Jenkins, David Owen, Bill Rodgers and Shirley Williams, who became known as the 'Gang of Four'. The original SDP merged with the Liberal Party in 1988 to form the Liberal Democrats, but Owen, two other MPs and a minority of party activists formed a breakaway group with the same name immediately afterward. That continuing party dissolved itself in 1990, but activists met and voted to continue the party in defiance of its National Executive, leading to the creation of a new Social Democratic Party. The party is listed on the Register of Political Parties for England, Scotland and Wales.

As of 2019, the SDP had one MEP and two councillors. It gained its first parliamentarian when Patrick O'Flynn, Member of the European Parliament for East of England, joined the SDP in November 2018.[4]. Prominent members include the political journalist Rod Liddle, and the social justice activist and former Guardian journalist Reverend Giles Fraser [5] [6]. The SDP boast “rapidly” growing membership since the Brexit referendum result and increased disillusionment by voters with mainstream parties [7].

History

Formation

The second incarnation of the Social Democratic Party (SDP), often referred to as 'the continuing SDP', decided to dissolve itself after a disastrous result in the May 1990 Bootle by-election. However, a number of SDP activists met and voted to continue the party in defiance of the National Executive. The continuing group was led by Jack Holmes, who by polling fewer votes the Official Monster Raving Loony Party at the Bootle by-election had caused the party's end.

The much-reduced SDP decided to fight the 1991 Neath by-election. With Holmes serving as the party's election agent, the SDP candidate finished fifth with 5.3% of the vote—only 174 votes behind the fourth-placed Liberal Democrats, although the SDP candidate joined the Lib Dems shortly thereafter.[8] The party subsequently won a number of seats on the Neath Port Talbot County Borough Council.

1992–2018

Since 1992, the SDP has concentrated on campaigning at local level, holding a few council seats in Yorkshire and South Wales.

Bridlington Central and Old Town ward on East Riding of Yorkshire Council remained a hotspot of SDP activity, with Ray Allerston holding a council seat there from 1987. From 2003 to 2007, he was joined by his wife Christine Allerston.[9]

Meanwhile, in Tunstall Ward in Richmondshire, Tony Pelton and Brian Smith were elected in 1999.

A third hotspot consisted of SDP councillors Jeff Dinham, John Sullivan and Anthony Taylor in Aberavon Ward, Neath Port Talbot.

In the 2003 elections, Tony Pelton was re-elected, but Brian Smith was not. In 2005, Christine Allerston became Mayor of Bridlington for a year; however, she stood down before the 2007 local elections, in which her husband Ray Allerston was re-elected (and made Mayor) and David Metcalf (SDP) picked up the vacant seat. All three Aberavon councillors remained in place, with Anthony Taylor becoming local mayor. However, Tony Pelton in Tunstall stood down before the 2007 locals, ending SDP representation there.

Jackie Foster was elected to Bridlington Town Council in 2008.

In 2012, Councillors Dinham and Sullivan lost their seats in Aberavon, leaving only Anthony Taylor in position.

David Metcalf stepped down in early 2014, owing to ill-health. He died soon afterward. This left just Allerston, Foster and Taylor in post. Ray Allerston died on 16 September 2014.[10][11] A by-election was held in his ward on 27 November, which was won by the UK Independence Party (UKIP).[12]

The SDP fielded two candidates in the 2015 general election.

Jackie Foster remained an SDP councillor on Bridlington Town Council after the 2015 local elections,[13] but as of 2016 was listed as a Labour councillor.[13] Until May 2017, Anthony Taylor sat on Neath Port Talbot County Borough Council as an "Independent Democrat",[14] but remained listed on the party website as an SDP councillor.[15]

Solihull's Green councillor, Mike Sheriden, defected to the SDP in August 2015.[16] However, when he stood for re-election in May 2016, Sheriden lost his seat.

Six SDP candidates stood in the 2017 general election: one in Glasgow East and five in Sheffield constituencies.[17] The SDP candidates received a total of 469 votes.[18]. According to accounts filed with the Electoral Commission, in 2017 the party — before its present growth — had a total income of £2,095.[19].

In January 2018, Councillor Kevin Hickson, former Leader of Crewe Town Council, joined the SDP after leaving Labour and briefly sitting as an Independent.[20] In an article published in the Crewe Chronicle, Cllr Hickson, who represents Crewe East, stated that he left Labour because of growing unease with that party's "almost daily changes" on Brexit policy. He went on to say: "The SDP combines centre left policies on the economy and the welfare state with a firm commitment to implement the will of the people on Brexit, reclaiming sovereignty over money, laws, borders and trade." Hickson is a Senior Lecturer in Politics.[21]

New leadership and New Declaration

William Clouston became leader of the SDP in 2018. He was a member of the original party in the 1980s, and remained with the continuing SDP after the merger with the Liberal Party.

The party published a New Declaration of aims and values in October 2018, which it describes as putting the principles of social democracy in a modern setting. It calls for a "communitarian, social democratic nation-state".

Patrick O'Flynn, Member of the European Parliament for East of England, defected from the UK Independence Party (UKIP) to join the SDP in November 2018.[4] O'Flynn cited UKIP leader Gerard Batten's appointment of Tommy Robinson as an adviser as a key reason for his departure from the party.[18] O'Flynn became the first MEP affiliated to the current-day SDP.

In March 2019, prominent political journalists Rod Liddle and Giles Fraser announced that they were joining the party.[22] [23]

Policies

The SDP is a centrist political party combining traditions of the centre-left on economics and centre-right on defence and social issues. A formal statement of its values and aims were set out in the SDP’s New Declaration in October 2018[24].

