Bunong people: Difference between revisions

Bunong
Total population
	37,500
Regions with significant populations
	Mondulkiri, Cambodia
Languages
	Pnong
Religion
	Animist (majority), Roman Catholic, Theravada Buddhism
Related ethnic groups
	Khmer Loeu, Khmers

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The Bunong (alternatively Phnong, Punong, or Pnong, Khmer: ជនជាតិព្នង choncheate pnong, meaning "the Nong People"^[2]) are an indigenous Cambodian minority ethnic group. They are found primarily in Mondulkiri province of Cambodia. The Bunong is the largest indigenous highland ethnic group in Cambodia. They have their own language called Bunong, which belongs to Bahnaric branch of Austroasiatic languages. The majority of Bunong people are animists, but a minority of them follows Roman Catholicism and Theravada Buddhism. The Bunong are considered as Khmer Loeu ("upland Khmer"), which is the collective name given to the various indigenous ethnic groups residing in the highlands of Cambodia, and Montagnard in Vietnam.

Language

Bunong language (sometimes spelled 'Mnong') is the native language of the Bunong people. It is a member of Bahnaric branch of Austroasiatic languages and is distantly related to Khmer and other Khmer Loeu languages (exclude Jarai and Rade which speaks an Austronesian language closely related to Cham). There are several dialects of Bunong, some even recognised as a distinct language by linguists, most Bunong dialects are spoken in neighbouring Vietnam, except for Kraol which is spoken within Cambodia.

Culture

The Bunong practice a very diverse, dynamic, unstructured and often secretive traditional medicine. Originally tied to the large biodiversity of their forest environment, the wars of the 1970s had a significant impact on the Bunong culture and knowledge of traditional medicine, when everybody relocated to either Vietnam or the Cambodian Koh Niek district. New plants and practices were acquired by the Bunong in these new locations, but upon returning in the 1980s and 1990s, knowledge and use of plants native to their homelands had been forgotten by many. Adequate conventional biomedicine and healthcare can be difficult or impossible to obtain by the locals in the countryside of Cambodia - in particular during the rainy season - and it is therefore official policy of the Cambodian government (backed by the WHO) to support the practice of traditional medicines. Research shows that, as of 2011, 95% of the inhabitants in two Bunong villages still regularly use medicinal plants. It is hoped that the Bunong culture of traditional medicine can help to build respect for the environment and halt the deforestation and habitat loss of Cambodia on a local level.^[3]

Religion

Traditional Bunong religion is a form of animism centered on forests, combined with ancestor worship.^[2]

“The Bunong believe that nature is populated by spirits, both good and bad, and that these must be obeyed and appeased. No spirits are more powerful than those of the Spirit Forests.” - Chok Marel^[2]

In more recent years, traditional beliefs have been blended with Khmer Buddhism through proximity, especially after forced relocation during the Khmer Rouge regime, and with Western Christianity through deliberate spread by missionaries, justified through concurrent development support.^[4] It is perceived by some Bunong that those who convert to Christianity "abandon their belief in spirits, often cut down their Spirit Forest and consequently lose the conservation ethos at the heart of their culture".^[2]

Bunong in the media

A Bunong woman, thought to be Rochom P'ngieng, was discovered after presumably spending 19 years alone in the jungle.^[5]

Other works about the Bunong include "Living on the margins", the publications of Nomad RSI, the documentary film Last of the Elephant Men, and the works of Frédéric Bourdier.

References

^ 2008 Cambodian census
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Vater, T. (2006). The Bunong: Caretakers of Cambodia’s Sacred Forests. Phnom Penh: USAID, European Union.
^ Savajol; et al. (2011). "Traditional Therapeutic Knowledge of the North-eastern Cambodia Healers, their practices and medicinal plants". Nomad Recherche et Soutien International. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ "Cambodia". www.cmalliance.org. Retrieved 2020-08-24.
^ "'Half-Animal' Woman Is Discovered After Spending 19 Years Alone in Cambodian Jungle", Fox News, January 19, 2007.

Ethnologue entry

[cens-1] 2008 Cambodian census

[:0-2] Vater, T. (2006). The Bunong: Caretakers of Cambodia’s Sacred Forests. Phnom Penh: USAID, European Union.

[3] Savajol; et al. (2011). "Traditional Therapeutic Knowledge of the North-eastern Cambodia Healers, their practices and medicinal plants". Nomad Recherche et Soutien International. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[4] "Cambodia". www.cmalliance.org. Retrieved 2020-08-24.

