List of alismatid families
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The alismatid monocots are a group of 15 interrelated families of flowering plants, named for their largest order, Alismatales. Like other monocots,[a] they have a single embryonic leaf (cotyledon) in most of their seeds, and are generally characterized by leaves with parallel veins, scattered vascular systems, flowers with parts in threes or multiples of three, and roots that can develop in more than one place along the stems.[1][2][3] They have adapted to thrive in oceans, temperate zones, deserts, the tropics, and even glacial regions.[4]
The alismatids are the most basal monocots, the ones that diverged earliest from the others, during the Cretaceous Period.[5][6] Like the earliest monocots, many of them are aquatic, and some grow completely submerged. Apart from the sweet-flag family of wetlands plants, all the alismatid families are in Alismatales. Some of the plants in this order are invasive aquatic weeds that can disrupt and destabilize ecosystems. Others grow in a variety of habitats, especially the plants in the aroid family. This family includes the titan arum, with the world's largest unbranched inflorescence, and also the world's smallest flowering plant, duckweed.[2][5][7][8]
Key
In the second column, "Latin:" or "Greek:" gives a translation from Latin or Greek. "Latin plant name" or "Greek plant name" means that the family name (minus the -ceae suffix) is very similar to a plant known to the ancient Romans or Greeks, often a different plant than the one described here. Some plants were named for people; in this list, all are remembered for their work as doctors or naturalists.
Alismatid monocot families
Family[b] | Origin of the name;[c] notes | Type genus[10] | Order[11] and type genus images | Common name of the family[11] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Latin plant name[12][13] | Acorus | Acorales | Sweet flag | |
Acoraceae | One genus,[14][d] found in North America, Europe and Asia. Description: the thin, sword-shaped leaves fan off from rhizomes that are essentially non-vascular. Each inflorescence is a single spadix, pointing to the side.[15] | Acorus calamus![]() ![]() | ||
Greek plant name[12][13] | Alisma | Alismatales | Water plantain | |
Alismataceae | 18 genera,[14] found globally. Two species are consumed in Asia, and another was a food source for Native Americans.[16] C4 photosynthesis has been observed in Sagittaria.[5] Description: aquatic, usually perennial plants that take root in freshwater beds, and may or may not remain submerged. Inflorescences are usually umbels, and often whorled.[16] In the genus Alisma, plants are perennial aquatic or marsh herbs; the leaves are linear, lanceolate or ovate.[17] | Alisma plantago-aquatica![]() | ||
Latin: near (hot springs at) Aponus[13] | Aponogeton | Alismatales | – | |
Aponogetonaceae | One genus,[14] found in Africa, South and Southeast Asia, and Oceania. Cape pondweed flowers are consumed as a delicacy in South Africa; the tubers are also edible.[18] Description: perennial smooth-stemmed freshwater herbs. Leaves are simple, usually with long stalks. Inflorescences are usually simple or 2-branched spikes, initially enclosed in a thin spathe.[19] | Aponogeton distachyos![]() | ||
Greek and Latin plant name[12][13] | Arum | Alismatales | Aroid[20] | |
Araceae | 139 genera,[14] found globally. The family is most diverse tropically. Many cultures have relied on taro plants as a staple crop. Description: plants can be terrestrial, epiphytic or aquatic.[21] | Arum maculatum![]() ![]() | ||
Greek: ox-wounding[12][13] | Butomus | Alismatales | Flowering rush | |
Butomaceae | One genus,[14] found in temperate Europe and Asia. Consumed in parts of Russia, in bread or as a vegetable.[22] Description: perennial or annual. Aquatic, swamp or marsh herbs, smooth-stemmed, usually with milky latex. Leaf blades are entire and lanceolate, orbicular or iris-like. Inflorescences are umbellate, rarely with solitary flowers.[23] | Butomus umbellatus![]() ![]() | ||
Greek: Cymodoce, a sea nymph[24] | Cymodocea | Alismatales | Turtle grass | |
Cymodoceaceae | 6 genera,[14] found in tropical and warm temperate seas. These plants nourish and shelter many crustaceans and fish that are consumed by humans.[25] Amphibolis pollen can reach 5 mm in length.[5] Description: large perennials.[25] In the genus Cymodocea, leaf blades are flat, often narrowed at the base, and up to 30 cm long; female flowers are terminal, sessile or short-stalked; male flowers are stalked.[26] | Cymodocea nodosa![]() ![]() | ||
Greek: water grace[13] | Hydrocharis | Alismatales | Frogbit | |
Hydrocharitaceae | 14 genera,[14] found globally. One species is consumed in Asia. Many invasive genera have become entrenched, causing considerable economic damage. Description: annual and perennial aquatics.[27] The leaves at the base of the stems are simple, and opposite or whorled. There are usually 3 sepals and 3 petals, with 1 or 2 bracts.[28] | Hydrocharis morsus-ranae![]() ![]() | ||
