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List of alismatid families

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a large flower
The titan arum in the aroid family
tiny plants
Duckweed; each speck is an individual plant.
For other monocot families and orders, see Lilioid monocots and List of commelinid families.

The alismatid monocots are a group of 15 interrelated families of flowering plants, named for their largest order, Alismatales. Like other monocots,[a] they have a single embryonic leaf (cotyledon) in most of their seeds, and are generally characterized by leaves with parallel veins, scattered vascular systems, flowers with parts in threes or multiples of three, and roots that can develop in more than one place along the stems.[1][2][3] They have adapted to thrive in oceans, temperate zones, deserts, the tropics, and even glacial regions.[4]

The alismatids are the most basal monocots, the ones that diverged earliest from the others, during the Cretaceous Period.[5][6] Like the earliest monocots, many of them are aquatic, and some grow completely submerged. Apart from the sweet-flag family of wetlands plants, all the alismatid families are in Alismatales. Some of the plants in this order are invasive aquatic weeds that can disrupt and destabilize ecosystems. Others grow in a variety of habitats, especially the plants in the aroid family. This family includes the titan arum, with the world's largest unbranched inflorescence, and also the world's smallest flowering plant, duckweed.[2][5][7][8]


Key

In the second column, "Latin:" or "Greek:" gives a translation from Latin or Greek. "Latin plant name" or "Greek plant name" means that the family name (minus the -ceae suffix) is very similar to a plant known to the ancient Romans or Greeks, often a different plant than the one described here. Some plants were named for people; in this list, all are remembered for their work as doctors or naturalists.

