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Consonants

The consonant system of Slovak has 29 phonemes. The overall character of Slovak consonantism is similar to that of closely related Czech. The main differences are following: a voiced affricate /dz/ and alveolopalatal lateral /ʎ/ in Slovak and fricative trill /r̝/ in Czech. A peculiarity of Slovak are long syllabic /r̩ː, l̩ː/.

Slovak consonant phonemes[1]
Labial Alveolar Postalveolar (Alveolo)Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ
Plosive voiceless p t c [2] k
voiced b d ɟ [2] ɡ
Affricate voiceless ts tʃ
voiced dz dʒ
Fricative voiceless f s ʃ x
voiced v z ʒ ɦ
Approximant plain j
lateral short l ʎ
geminated lː
Trill short r
geminated rː

The soft-hard correlation is represented by four pairs: /t - c, d - ɟ, n - ɲ, l - ʎ/ where alveolar constants contrast with alveolopalatal ones.Cite error: There are <ref> tags on this page without content in them (see the help page).

Allophones

  • Voiceless stops and affricates are unaspirated, while voiced are fully voiced.
  • /m, p, b, f/ are labial /m, p, b, f/ are labial.
  • /v/ is realized as a voiced labial fricative [v] only in syllable onsets before voiced obstruent otherwise an labiodental approximant [ʋ] is used before a vowel, syllabic /r̩, l̩, r̩ː, l̩ː/ or a liquid /r, l, j, ʎ/; in coda it varies between a labiodental [ʋ] and labio-velar [w].[1]
  • /n, t, d/ are (denti-)alveolar [n̪, t̪, d̪][3][4][5][6][7], they are articulated with the tip and the blade of the tongue touching front part of the alveolar ridge, the contact may extend partially to the back of the front teeth.[Pavlík, p. 99]
  • /s, z/ are laminal alveolar [s̻, z̻]; they articulated with the tip of the tongue near the lower teeth and with the blade nearing but not touching the the front of the alveolar ridge.
  • /m, n/ are regularly articulated as approximants rather than occlusives before fricatives and thus /m/ becomes labiodental [ɱ] in front of the labiodental fricatives /f, v/, /n/ becomes a laminal alveolar [n̻̞] before sibilants /s, z, ʃ, ʒ/ and velar [ŋ̞] before /x/
  • /n/ is realized regularly as a nasal laminal alveolar approximant before sibilants. It's The posture of the tongue is similar to the following [s, z].
  • /ɲ, c, ɟ/ are alveolopalatal [ɲ̟, c̟, ɟ̟] or [n̻̠ʲ, t̻̠ʲ, d̻̠ʲ] [atlas 91-92]. They are formed by a closure made by the front of the tongue and the postalveolo–prepalatal zone on the palate. The tip of the tongue rest on the lower teeth or more rarely is raised towards the upper teeth. [atlas]. The plosive /c, ɟ/ are made with a fricative (affricated) release [c̟ç, ɟ̟ᶨ] which is typical for articulation of (alveolo)palatal stops as the large closure is hard to release rapidly. The forms [c̟ç, ɟ̟ᶨ] differ from the prototypical alveolopalatal affricates [t͜͜ɕ, d͜ʑ] in the brevity of the friction associated with the affricated release.
  • /n/
  • /ts, dz, s, z/ are laminal alveolar [t̻, d̻, t̻s̻, d̻z̻, s̻, z̻].[8]
    • /t, d/ are alveolar [t, d] or denti-alveolar [t̪, d̪].
    • /ts, dz, s, z/ are alveolar [ts, dz, s, z].
    • /tɕ, dʑ/ are alveolo-palatal affricates that are often classified as stops. Their usual IPA transcription is ⟨c, ɟ⟩. As in Serbo-Croatian, the corresponding alveolo-palatal fricatives [ɕ, ʑ] do not occur in the standard language, thus making the system asymmetrical. The corresponding nasal is alveolo-palatal as well: [ɲ̟], but it can also be dento-alveolo-palatal.[9][10][11][12][13]
  • /ʎ/ is palatalized laminal denti-alveolar [l̪ʲ],[14] palatalized laminal alveolar [l̻ʲ][1][14][15] or palatal [ʎ].[1][14][15] The palatal realization is the least common one.[1][15]
    • Pavlík (2004) describes an additional realization, namely a weakly palatalized apical alveolar approximant [l̺ʲ]. According to this scholar, the palatal realization [ʎ] is actually alveolo-palatal [ʎ̟].[16]
  • The /ʎ–l/ contrast is neutralized before front vowels, where only /l/ occurs. This neutralization is taken further in western dialects, in which /ʎ/ merges with /l/ in all environments.[1]
  • /l, r/ are apical alveolar [l̺, r̺].[17]
    • /l/ is either neutral [l] or velarized [ɫ].[18]
    • Short /r/ is most often a tap [ɾ].[1]
  • The retroflexes are less often realized as palato-alveolar [tʃ, dʒ, ʃ, ʒ].[1]
    • /dʐ/ occurs mainly in loanwords.[1]
  • /v/ is realized as:
    • Voiced fricative [v] in onsets before voiced obstruents;[1]
    • Voiceless fricative [f] in onsets before voiceless obstruents;[19]
    • An approximant that varies between labiodental [ʋ] and labio-velar [w] in coda;[1]
    • Approximant [ʋ] in all other cases.[1]
  • /j/ is an approximant, either palatal or alveolo-palatal.[20] Between open central vowels, it can be a quite lax approximant [j˕].[21]

