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Consonants

The consonant system of Slovak has 29 phonemes. The overall character of Slovak consonantism is similar to that of closely related Czech. The main differences are following: a voiced affricate /dz/ and alveolopalatal lateral /ʎ/ in Slovak and fricative trill /r̝/ in Czech. A peculiarity of Slovak are long syllabic /r̩ː, l̩ː/.

Slovak consonant phonemes[1]
Labial Alveolar Postalveolar (Alveolo)Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ
Plosive voiceless p t c [2] k
voiced b d ɟ [2] ɡ
Affricate voiceless ts tʃ
voiced dz dʒ
Fricative voiceless f s ʃ x
voiced v z ʒ ɦ
Approximant plain j
lateral short l ʎ
geminated lː
Trill short r
geminated rː

The soft-hard correlation is represented by four pairs: /t - c, d - ɟ, n - ɲ, l - ʎ/ where alveolar constants contrast with alveolopalatal ones.However, the /l - ʎ / contrast is neutralized before front vowels, where only /l/ occurs. This neutralization is taken further in Western dialects, in which /ʎ/ merges with /l/ in all environments.[1]

Allophones

  • Voiceless stops and affricates are unaspirated, while voiced are fully voiced.
  • /m, p, b are bilabial [m, p, b].[3][4]
  • /f/ is a labiodental fricative [f].[5][6]
  • /v/ is a labiodental fricative [v] in syllable onsets before voiced obstruent and otherwise a labiodental approximant [ʋ] before a vowel, syllabic /r̩, l̩, r̩ː, l̩ː/ or a liquid /r, l, j, ʎ/.[7] /v/ is an approximant that varies between labiodental [ʋ] and labiovelar [w] in coda.[8][1]
  • /n, t, d/ are (denti-)alveolar [n̪, t̪, d̪]. They are articulated with the blade of the tongue touching the front part of the alveolar ridge, the contact may be extended forward so that the tip of the tongue touches the back of the front teeth.[9][10] Pavlík (2004:103–104) characterizes the main allophone of /n/ as apical [n̺].
  • /ts, dz, s, z/ are laminal alveolar [t̻͡s̻, d̻͡z̻, s̻, z̻].[11][12] [13] They articulated with the tip of the tongue near the lower teeth and with the blade touching or nearing the the front of the alveolar ridge.
  • /m, n/ are regularly articulated as nasal approximants rather than nasal occlusives before fricatives and thus /m/ becomes labiodental [ɱ] in front of the labiodental fricatives /f, v/[14][15], /n/ becomes laminal alveolar [n̻̞] before sibilants /s, z, ʃ, ʒ/ and avelar [ŋ̞] before /x/.[14][16][17]
  • /r/ is apical alveolar [r̺].[18][19] A non-syllabic /r/ is most often a tap [ɾ], while a syllabic /r̩/ is a trill [r̺] with two or more contacts.[19] A long syllabic /r̩ː/ vibrates for four or more contacts.[20]
  • /l/ is apical alveolar lateral [l][21][22] or slightly velarized apical alveolar [ɫ][1] but less so then a Russian hardl.{TBD Hala} The place of articulation may be retracted to postalveolar.[22] The syllabic /l/ is articulated in a similar fashion although its place of articulation may be adjusted to surrounding consonants.[22]
  • /ɲ, c, ɟ/ are alveolopalatal [ɲ̟, c̟, ɟ̟] or [n̻̠ʲ, t̻̠ʲ, d̻̠ʲ].[23][24][25] They are formed by a closure made by the front of the tongue and the postalveolo–prepalatal part of the palate. The tip of the tongue rest on the lower teeth or more rarely is raised towards the upper teeth. Pavlík (2004:100) characterizes the main allophone of /ɲ/ as palatized laminal alveolar [n̻ʲ]. The plosive /c, ɟ/ are made with a affricated release [c̟ç, ɟ̟ᶨ] which is typical for articulation of (alveolo)palatal stops as the large closure is hard to release rapidly.[26] The forms [c̟ç, ɟ̟ᶨ] differ from the prototypical alveolopalatal affricates [tɕ, dʑ] in the brevity of the friction associated with the affricated release.[27]
  • /ʎ/ is typically palatalized laminal (denti-)alveolar [l̻ʲ] or [l̪ʲ].[28][29] It is articulated with the tip of the tongue rested on the lower teeth or pointing towards the upper teeth and the blade of tongue touching the alveolar ridge. The tongue is arched towards the hard patate.[30] Alternatively, /ʎ/ is realized as a alveolopalatal lateral [ʎ̟] with the front of the tongue making an postalveolo–prepalatal contact.[31] [29][32] The alveolopalatal realization is the least common one.[1][29]
  • The retroflexes are less often realized as palato-alveolar [tʃ, dʒ, ʃ, ʒ].[1]
    • /dʐ/ occurs mainly in loanwords.[1]
  • /j/ is an approximant, either palatal or alveolo-palatal.[33] Between open central vowels, it can be a quite lax approximant [j˕].[34]

