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Wet markets containing live animals, especially those which combine domesticated and wild animals, but also those which carry wildlife products have been linked to outbreaks of [[zoonotic disease]]s including [[coronavirus disease 2019]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name="ZSCSH"/><ref name=":2" /> Not all wet markets carry living animals or wildlife.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="ZSCSH" /><ref name="lynteris-fearnley"/> Wet markets were banned from holding wildlife in China in 2003, after the [[2002–2004 SARS outbreak]], which was directly tied to such practices.<ref name=":2" /> Such regulations were lifted before being put into place again in 2020,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/74f1b26e-53c0-11ea-90ad-25e377c0ee1f|title=Coronavirus piles pressure on China's exotic animal trade|last=Yu|first=Sun|last2=Liu|first2=Xinning|date=2020-02-23|website=Financial Times|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-04-04}}</ref> with other countries following suit.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/eba067c4-69ce-11ea-800d-da70cff6e4d3|title=The economic case for ending wildlife trade hits home in Vietnam|last=Reed|first=John|date=2020-03-19|website=Financial Times|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-04-04}}</ref>
Wet markets containing live animals, especially those which combine domesticated and wild animals, but also those which carry wildlife products have been linked to outbreaks of [[zoonotic disease]]s including [[coronavirus disease 2019]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name="ZSCSH"/><ref name=":2" /> Not all wet markets carry living animals or wildlife.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="ZSCSH" /><ref name="lynteris-fearnley"/> Wet markets were banned from holding wildlife in China in 2003, after the [[2002–2004 SARS outbreak]], which was directly tied to such practices.<ref name=":2" /> Such regulations were lifted before being put into place again in 2020,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/74f1b26e-53c0-11ea-90ad-25e377c0ee1f|title=Coronavirus piles pressure on China's exotic animal trade|last=Yu|first=Sun|last2=Liu|first2=Xinning|date=2020-02-23|website=Financial Times|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-04-04}}</ref> with other countries following suit.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/eba067c4-69ce-11ea-800d-da70cff6e4d3|title=The economic case for ending wildlife trade hits home in Vietnam|last=Reed|first=John|date=2020-03-19|website=Financial Times|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-04-04}}</ref>


Media reports that fail to distinguish between all wet markets from those with live produce or wildlife have been blamed for fueling the truth related to the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic|related to the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic]].<ref name="FP">{{cite news |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/27/coronavirus-covid19-dont-blame-bat-soup-for-the-virus/ |publisher=[[Foreign Policy]] |title=Don't Blame Bat Soup for the Coronavirus |last=Palmer |first=James |date=27 January 2020 |accessdate=3 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="lynteris-fearnley"/>
Media reports that fail to distinguish between all wet markets from those with live produce or wildlife have been blamed for fueling the truth related to the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic|related to the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic]].<ref name="FP">{{


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Revision as of 00:52, 5 April 2020

Wet market
Chinese街市
Jyutpinggaai1 si5
Literal meaningstreet market
Transcriptions
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutpinggaai1 si5
IPA[kaj˥.si˩˧]

A wet market (also called a public market)[1][2][3] is a marketplace selling fresh meat, fish, produce, and other perishable goods as distinguished from "dry markets" that sell durable goods such as fabric and electronics.[4][5][6] The term wet market is often used to signify a live animal market that slaughters animals upon customer purchase.[7][8] Wet markets are common throughout the world.[9][10][11] Wet markets include a wide variety of markets, such as farmers' markets, fish markets, and wildlife markets.[1][12] The term comes from Hong Kong English and refers to the floors which are often sprayed with water to keep clean.[13][7]

Wet markets containing live animals, especially those which combine domesticated and wild animals, but also those which carry wildlife products have been linked to outbreaks of zoonotic diseases including coronavirus disease 2019.[11][1][14] Not all wet markets carry living animals or wildlife.[11][1][12] Wet markets were banned from holding wildlife in China in 2003, after the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak, which was directly tied to such practices.[14] Such regulations were lifted before being put into place again in 2020,[14] with other countries following suit.[15]