Latin plant name[29] | Triglochin | Alismatales | Arrowgrass | |
Juncaginaceae | 3 genera,[14] found in northern temperate zones, South America, Oceania and parts of Africa. Two species are edible. Description: Annual and perennial herbs, aquatic and terrestrial.[29] Leaves are grass-like and flat or semiterete. Each inflorescence is a single compact raceme or spike.[30] | Triglochin palustris![]() ![]() | ||
John Maund (1823–1858), doctor[24] | Maundia | Alismatales | Maund's arrowgrass | |
Maundiaceae | One genus,[14] found in Eastern Australia. The sole species is likely to become endangered as water tables recede in eastern Australia. Description: aquatic perennials. The leaves, up to 80 centimeters (31 in) long, are three-sided in cross-section.[31] | Maundia triglochinoides![]() ![]() | ||
Greek: Poseidon, a god[24] | Posidonia | Alismatales | Tapeweed | |
Posidoniaceae | One genus,[14] found in the Mediterranean and oceans south and west of Australia. Genetically identical beds of Posidonia oceanica in the Mediterranean can be kilometers wide and persist for many thousands of years. Description: the leaves are linear; inflorescences are terminal.[32] | Posidonia oceanica![]() ![]() | ||
Greek and Latin plant name[13] | Potamogeton | Alismatales | Pondweed | |
Potamogetonaceae | 5 genera,[14] found globally. An important food source for many birds and aquatic animals. Description: aquatic, usually perennials.[33] Leaves can be almost opposite, rarely ternate; simple; and stalked or not. In the genus Potamogeton, inflorescences are stalked, with a dense or interrupted spike.[34] | Potamogeton natans![]() ![]() | ||
Heinrich Bernhard Ruppius (1688–1719)[35] | Ruppia | Alismatales | Tasselweed | |
Ruppiaceae | One genus,[14] found in scattered locations worldwide, in ponds, marshes and shallow seas. Description: submerged herbs, usually annuals.[32] Leaves are simple, sessile, and sheathed at their base; blades are linear and mostly entire. Inflorescences are terminal, with spikes with one or a few flowers.[36] | Ruppia polycarpa![]() ![]() | ||
Johann Gaspar Scheuchzer (1684–1738) and his brother Johann Jacob [24] | Scheuchzeria | Alismatales | Rannoch rush | |
Scheuchzeriaceae | One genus,[14] found in arctic sphagnum bogs. Description: perennials. Inflorescences are simple racemes.[37] | Scheuchzeria palustris![]() ![]() | ||
Thomas Tofield (1730–1779)[24] | Tofieldia | Alismatales | False asphodel | |
Tofieldiaceae | 4 genera,[14] found in northern boreal and montane zones, with some species extending south in parts of the US, China and Japan. This is the earliest-diverging family in the order (around 100 million years ago). Description: Perennial, rhizomatous herbs.[6][38] The leaves at the base of the stems are in 2 ranks and strongly ribbed. Inflorescences are terminal and racemose; flowers have 6 tepals.[39] | Tofieldia calyculata![]() ![]() | ||
Greek: belt[40] | Zostera | Alismatales | Eelgrass | |
Zosteraceae | 2 genera,[14] found in temperate and subtropical sea beds. Previously harvested as packing material. The dense growths support commercially important fish and shrimp. Description: perennials.[40] Leaves are in two opposite rows, simple and linear. Each inflorescence sits on a spadix, with the flowers in two rows, enclosed by a spathe.[41] | Zostera marina![]() |
Phylogeny
Cladogram focusing on the alismatid monocots[5][6][e] |
Cladogram showing the orders of monocots (Lilianae sensu Chase & Reveal)[42] based on molecular phylogenetic evidence according to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV.[7]
See also
- Glossary of botanical terms
- List of plant genera named for people: A–C, D–J, K–P, Q–Z
- List of plant family names with etymologies
Notes
- ^ Monocots as a whole are the plants responsible for most of the global agricultural output, including those in the grass, palm, banana, ginger, asparagus, pineapple, sedge and onion families.[1][2]
- ^ Each family's formal name ends in the Latin suffix -aceae and is derived from the name of a genus that is or once was part of the family.[9]
- ^ Except for Plants of the World, these books list genera alphabetically.
- ^ For everything from Plants of the World Online, see https://www.kew.org/science/collections-and-resources/data-and-digital/terms-of-use for license.
- ^ The alismatids do not form a clade, that is, a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants.
Citations
- ^ a b Givnish.
- ^ a b c Royal Botanic Gardens.
- ^ Christenhusz, pp. 115–118.
- ^ Christenhusz, pp. 115–131.
- ^ a b c d e Stevens.
- ^ a b c Christenhusz, p. 10.
- ^ a b Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2016.
- ^ Christenhusz, pp. 117–120.
- ^ ICN, art. 18.