Alismatid monocot families

Alismatid monocot families
Family[b] Origin of the name;[c] notes Type genus[10] Order[11] and type genus images Common name of the family[11]
Latin plant name[12][13] Acorus Acorales Sweet flag
Acoraceae One genus,[14][d] found in North America, Europe and Asia. Description: the thin, sword-shaped leaves fan off from rhizomes that are essentially non-vascular. Each inflorescence is a single spadix, pointing to the side.[15] Acorus calamus
"Acorus calamus"
Acorus calamus
"Acorus calamus"
Acorus calamus
Greek plant name[12][13] Alisma Alismatales Water plantain
Alismataceae 18 genera,[14] found globally. Two species are consumed in Asia, and another was a food source for Native Americans.[16] C4 photosynthesis has been observed in Sagittaria.[5] Description: aquatic, usually perennial plants that take root in freshwater beds, and may or may not remain submerged. Inflorescences are usually umbels, and often whorled.[16] In the genus Alisma, plants are perennial aquatic or marsh herbs; the leaves are linear, lanceolate or ovate.[17] Alisma plantago-aquatica
"Alisma plantago-aquatica"
Alisma plantago-aquatica
"Alisma plantago-aquatica"
Alisma plantago-aquatica
Latin: near (hot springs at) Aponus[13] Aponogeton Alismatales –
Aponogetona­ceae One genus,[14] found in Africa, South and Southeast Asia, and Oceania. Cape pondweed flowers are consumed as a delicacy in South Africa; the tubers are also edible.[18] Description: perennial smooth-stemmed freshwater herbs. Leaves are simple, usually with long stalks. Inflorescences are usually simple or 2-branched spikes, initially enclosed in a thin spathe.[19] Aponogeton distachyos
"Aponogeton distachyos"
Aponogeton distachyos
"Aponogeton distachyos"
Aponogeton distachyos
Greek and Latin plant name[12][13] Arum Alismatales Aroid[20]
Araceae 139 genera,[14] found globally. The family is most diverse tropically. Many cultures have relied on taro plants as a staple crop. Description: plants can be terrestrial, epiphytic or aquatic.[21] Arum maculatum
"Arum maculatum"
Arum maculatum
"Arum maculatum"
Arum maculatum
Greek: ox-wounding[12][13] Butomus Alismatales Flowering rush
Butomaceae One genus,[14] found in temperate Europe and Asia. Consumed in parts of Russia, in bread or as a vegetable.[22] Description: perennial or annual. Aquatic, swamp or marsh herbs, smooth-stemmed, usually with milky latex. Leaf blades are entire and lanceolate, orbicular or iris-like. Inflorescences are umbellate, rarely with solitary flowers.[23] Butomus umbellatus
"Butomus umbellatus"
Butomus umbellatus
"Butomus umbellatus"
Butomus umbellatus
Greek: Cymodoce, a sea nymph[24] Cymodocea Alismatales Turtle grass
Cymodocea­ceae 6 genera,[14] found in tropical and warm temperate seas. These plants nourish and shelter many crustaceans and fish that are consumed by humans.[25] Amphibolis pollen can reach 5 mm in length.[5] Description: large perennials.[25] In the genus Cymodocea, leaf blades are flat, often narrowed at the base, and up to 30 cm long; female flowers are terminal, sessile or short-stalked; male flowers are stalked.[26] Cymodocea nodosa
"Cymodocea nodosa"
Cymodocea nodosa
"Cymodocea nodosa"
Cymodocea nodosa
Greek: water grace[13] Hydrocharis Alismatales Frogbit
Hydrocharita­ceae 14 genera,[14] found globally. One species is consumed in Asia. Many invasive genera have become entrenched, causing considerable economic damage. Description: annual and perennial aquatics.[27] The leaves at the base of the stems are simple, and opposite or whorled. There are usually 3 sepals and 3 petals, with 1 or 2 bracts.[28] Hydrocharis morsus-ranae
"Hydrocharis morsus-ranae"
Hydrocharis morsus-ranae
"Hydrocharis morsus-ranae"
Hydrocharis morsus-ranae
Latin plant name[29] Triglochin Alismatales Arrowgrass
Juncaginaceae 3 genera,[14] found in northern temperate zones, South America, Oceania and parts of Africa. Two species are edible. Description: Annual and perennial herbs, aquatic and terrestrial.[29] Leaves are grass-like and flat or semiterete. Each inflorescence is a single compact raceme or spike.[30] Triglochin palustris
"Triglochin palustris"
Triglochin palustris
"Triglochin palustris"
Triglochin palustris
John Maund (1823–1858), doctor[24] Maundia Alismatales Maund's arrowgrass
Maundiaceae One genus,[14] found in Eastern Australia. The sole species is likely to become endangered as water tables recede in eastern Australia. Description: aquatic perennials. The leaves, up to 80 centimeters (31 in) long, are three-sided in cross-section.[31] Maundia triglochinoides
"Maundia triglochinoides"
Maundia triglochinoides
"Maundia triglochinoides"
Maundia triglochinoides
Greek: Poseidon, a god[24] Posidonia Alismatales Tapeweed
Posidoniaceae One genus,[14] found in the Mediterranean and oceans south and west of Australia. Genetically identical beds of Posidonia oceanica in the Mediterranean can be kilometers wide and persist for many thousands of years. Description: the leaves are linear; inflorescences are terminal.[32] Posidonia oceanica
"Posidonia oceanica"
Posidonia oceanica
"Posidonia oceanica"
Posidonia oceanica
Greek and Latin plant name[13] Potamogeton Alismatales Pondweed
Potamogetona­ceae 5 genera,[14] found globally. An important food source for many birds and aquatic animals. Description: aquatic, usually perennials.[33] Leaves can be almost opposite, rarely ternate; simple; and stalked or not. In the genus Potamogeton, inflorescences are stalked, with a dense or interrupted spike.[34] Potamogeton natans
"Potamogeton natans"
Potamogeton natans
"Potamogeton natans"
Potamogeton natans
Heinrich Bernhard Ruppius (1688–1719)[35] Ruppia Alismatales Tasselweed
Ruppiaceae One genus,[14] found in scattered locations worldwide, in ponds, marshes and shallow seas. Description: submerged herbs, usually annuals.[32] Leaves are simple, sessile, and sheathed at their base; blades are linear and mostly entire. Inflorescences are terminal, with spikes with one or a few flowers.[36] Ruppia polycarpa
"Ruppia polycarpa"
Ruppia polycarpa
"Ruppia polycarpa"
Ruppia polycarpa
Johann Gaspar Scheuchzer (1684–1738) and his brother Johann Jacob [24] Scheuchzeria Alismatales Rannoch rush
Scheuchzeria­ceae One genus,[14] found in arctic sphagnum bogs. Description: perennials. Inflorescences are simple racemes.[37] Scheuchzeria palustris
"Scheuchzeria palustris"
Scheuchzeria palustris
"Scheuchzeria palustris"
Scheuchzeria palustris
Thomas Tofield (1730–1779)[24] Tofieldia Alismatales False asphodel
Tofieldiaceae 4 genera,[14] found in northern boreal and montane zones, with some species extending south in parts of the US, China and Japan. This is the earliest-diverging family in the order (around 100 million years ago). Description: Perennial, rhizomatous herbs.[6][38] The leaves at the base of the stems are in 2 ranks and strongly ribbed. Inflorescences are terminal and racemose; flowers have 6 tepals.[39] Tofieldia calyculata
"Tofieldia calyculata"
Tofieldia calyculata
"Tofieldia calyculata"
Tofieldia calyculata
Greek: belt[40] Zostera Alismatales Eelgrass
Zosteraceae 2 genera,[14] found in temperate and subtropical sea beds. Previously harvested as packing material. The dense growths support commercially important fish and shrimp. Description: perennials.[40] Leaves are in two opposite rows, simple and linear. Each inflorescence sits on a spadix, with the flowers in two rows, enclosed by a spathe.[41] Zostera marina
"Zostera marina"
Zostera marina
"Zostera marina"
Zostera marina