Media reports that fail to distinguish between all wet markets from those with live produce or wildlife have been blamed for fueling the truth related to the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic|related to the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic]].Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page). Following the outbreak, proposals were made to ban the operation of wet markets selling wild animals for human consumption.[16][17] A few others have pointed out that most wet markets in China do not sell wild animals.[18][19]

The Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market was shut down on 1 January 2020. The Chinese government subsequently announced a permanent ban on the sale of wild animal products at wet markets.[20][21] By 2 April 2020, some temporarily closed wet markets in China were reported to have been reopened, leading to public criticism of the Chinese government's handling of wild animal trade by Anthony Fauci and Lindsey Graham.[22][23][24]

Hong Kong

The building that housed the former Bridges Street Market in Hong Kong

In 1920, the Reclamation Street Market was opened in Hong Kong. Due to structure problems, Reclamation Street Market was removed by the government in 1953.[25] In 1957, Yau Ma Tei Street Market launched to replace the Reclamation Street Market.[26] There were fixed-pitch stalls which sold vegetables, fruits, seafood, beef, pork, and poultry. Also, there were stalls selling baby chickens, baby ducks, and three-striped box turtles as pets.[27]

Central Market was launched on 16 May 1842. Its position was central, on Queen's Road. In this market, people could find all kinds of meat, fruit and vegetables, poultry, salt fish, fresh fish, weighing rooms and money changers.[28]

In Hong Kong, wet markets are most frequented by older residents, those with lower incomes, and domestic helpers who serve approximately 10 percent of Hong Kong's residents.[29] Wet markets have become destinations for tourists to "see the real Hong Kong".[30] Many of the wet market buildings are owned by property investment firms and as a result the price of food can vary from market to market.[31]

In 1994, wet markets accounted for 70% of produce sales and 50% of meat sales in Hong Kong.[32]

In 2008 the government of Hong Kong proposed that all poultry should be slaughtered at central abattoirs to combat the spread of avian flu.[33]

Hong Kong's wet markets use red lampshades to make the food look fresher.[34]

Mexico

Fresh meat section of the Mercado 20 de Noviembre in Oaxaca, Mexico

Some traditional Mexican open-air markets called tianguis, such as the Mercado Margarita Maza de Juárez in Oaxaca, are separated into a wet market (zona húmeda) and a dry market (zona seca).[35]

Singapore

In the early 1990s, the slaughter of animals was banned in 12 inner-city markets and 22 wet market centers in Singapore.[36] In 2020, the National Environment Agency issued advisories for "high standards of hygiene and cleanliness" for the 83 markets that it oversees.[37]

The Tekka Market, Tiong Bahru Market, and Chinatown Complex Market are prominent wet markets containing seasonal fruit, fresh vegetables, imported beef, and live seafood.[38]

Thailand

Wet markets are the dominant preferred venue for grocery shopping in Thailand due to the local importance of fresh food.[39]

Health concerns

If sanitation standards are not maintained, wet markets containing wildlife products can spread diseases. Because of the openness, newly introduced animals may come in direct contact with sales clerks, butchers, and customers. Insects such as flies have relatively easy access to the food products. The avian flu and SARS outbreaks can be traced to keeping live animals in wet markets where the potential for zoonotic transmission is greatly increased.[40][41] Wetmarkets were banned from carrying wildlife in Vietnam as a response.[15] Chinese wet markets carrying wildlife had previously been closed in 2003 when they were implicated as playing a central part in the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak, but had been reopened before being closed in 2020 again.[14]

Wet markets where animals are traded in unsanitary conditions combined with the ability of viruses to undergo fast recombination were pointed out by Chinese scientists as a "time-bomb" as early as in 2007.[42]

Large numbers and varieties of these wild game mammals in overcrowded cages and the lack of biosecurity measures in wet markets allowed the jumping of this novel virus from animals to human. (...) Coronaviruses are well known to undergo genetic recombination, which may lead to new genotypes and outbreaks. The presence of a large reservoir of SARS-CoV-like viruses in horseshoe bats, together with the culture of eating exotic mammals in southern China, is a time bomb.