- ^ IPNI.
- ^ a b Christenhusz.
- ^ a b c d Coombes.
- ^ a b c d e f g Stearn.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o POWO.
- ^ Christenhusz, p. 117.
- ^ a b Christenhusz, p. 122.
- ^ POWO, Alismataceae, Flora of Tropical East Africa.
- ^ Christenhusz, p. 126.
- ^ POWO, Aponogetonaceae, Flora of Somalia.
- ^ POWO, Araceae, Neotropikey.
- ^ Christenhusz, pp. 118–120.
- ^ Christenhusz, p. 123.
- ^ POWO, Butomaceae, Flora of Tropical East Africa.
- ^ a b c d e Burkhardt.
- ^ a b Christenhusz, p. 131.
- ^ POWO, Cymodoceaceae, Flora of Somalia.
- ^ Christenhusz, pp. 123–125.
- ^ POWO, Hydrocharitaceae, Neotropikey.
- ^ a b Christenhusz, pp. 126–127.
- ^ POWO, Juncaginaceae, Flora of Tropical East Africa.
- ^ Christenhusz, p. 127.
- ^ a b Christenhusz, p. 130.
- ^ Christenhusz, pp. 128–129.
- ^ POWO, Potamogetonaceae, Flora of Tropical East Africa.
- ^ Quattrocchi.
- ^ POWO, Ruppiaceae, Neotropikey.
- ^ Christenhusz, p. 125.
- ^ Christenhusz, p. 121.
- ^ POWO, Tofieldiaceae, Neotropikey.
- ^ a b Christenhusz, pp. 127–128.
- ^ POWO, Zosteraceae, Neotropikey.
- ^ a b Chase.
References
- Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 181 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1111/boj.12385.
- Burkhardt, Lotte (2018). Verzeichnis eponymischer Pflanzennamen – Erweiterte Edition [Index of Eponymic Plant Names – Extended Edition] (pdf) (in German). Berlin: Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Freie Universität Berlin. doi:10.3372/epolist2018. ISBN 978-3-946292-26-5. S2CID 187926901. Retrieved January 1, 2021. See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ for license.
- Chase, Mark W; Reveal, James L (2009), "A phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III" (PDF), Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 161 (2): 122–127, doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01002.x
- Christenhusz, Maarten; Fay, Michael Francis; Chase, Mark Wayne (2017). Plants of the World: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Vascular Plants. Chicago, Illinois: Kew Publishing and The University of Chicago Press. pp. 18–637. ISBN 978-0-226-52292-0.
- Coombes, Allen (2012). The A to Z of Plant Names: A Quick Reference Guide to 4000 Garden Plants. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. ISBN 978-1-60469-196-2.
- Givnish, Thomas J.; Ames, Mercedes; McNeal, Joel R.; McKain, Michael R.; Steele, P. Roxanne; dePamphilis, Claude W.; Graham, Sean W.; Pires, J. Chris; Stevenson, Dennis W.; Zomlefer, Wendy B.; Briggs, Barbara G.; Duvall, Melvin R.; Moore, Michael J.; Heaney, J. Michael; Soltis, Douglas E.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Thiele, Kevin; Leebens-Mack, James H. (27 December 2010). "Assembling the Tree of the Monocotyledons: Plastome Sequence Phylogeny and Evolution of Poales". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 97 (4): 584–616. doi:10.3417/2010023. S2CID 15036227. Retrieved October 23, 2022.
- IPNI (2022). "International Plant Names Index". London, Boston and Canberra: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; and Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved October 21, 2022.
- POWO (2019). "Plants of the World Online". London: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved October 23, 2022. See https://www.kew.org/science/collections-and-resources/data-and-digital/terms-of-use for license.
- Quattrocchi, Umberto (2019) [2000]. CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names, Volume IV, R–Z. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-367-44750-2.
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (2010). "Monocots I: General Alismatids & Lilioids". London: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Archived from the original on 2015-09-14. Retrieved October 19, 2022.
- Stearn, William (2002). Stearn's Dictionary of Plant Names for Gardeners. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-36469-5.
- Stevens, P.F. (2022) [2001], Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Alismatales., Missouri Botanical Garden, retrieved October 22, 2022
- Turland, N. J.; et al. (eds.). International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017 (electronic ed.). Glashütten: International Association for Plant Taxonomy. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
Further reading
- Brown, Roland (1956). Composition of Scientific Words. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 978-1-56098-848-9.
- Lewis, Charlton (1891). An Elementary Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-910205-1. Available online at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (2013) [1888/1889]. An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon. Mansfield Centre, Connecticut: Martino Fine Books. ISBN 978-1-61427-397-4. Available online at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names, Volume I, A–C. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-2675-2.
- Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names, Volume II, D–L. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-2676-9.
- Quattrocchi, Umberto (2019) [2000]. CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names, Volume III, M–Q. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-367-44751-9.