[5] "'Half-Animal' Woman Is Discovered After Spending 19 Years Alone in Cambodian Jungle", Fox News, January 19, 2007.

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[2]

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@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 {{Infobox ethnic group
-|group=Punong
+|group=Bunong
 |image=
 |population= 37,500 <ref name=cens>2008 Cambodian census</ref>
@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
 }}
-The '''Pnong''' (alternatively '''Phnong''', '''Punong,''' or '''Bunong''', {{lang-km|ជនជាតិព្នង choncheate pnong}}) are an [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous]] [[Cambodia]]n minority [[ethnic group]]. They are found primarily in [[Mondulkiri]] province of Cambodia. The Pnong is the largest indigenous highland ethnic group in Cambodia. They have their own language called [[Mnong language|Pnong]], which belongs to [[Bahnaric languages|Bahnaric]] branch of [[Austroasiatic languages]]. The majority of Pnong people are [[animism|animists]], but a minority of them follows [[Roman Catholicism]] and [[Theravada Buddhism]]. The Pnongs are considered as [[Khmer Loeu]] or Montagnard, which is the collective name given to the various indigenous ethnic groups residing in the highlands of Cambodia.
+The '''Bunong''' (alternatively '''Phnong''', '''Punong,''' or '''Pnong''', {{lang-km|ជនជាតិព្នង choncheate pnong}}, meaning "the Nong People"<ref name=":0">Vater, T. (2006). ''The Bunong: Caretakers of Cambodia’s Sacred Forests''. Phnom Penh: USAID, European Union.</ref>) are an [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous]] [[Cambodia]]n minority [[ethnic group]]. They are found primarily in [[Mondulkiri]] province of Cambodia. The Bunong is the largest indigenous highland ethnic group in Cambodia. They have their own language called [[Mnong language|Bunong]], which belongs to [[Bahnaric languages|Bahnaric]] branch of [[Austroasiatic languages]]. The majority of Bunong people are [[animism|animists]], but a minority of them follows [[Roman Catholicism]] and [[Theravada Buddhism]]. The Bunong are considered as [[Khmer Loeu]] ("upland Khmer"), which is the collective name given to the various indigenous ethnic groups residing in the highlands of Cambodia, and [[Montagnard (Vietnam)|Montagnard]] in Vietnam.
 ==Language==
-[[Mnong language|Pnong]] language (sometimes spelled 'Mnong') is the native language of the Pnong people. It is a member of [[Bahnaric languages|Bahnaric]] branch of [[Austroasiatic languages]] and is distantly related to [[Khmer language|Khmer]] and other [[Khmer Loeu]] languages (exclude [[Jarai people|Jarai]] and [[Rade people|Rade]] which speaks an [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] language closely related to [[Cham language|Cham]]). There are several dialects of Pnong, some even recognised as a distinct language by linguists, most Pnong dialects are spoken in neighbouring [[Vietnam]], except for Kraol which is spoken within Cambodia.
+[[Mnong language|Bunong]] language (sometimes spelled 'Mnong') is the native language of the Bunong people. It is a member of [[Bahnaric languages|Bahnaric]] branch of [[Austroasiatic languages]] and is distantly related to [[Khmer language|Khmer]] and other [[Khmer Loeu]] languages (exclude [[Jarai people|Jarai]] and [[Rade people|Rade]] which speaks an [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] language closely related to [[Cham language|Cham]]). There are several dialects of Bunong, some even recognised as a distinct language by linguists, most Bunong dialects are spoken in neighbouring [[Vietnam]], except for Kraol which is spoken within Cambodia.
 == Culture ==
 {{see also|Traditional Cambodian medicine}}
-[[File:ගල්සියඹලා අත්ත.JPG|thumb|''[[Dialium cochinchinense]]'' (velvet tamarind) or ''Kalagn'' in Mnong is part of Pnong traditional medicine. The tree is native to Mondulkiri Province where it is threatened by habitat loss.]]
+[[File:ගල්සියඹලා අත්ත.JPG|thumb|''[[Dialium cochinchinense]]'' (velvet tamarind) or ''Kalagn'' in Mnong is part of Bunong traditional medicine. The tree is native to Mondulkiri Province where it is threatened by habitat loss.]]