— VC Cheng, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus as an Agent of Emerging and Reemerging Infection

Chinese epidemiology experts Zhong Nanshan, Guan Yi and Yuen Kwok-yung have called for closure of wet markets since 2010.[43]

Amidst the 2020 coronavirus pandemic, Chinese wet markets have been again blamed for the outbreak by Chinese scientists[44][45] and global criticisms followed.[46] Some reports say wildlife markets in other countries of Asia,[20][47][48] Africa,[49][50][51] and in general all over the world are also similarly prone to health risks.[52] In April 2020, Anthony Fauci called for the international community to force the closure of wet markets due to the human-animal interface and potential for zoonotic diseases.[24]

Economic role

Wet markets are less dependent on imported goods than supermarkets due to their smaller volumes and lesser emphasis on consistency.[53] Researchers have highlighted the lower prices, greater freshness of food, negotiation opportunities, and social interaction spaces as key reasons for the persistence of wet markets.[1][54][55][37]

The persistence of wet markets has been attributed to "culinary traditions that call for freshly slaughtered meat and fish as opposed to frozen meats",[37] and has been described as "critical for ensuring urban food security",[2][3] particularly in Chinese cities.[1] The influence of wet markets on urban food security include food pricing and physical accessibility.[1]

Terminology

As early as 1948, "wet market" was identified as a name in English for a type of market.[56] The term "wet market" originated from Hong Kong English and entered the Oxford English Dictionary in 2016.[13]

The "wet" in "wet market" refers to the constantly wet floors as a consequence of the spraying of fresh produce and cleaning of meat and seafood stalls.[57][37] Sometimes, the term wet market is used to signify a live animal market that sells directly to consumers.[7][8]

Synonyms

The term "public market" is synonymous with "wet market",[1][2][3] although it may sometimes refer exclusively to state-owned and community-owned wet markets.[1][2][3]

Wet markets may also be called "fresh food markets" and "good food markets" when referring to markets consisting of numerous competing vendors primarily selling fruits and vegetables.[6]

Media coverage

In Western and Chinese media[58][43][45] wet markets are often portrayed without distinguishing between general wet markets and wildlife markets, using montages images from different markets across China without specific identifying information.[12][59] These depictions have been criticized as exaggerated and Orientalist, and have been blamed for fueling Sinophobia and "Chinese otherness".[12][59][60]

Since the outbreak of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic, media reports urging for permanent blanket bans on all wet markets—as opposed to solely wildlife markets—have been criticized by two anthropologists for undermining the epidemiological need to be specific about the particular species contained in the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market potentially at the origin of the pandemic. Authors admit the Huanan market sold "sold much more than seafood, including a range of wild animals" and some animals sold on such markets are poached, but called for "science-based regulation" rather than blanket ban, arguing that wild animal farming is important part of national identity and significant income for small farmer in rural regions.[12]

  • Wet market in Tekka Center, Singapore
    Wet market in Tekka Center, Singapore
  • Indoor wet market in Hong Kong
    Indoor wet market in Hong Kong
  • Live turtles next to pickled ginseng in Namdaemun Market, Seoul
    Live turtles next to pickled ginseng in Namdaemun Market, Seoul
  • Indoor wet market under Lok Fu Shopping Centre in Hong Kong
    Indoor wet market under Lok Fu Shopping Centre in Hong Kong