Some additional notes includes the following (transcriptions in IPA unless otherwise stated):

  • /r, l/ can be syllabic: /r̩, l̩/. When they are long (indicated in the spelling with the acute accent: ŕ and ĺ), they are always syllabic, e.g. vlk (wolf), prst (finger), štvrť (quarter), krk (neck), bisyllabic vĺča—vĺ-ča (wolfling), vŕba—vŕ-ba (willow-tree), etc.
  • /m/ has the allophone [ɱ] in front of the labiodental fricatives /f/ and /v/.
  • /n/ in front of (post)alveolar fricatives has a postalveolar allophone [n̠].
  • /n/ can be [ŋ] in front of the velar plosives /k/ and /ɡ/.
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Hanulíková & Hamann (2010), p. 374.
  2. ^ a b Pavlík (2004), pp. 99, 106.
  3. ^ Kráľ (1988:73). The author describes /n/ as apical dental, by which he probably means apicolaminal dental as the corresponding image shows a denti-alveolar pronunciation.
  4. ^ Kráľ (1988), p. 72.
  5. ^ Pavlík (2004), pp. 98–99.
  6. ^ Kráľ (1988), pp. 74–75.
  7. ^ Pavlík (2004), pp. 103–104.
  8. ^ Kráľ (1988), pp. 72, 74–75, 80–82.
  9. ^ Dvončová, Jenča & Kráľ (1969:?), cited in Hanulíková & Hamann (2010:374)
  10. ^ Pauliny (1979), p. 112.
  11. ^ Kráľ (1988), pp. 80–82.
  12. ^ Pavlík (2004:99–100, 102). This author transcribes the fricative part with ⟨ç, ʝ⟩, which is incorrect as alveolo-palatal fricatives can only be sibilant (thus [ɕ, ʑ]).
  13. ^ Recasens (2013), pp. 11, 13.
  14. ^ a b c Kráľ (1988), p. 82.
  15. ^ a b c Dvončová, Jenča & Kráľ (1969), pp. 94–95.
  16. ^ Pavlík (2004), p. 105.
  17. ^ Kráľ (1988), pp. 78–79.
  18. ^ Kráľ (1988), p. 80.
  19. ^ Hanulíková & Hamann (2010), pp. 374, 376.
  20. ^ Recasens (2013), p. 15.
  21. ^ Pavlík (2004), p. 106.

Prirodzenou vlastnosťou tvrdopodnebných, resp. dasnovopodnebných explozív je ich afrikovanosť (Isačenko, 1968, s. 237; Kráľ, 1969, s. 92). Tento jav možno vyjadriť znakmi afrikácie – [ç] a [ᶨ]. Pretože nám nie je známe, že by existovali výrazné akusticko-percepčné rozdiely (také, ktoré nie sú podmienené zvukovým okolím) medzi realizáciou týchto spoluhlások v iných jazykoch a pretože považujeme afrikáciu týchto hlások za nutný sprievodný jav, nebudeme ju v tomto type transkripcie vyznačovať. Podobne nebudeme rozvádzať ani variácie uvedených hlások z hľadiska miesta artikulácie.

The natural feature of palatal, or alveolopaltal stop is their affrication (Isačenko, 1968, p. 237; Kráľ, 1969, p. 92). This phenomenon can be expressed by the signs of affrication – [ç] and [ᶨ]]. We are not aware that they exist significant acoustic-perceptual differences (that are not conditioned by the sound environment) between the realization of these consonants in other languages, and because we consider the affrication of these sounds to be a necessary accompanying phenomenon, we will not note it in this transcription type. Similarly, we will not elaborate on the sound variations from the point of view of the place of articulation.

Bibliography

  • Dvončová, Jana; Jenča, Gejza; Kráľ, Ábel (1969), Atlas slovenských hlások, Bratislava: Vydavateľstvo Slovenskej akadémie vied
  • Hanulíková, Adriana; Hamann, Silke (2010), "Slovak" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (3): 373–378, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000162
  • Kráľ, Ábel (1988), Pravidlá slovenskej výslovnosti, Bratislava: Slovenské pedagogické nakladateľstvo
  • Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009), "7.3.15 Slowakisch", Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6
  • Pauliny, Eugen (1979), Slovenská fonológia, Bratislava: Slovenské pedagogické nakladateľstvo
  • Recasens, Daniel (2013), "On the articulatory classification of (alveolo)palatal consonants" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 1–22, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000199, S2CID 145463946
  • Rubach, Jerzy (1993), The Lexical Phonology of Slovak, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0198240006
  • Short, David (2002), "Slovak", in Comrie, Bernard; Corbett, Greville G. (eds.), The Slavonic Languages, London and New York: Routledge, pp. 533–592, ISBN 9780415280785
  • Pavlík, Radoslav (2004), Bosák, Ján; Petrufová, Magdaléna (eds.), "Slovenské hlásky a medzinárodná fonetická abeceda" [Slovak Speech Sounds and the International Phonetic Alphabet] (PDF), Jazykovedný časopis [The Linguistic Journal] (in Slovak) (55/2), Bratislava: Slovak Academic Press, spol. s r. o.: 87–109, ISSN 0021-5597
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