Some additional notes includes the following (transcriptions in IPA unless otherwise stated):

  • /r, l/ can be syllabic: /r̩, l̩/. When they are long (indicated in the spelling with the acute accent: ŕ and ĺ), they are always syllabic, e.g. vlk (wolf), prst (finger), štvrť (quarter), krk (neck), bisyllabic vĺča—vĺ-ča (wolfling), vŕba—vŕ-ba (willow-tree), etc.
  • /m/ has the allophone [ɱ] in front of the labiodental fricatives /f/ and /v/.
  • /n/ in front of (post)alveolar fricatives has a postalveolar allophone [n̠].
  • /n/ can be [ŋ] in front of the velar plosives /k/ and /ɡ/.
  1. ^ a b c d e f g Hanulíková & Hamann (2010), p. 374.
  2. ^ a b Pavlík (2004), pp. 99, 106.
  3. ^ Kráľ (1988), pp. 67–68.
  4. ^ Dvončová, Jenča & Kráľ (1969), pp. 73–75.
  5. ^ Kráľ (1988), p. 70.
  6. ^ Dvončová, Jenča & Kráľ (1969), p. 76.
  7. ^ Kráľ (1988), p. 109.
  8. ^ Kráľ (1988), p. 110.
  9. ^ Kráľ (1988), pp. 72–73.
  10. ^ Dvončová, Jenča & Kráľ (1969), pp. 78–80.
  11. ^ Kráľ (1988), pp. 73–74.
  12. ^ Dvončová, Jenča & Kráľ (1969), pp. 80–83.
  13. ^ Pavlík (2004), pp. 103–104.
  14. ^ a b Kráľ (1988), p. 154.
  15. ^ Dvončová, Jenča & Kráľ (1969), pp. 77–78.
  16. ^ Dvončová, Jenča & Kráľ (1969), p. 84.
  17. ^ Pavlík (2004), p. 101.
  18. ^ Kráľ (1988), p. 78.
  19. ^ a b Dvončová, Jenča & Kráľ (1969), p. 85.
  20. ^ Dvončová, Jenča & Kráľ (1969), p. 86.
  21. ^ Kráľ (1988), pp. 79.
  22. ^ a b c Dvončová, Jenča & Kráľ (1969), p. 87.
  23. ^ Kráľ (1988), pp. 80–81.
  24. ^ Dvončová, Jenča & Kráľ (1969), pp. 91–93.
  25. ^ Pavlík (2004), pp. 99–100.
  26. ^ Pavlík (2004:100) Prirodzenou vlastnosťou tvrdopodnebných, resp. ďasnovopodnebných explozív je ich afrikovanosť (Isačenko, 1968, s. 237; Kráľ, 1969, s. 92). Tento jav možno vyjadriť znakmi afrikácie – [ç a ᶨ]. Pretože nám nie je známe, že by existovali výrazné akusticko-percepčné rozdiely (také, ktoré nie sú podmienené zvukovým okolím) medzi realizáciou týchto spoluhlások v iných jazykoch a pretože považujeme afrikáciu týchto hlások za nutný sprievodný jav nebudeme ju v tomto type transkripcie vyznačovať. (The natural feature of palatals, respectively of alveolopalatal plosives is their affrication (Isačenko, 1968, p. 237; Kráľ, 1969, p. 92). This phenomenon can be expressed by affrication signs - [ç and ᶨ]. However, we will not include them in this [allophonic] type of transcription because we are not aware of significant acoustic-perceptual differences (which are not conditioned by the sound environment) between the realization of these consonants in other languages and because we consider the affrication of these vowels to be a necessary concomitant phenomenon.)
  27. ^ Cruttenden (2014:172) defines affricated stops and differentiates them from affricates. Refer as well to Pavlík (2004:100) on affrication of alveolar stops.
  28. ^ Kráľ (1988), p. 22.
  29. ^ a b c Dvončová, Jenča & Kráľ (1969), pp. 94–95.
  30. ^ Pavlík (2004:105) describes this variant as a palatalized apical alveolar [l̺ʲ] by which he probably means an apicolaminal as some laminal contact in the alveolar region is necessitated by the palatalization.
  31. ^ Kráľ (1988), p. 82.
  32. ^ Pavlík (2004), p. 105.
  33. ^ Recasens (2013), p. 15.
  34. ^ Pavlík (2004), p. 106.