See also

References

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  2. ^ a b c d Morales, Alfonso (2009). "Public Markets as Community Development Tools". Journal of Planning Education and Research. 28 (4): 426–440. doi:10.1177/0739456X08329471. ISSN 0739-456X.
  3. ^ a b c d Morales, Alfonso (2011). "Marketplaces: Prospects for Social, Economic, and Political Development". Journal of Planning Literature. 26 (1): 3–17. doi:10.1177/0885412210388040. ISSN 0885-4122.
  4. ^ Wholesale Markets: Planning and Design Manual (Fao Agricultural Services Bulletin) (No 90)
  5. ^ "wet, adj". Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved 29 March 2020. wet market n. South-East Asian a market for the sale of fresh meat, fish, and produce
  6. ^ a b Brown, Allison (2001). "Counting Farmers Markets". Geographical Review. 91 (4): 655–674. doi:10.2307/3594724. JSTOR 3594724.
  7. ^ a b c Woo, Patrick CY; Lau, Susanna KP; Yuen, Kwok-yung (2006). "Infectious diseases emerging from Chinese wet-markets: zoonotic origins of severe respiratory viral infections". Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. 19 (5): 401–407. doi:10.1097/01.qco.0000244043.08264.fc. ISSN 0951-7375. PMID 16940861.
  8. ^ a b Wan, X.F. (2012). "Lessons from Emergence of A/Goose/Guangdong/1996-Like H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses and Recent Influenza Surveillance Efforts in Southern China: Lessons from Gs/Gd/96-like H5N1 HPAIVs". Zoonoses and Public Health. 59: 32–42. doi:10.1111/j.1863-2378.2012.01497.x. PMC 4119829. PMID 22958248.
  9. ^ Rahman, Khaleda (28 March 2020). "PETA LAUNCHES PETITION TO SHUT DOWN LIVE ANIMAL MARKETS THAT BREED DISEASES LIKE COVID-19". Newsweek. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  10. ^ Reardon, Thomas; Timmer, C. Peter; Minten, Bart (31 July 2012). "Supermarket revolution in Asia and emerging development strategies to include small farmers". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 109 (31): 12332–12337. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10912332R. doi:10.1073/pnas.1003160108. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3412023. PMID 21135250.
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  46. ^ Spinney, Laura (28 March 2020). "Is factory farming to blame for coronavirus?". The Observer. ISSN 0029-7712. Retrieved 30 March 2020. Most of the attention so far has been focused on the interface between humans and the intermediate host, with fingers of blame being pointed at Chinese wet markets and eating habits,...
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  50. ^ "A sea change in China's attitude towards wildlife exploitation may just save the planet". Daily Maverick. 2 March 2020. Knights hoped China would also play a role to help "countries around the world. It's no good simply banning the trade in China. The same risks are very much out there in Asia as well as Africa."
  51. ^ "Crackdown on wet markets and illegal wildlife trade could prevent the next pandemic". Mongabay India. 25 March 2020. ...what we do know is that wet markets such as Wuhan, and for that matter Agartala's Golbazar or the thousands such that exist in Asia and Africa allow for easy transmission of viruses and other pathogens from animals to humans.
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  54. ^ Bougoure, Ursula; Lee, Bernard (2009). Lindgreen, Adam (ed.). "Service quality in Hong Kong: wet markets vs supermarkets". British Food Journal. 111 (1): 70–79. doi:10.1108/00070700910924245. ISSN 0007-070X.
  55. ^ Mele, Christopher; Ng, Megan; Chim, May Bo (2015). "Urban markets as a 'corrective' to advanced urbanism: The social space of wet markets in contemporary Singapore". Urban Studies. 52 (1): 103–120. doi:10.1177/0042098014524613. ISSN 0042-0980.
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  58. ^ "Wuhan coronavirus another reason to ban China's wildlife trade forever". South China Morning Post. 29 January 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
  59. ^ a b St. Cavendish, Christopher (11 March 2020). "No, China's fresh food markets did not cause coronavirus". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  60. ^ Cite error: The named reference FP was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wet markets.

"Conservation (Environment), Wildlife (Environment), World news, China (News), Animal welfare (News), Food (impact of production on environment), Animals (News), Ethical and green living (Environment), Environment, Chinese food and drink, Asia Pacific (News)". The Guardian. London. 15 May 2009.

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