-The Pnong practice a very diverse, dynamic, unstructured and often secretive [[traditional medicine]]. Originally tied to the large [[biodiversity]] of their forest environment, the wars of the 1970s had a significant impact on the Pnong culture and knowledge of traditional medicine, when everybody relocated to either Vietnam or the Cambodian [[Koh Niek]] district. New plants and practices were acquired by the Pnong in these new locations, but upon returning in the 1980s and 1990s, knowledge and use of plants native to their homelands had been forgotten by many. Adequate conventional biomedicine and healthcare can be difficult or impossible to obtain by the locals in the countryside of Cambodia - in particular during the rainy season - and it is therefore official policy of the Cambodian government (backed by the [[WHO]]) to support the practice of traditional medicines. Research shows that, as of 2011, 95% of the inhabitants in two Pnong villages still regularly use medicinal plants. It is hoped that the Pnong culture of traditional medicine can help to build respect for the environment and halt the [[deforestation in Cambodia|deforestation]] and habitat loss of Cambodia on a local level.<ref>{{cite paper|url= |title=Traditional Therapeutic Knowledge of the North-eastern Cambodia Healers, their practices and medicinal plants|publisher=Nomad Recherche et Soutien International|author=Savajol |display-authors=etal |date=2011}}</ref>
+The Bunong practice a very diverse, dynamic, unstructured and often secretive [[traditional medicine]]. Originally tied to the large [[biodiversity]] of their forest environment, the wars of the 1970s had a significant impact on the Bunong culture and knowledge of traditional medicine, when everybody relocated to either Vietnam or the Cambodian [[Koh Niek]] district. New plants and practices were acquired by the Bunong in these new locations, but upon returning in the 1980s and 1990s, knowledge and use of plants native to their homelands had been forgotten by many. Adequate conventional biomedicine and healthcare can be difficult or impossible to obtain by the locals in the countryside of Cambodia - in particular during the rainy season - and it is therefore official policy of the Cambodian government (backed by the [[WHO]]) to support the practice of traditional medicines. Research shows that, as of 2011, 95% of the inhabitants in two Bunong villages still regularly use medicinal plants. It is hoped that the Bunong culture of traditional medicine can help to build respect for the environment and halt the [[deforestation in Cambodia|deforestation]] and habitat loss of Cambodia on a local level.<ref>{{cite paper|url= |title=Traditional Therapeutic Knowledge of the North-eastern Cambodia Healers, their practices and medicinal plants|publisher=Nomad Recherche et Soutien International|author=Savajol |display-authors=etal |date=2011}}</ref>
-==Pnong in the media==
+=== Religion ===
+Traditional Bunong religion is a form of animism centered on forests, combined with ancestor worship.<ref name=":0" /><blockquote>“The Bunong believe that nature is populated by spirits, both good and bad, and that these must be obeyed and appeased. No spirits are more powerful than those of the Spirit Forests.” - Chok Marel<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>In more recent years, traditional beliefs have been blended with [[Buddhism in Cambodia|Khmer Buddhism]] through proximity, especially after forced relocation during the [[Khmer Rouge regime]], and with Western Christianity through deliberate spread by missionaries, justified through concurrent development support.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cambodia|url=https://www.cmalliance.org/field/cambodia|access-date=2020-08-24|website=www.cmalliance.org}}</ref> It is perceived by some Bunong that those who convert to Christianity "abandon their belief in spirits, often cut down their Spirit Forest and consequently lose the conservation ethos at the heart of their culture".<ref name=":0" />
-A Pnong woman, thought to be [[Rochom P'ngieng]], was discovered after presumably spending 19 years alone in the jungle.<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,244440,00.html "'Half-Animal' Woman Is Discovered After Spending 19 Years Alone in Cambodian Jungle"], Fox News, January 19, 2007.</ref>
+==Bunong in the media==
-Other works about the Pnong include "Living on the margins", the publications of Nomad RSI, the documentary film ''[[Last of the Elephant Men]]'', and the works of Frédéric Bourdier.
+A Bunong woman, thought to be [[Rochom P'ngieng]], was discovered after presumably spending 19 years alone in the jungle.<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,244440,00.html "'Half-Animal' Woman Is Discovered After Spending 19 Years Alone in Cambodian Jungle"], Fox News, January 19, 2007.</ref>
+Other works about the Bunong include "Living on the margins", the publications of Nomad RSI, the documentary film ''[[Last of the Elephant Men]]'', and the works of Frédéric Bourdier.
 ==See also==