Phylogeny

Cladogram focusing on the alismatid monocots[5][6][e]

Cladogram showing the orders of monocots (Lilianae sensu Chase & Reveal)[42] based on molecular phylogenetic evidence according to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV.[7]

Lilianae
sensu Chase & Reveal[42]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Monocots as a whole are the plants responsible for most of the global agricultural output, including those in the grass, palm, banana, ginger, asparagus, pineapple, sedge and onion families.[1][2]
  2. ^ Each family's formal name ends in the Latin suffix -aceae and is derived from the name of a genus that is or once was part of the family.[9]
  3. ^ Except for Plants of the World, these books list genera alphabetically.
  4. ^ For everything from Plants of the World Online, see https://www.kew.org/science/collections-and-resources/data-and-digital/terms-of-use for license.
  5. ^ The alismatids do not form a clade, that is, a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants.

Citations

  1. ^ a b Givnish.
  2. ^ a b c Royal Botanic Gardens.
  3. ^ Christenhusz, pp. 115–118.
  4. ^ Christenhusz, pp. 115–131.
  5. ^ a b c d e Stevens.
  6. ^ a b c Christenhusz, p. 10.
  7. ^ a b Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2016.
  8. ^ Christenhusz, pp. 117–120.
  9. ^ ICN, art. 18.
  10. ^ IPNI.
  11. ^ a b Christenhusz.
  12. ^ a b c d Coombes.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g Stearn.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o POWO.
  15. ^ Christenhusz, p. 117.
  16. ^ a b Christenhusz, p. 122.
  17. ^ POWO, Alismataceae, Flora of Tropical East Africa.
  18. ^ Christenhusz, p. 126.
  19. ^ POWO, Aponogetonaceae, Flora of Somalia.
  20. ^ POWO, Araceae, Neotropikey.
  21. ^ Christenhusz, pp. 118–120.
  22. ^ Christenhusz, p. 123.
  23. ^ POWO, Butomaceae, Flora of Tropical East Africa.
  24. ^ a b c d e Burkhardt.
  25. ^ a b Christenhusz, p. 131.
  26. ^ POWO, Cymodoceaceae, Flora of Somalia.
  27. ^ Christenhusz, pp. 123–125.
  28. ^ POWO, Hydrocharitaceae, Neotropikey.
  29. ^ a b Christenhusz, pp. 126–127.
  30. ^ POWO, Juncaginaceae, Flora of Tropical East Africa.
  31. ^ Christenhusz, p. 127.
  32. ^ a b Christenhusz, p. 130.
  33. ^ Christenhusz, pp. 128–129.
  34. ^ POWO, Potamogetonaceae, Flora of Tropical East Africa.
  35. ^ Quattrocchi.
  36. ^ POWO, Ruppiaceae, Neotropikey.
  37. ^ Christenhusz, p. 125.
  38. ^ Christenhusz, p. 121.
  39. ^ POWO, Tofieldiaceae, Neotropikey.
  40. ^ a b Christenhusz, pp. 127–128.
  41. ^ POWO, Zosteraceae, Neotropikey.
  42. ^ a b Chase.

References

Further reading

  • Brown, Roland (1956). Composition of Scientific Words. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 978-1-56098-848-9.
  • Lewis, Charlton (1891). An Elementary Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-910205-1. Available online at the Perseus Digital Library.
  • Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (2013) [1888/1889]. An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon. Mansfield Centre, Connecticut: Martino Fine Books. ISBN 978-1-61427-397-4. Available online at the Perseus Digital Library.
  • Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names, Volume I, A–C. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-2675-2.
  • Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names, Volume II, D–L. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-2676-9.
  • Quattrocchi, Umberto (2019) [2000]. CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names, Volume III, M–Q. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-367-44751-9.
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