Prirodzenou vlastnosťou tvrdopodnebných, resp. dasnovopodnebných explozív je ich afrikovanosť (Isačenko, 1968, s. 237; Kráľ, 1969, s. 92). Tento jav možno vyjadriť znakmi afrikácie – [ç] a [ᶨ]. Pretože nám nie je známe, že by existovali výrazné akusticko-percepčné rozdiely (také, ktoré nie sú podmienené zvukovým okolím) medzi realizáciou týchto spoluhlások v iných jazykoch a pretože považujeme afrikáciu týchto hlások za nutný sprievodný jav, nebudeme ju v tomto type transkripcie vyznačovať. Podobne nebudeme rozvádzať ani variácie uvedených hlások z hľadiska miesta artikulácie.

The natural feature of palatal, or alveolopaltal stop is their affrication (Isačenko, 1968, p. 237; Kráľ, 1969, p. 92). This phenomenon can be expressed by the signs of affrication – [ç] and [ᶨ]]. We are not aware that they exist significant acoustic-perceptual differences (that are not conditioned by the sound environment) between the realization of these consonants in other languages, and because we consider the affrication of these sounds to be a necessary accompanying phenomenon, we will not note it in this transcription type. Similarly, we will not elaborate on the sound variations from the point of view of the place of articulation.

Bibliography

  • Dvončová, Jana; Jenča, Gejza; Kráľ, Ábel (1969), Atlas slovenských hlások, Bratislava: Vydavateľstvo Slovenskej akadémie vied
  • Hanulíková, Adriana; Hamann, Silke (2010), "Slovak" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (3): 373–378, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000162
  • Kráľ, Ábel (1988), Pravidlá slovenskej výslovnosti, Bratislava: Slovenské pedagogické nakladateľstvo
  • Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009), "7.3.15 Slowakisch", Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6
  • Pauliny, Eugen (1979), Slovenská fonológia, Bratislava: Slovenské pedagogické nakladateľstvo
  • Recasens, Daniel (2013), "On the articulatory classification of (alveolo)palatal consonants" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 1–22, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000199, S2CID 145463946
  • Rubach, Jerzy (1993), The Lexical Phonology of Slovak, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0198240006
  • Short, David (2002), "Slovak", in Comrie, Bernard; Corbett, Greville G. (eds.), The Slavonic Languages, London and New York: Routledge, pp. 533–592, ISBN 9780415280785
  • Pavlík, Radoslav (2004), Bosák, Ján; Petrufová, Magdaléna (eds.), "Slovenské hlásky a medzinárodná fonetická abeceda" [Slovak Speech Sounds and the International Phonetic Alphabet] (PDF), Jazykovedný časopis [The Linguistic Journal] (in Slovak) (55/2), Bratislava: Slovak Academic Press, spol. s r. o.: 87–109, ISSN 0021-5597
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