Position on Europe

The SDP’s orientation is Eurosceptic. Whilst a majority of the founders of the original SDP in 1981 were pro-EC, the continuing SDP voted against the concept of a United States of Europe at its conference at Scarborough in 1989, and the 1990 party's Eurosceptic position developed from there. As of March 2019, the party advocated the UK leaving the European Union on WTO terms in the absence of a better deal on offer.[25]. Summarising, SDP leader Clauston said in 2018 that “We’d describe ourselves as pro-European but EU sceptic”. [26]

Position on the economy and welfare

The SDP is a centre/centre-left movement advocating for a social market economy. It balances a commitment to enterprise and the market with support for greater progressivity in the tax code, substantial increases in the council housing stock, protection of legal aid, changes to the roll out of Universal Credit, and renationalising the railways as existing contracts expire [27]. SDP leader William Clouston described these policies as “part of our social-market heritage, we think market liberalism has overstepped the boundaries.”  [28]

Position on foreign affairs and defence

The SDP supports marginal reductions in aid spending made possible, in its view, by more effective use of the aid budget: It proposes that the Department for International Development be absorbed into a new Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, which would ensure a greater alignment of aid and UK foreign policy interests. The SDP has criticised past UK efforts to “impose liberal democracy on complex societies in the Middle East”. [29].

The SDP supports NATO and maintaining a minimum of 2% of GDP on defence. It would maintain and update Britain’s nuclear deterrent and increase the size of the UK armed forces. It would complete the aircraft carrier programme and related air and naval investment to make and keep HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Prince of Wales fully operational. It supports increased spending on Intelligence to combat terrorism and cyber-warfare as a proportion of the overall defence budget. For veterans it would increase their housing priority and create tax incentives for business to employ veterans. [30].

Position on social issues and immigration

The SPD believes the tax and benefits system should offer “greater protection and support for family life”. Couples raising children together (comprising a basic rate tax payer and a non tax payer) would benefit from full sharing of tax allowances under the party’s proposals. Moreover government policy in all domains would be subject to a basic test as to “whether it is supportive of the family as the fundamental foundation of society.” [31].

The party advocates a points based immigration system and wants to contain net immigration to fewer than 100,000 per year and, in addition, introduce an annual cap on gross immigration [32].

Leaders

  • Jack Holmes (1990–1991)
  • John Bates (1991–2008)
  • Peter Johnson (2008–2018)
  • William Clouston (2018–present)

Westminster elections

Election Seats ± Candidates Total votes % Government
1992
0 / 651
 Steady 10 35,248 0.1% No seats
1997
0 / 659
 Steady 2 1,246 0.0% No seats
2010[33]
0 / 650
 Steady 2 1,551 0.0% No seats
2015[34]
0 / 650
 Steady 2 125 0.0% No seats
2017[35]
0 / 650
 Steady 6 469 0.0% No seats

References

  1. ^ ‘The Evening Standard’, 10 September 2018
  2. ^ "Vote 2014". BBC News. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  3. ^ "Local Council Political Compositions". Keith Edkins. 6 May 2018. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
  4. ^ a b "East of England MEP Patrick O'Flynn quits UKIP". ITV News. 27 November 2018. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
  5. ^ Article in ‘The Spectator’
  6. ^ Giles Fraser’s Tweet
  7. ^ Article in ‘The Evening Standard’, 10/9/18
  8. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 5, 2006. Retrieved November 28, 2005. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  9. ^ "Bridlington Central and Old Town Ward — East Riding". Local Elections Archive Project. Andrew Teale. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
  10. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on December 27, 2014. Retrieved February 7, 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  11. ^ "Former Bridlington mayor Ray Allerston dies".
  12. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on December 4, 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  13. ^ a b "Councillors – Bridlington Town Council". bridlington.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 2015-02-07. Retrieved 2015-02-07. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ "Councillor details - Councillor Anthony Taylor: NPT CBC".
  15. ^ "Councillors". Socialdemocraticparty.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-12-27.
  16. ^ Annette Belcher (2015-08-17). "Solihull Green Party's first councillor defects". Birmingham Mail. Retrieved 2017-12-27. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  17. ^ "Social Democratic Party candidates in the 2017 General Election". Retrieved 12 May 2017.
  18. ^ a b Stone, Jon (27 November 2018). "Ukip MEP Patrick O'Flynn quits party in protest at growing Tommy Robinson links". The Independent. Retrieved 27 November 2018. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  19. ^ "Statement of Accounts (Yearly), 2017 Party name: Social Democratic Party". Electoral Commission. Retrieved 15 February 2019.
  20. ^ http://www.sdpuk.nationbuilder/kevin_hickson
  21. ^ "Kevin Hickson". University of Liverpool. 2013-02-18. Retrieved 2018-11-27.
  22. ^ Article in ‘The Spectator’
  23. ^ Giles Fraser’s Tweet
  24. ^ “New Declaration”, SDP Official Website
  25. ^ SDP Brexit
  26. ^ ‘The Evening Standard’, 10 September 2018
  27. ^ SDP policy platform, 2019 (Official Website)
  28. ^ ‘The Evening Standard’, 10 September 2018
  29. ^ SDP policy platform, 2019 (Official Website)
  30. ^ SDP policy platform, 2019 (Official Website)
  31. ^ SDP policy platform, 2019 (Official Website)
  32. ^ SDP policy platform, 2019 (Official Website)
  33. ^ "BBC Election 2010 Results". Retrieved 27 March 2017.
  34. ^ Election 2015: The Results and Tables, Rallings, Thrasher & Borisyuk, University of Plymouth
  35. ^ "Election 2017 Results". BBC News. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
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