From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Key to type (fourth column):
A
Attack without prior, formal declaration of war;
S
Severing of diplomatic relations without a formal declaration of war;
U
State of war arrived at through use of ultimatum;
V
Volunteers sent out without a formal declaration of war;
W
Formal declaration of war made.
Date
Initiator nation(s)
Targeted nation(s)
Type
Notes/comments
Document/event
Reference
July 28, 1914
Austria-Hungary [ a]
Serbia
W
The Bombing of Belgrade , and by extension the first military action of the war, began at midnight on July 28 and 29.[ 1]
Declaration
[ 2]
August 1, 1914
German Empire [ b]
Russian Empire [ c]
W
Declaration
[ 3]
August 2, 1914
Luxembourg
A
Invasion started 3 p.m. CET. While Luxembourg never officially declared war, it participated in the Treaty of Versailles .
Invasion
[ 4]
August 3, 1914
France [ d]
W
Declaration
[ 3]
August 4, 1914
Belgium
U
Invasion
[ 5]
British Empire [ e]
German Empire
U
Ultimatum expired at 11 p.m. GMT , and 12 a.m. CET on August 5.[ 6]
Declaration
[ 7]
August 6, 1914
Montenegro
Austria-Hungary
W
Declaration
[ 8]
Austria-Hungary
Russian Empire
W
August 8, 1914
German Empire
W
August 12, 1914
Austria-Hungary
W
August 23, 1914
Japan
German Empire
U
Ultimatum sent to Germany on August 15, but when unanswered by the government.
Declaration
[ 9]
August 25, 1914
Austria-Hungary
W
[ 10]
August 28, 1914
Austria-Hungary
Belgium
W
October 29, 1914
Ottoman Empire
Russian Empire
A
Attacks against Russian ports by German admiral Wilhelm Souchon .
Attacks
[ 11]
November 1, 1914
Russian Empire
Ottoman Empire
W
[ 12]
November 5, 1914
W
[ 13]
W
[ 13]
November 11, 1914
Ottoman Empire
W
Read out on November 14 as a jihad against "all enemies of the Ottoman Empire, except the Central Powers."
Declaration
[ 14]
December 2, 1914
Serbia
Ottoman Empire
W
December 3, 1914
Montenegro
W
December 5, 1914
Japan
W
June 3, 1915
San Marino
Austria-Hungary
W
Despite declaring war, the nation sent very few volunteer forces, nor did it participate in any peace treaties.[ 15]
[ 16] [ 17]
September 21, 1917
Costa Rica
German Empire
S
[ 18]
December 7, 1917
Ecuador
S
Did not declare war, but was present at the Treaty of Versailles.
[ 19]
United States
Austria-Hungary
W
Declaration
[ 20]
December 10, 1917
Panama
W
Of the Central American nations, Panama was the only one to quickly follow the U.S. in declaring war on Austria-Hungary.
[ 21]
May 6, 1918
Nicaragua
W
Nicaragua was the only other Central American nation to declare war on both Germany and Austria-Hungary.
[ 22]
German Empire
W
May 23, 1918
Costa Rica
W
[ 23]
July 12, 1918
Haiti
W
July 19, 1918
Honduras
W
November 10, 1918
Romania
W
Re-declared war after the abdication of Wilhelm II , and one day before the Armistice of 11 November 1918
Declaration
[ 24]
Notes
^ De facto dissolved on October 31, 1918 , being replaced with the Republic of German-Austria and Kingdom of Hungary .
^ Also includes the Weimar Republic , which was de facto established on November 10, 1918, after the abdication of Wilhelm II .
^ Including the protectorates of the Uryankhay Krai (modern day Tuva ), Emirate of Bukhara , and the Khanate of Khiva .
^ Including all colonies, Morocco and Tunisia
^ Including the United Kingdom , Canada , Newfoundland , Australia , New Zealand , South Africa , and all colonies and protectorates.
References
^ Rauchensteiner, Manfried (2014). The First World War: and the End of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1914–1918 . Translated by Güttel-Bellert, Anna; Kay, Alex. Böhlau Wien. pp. 142–143. ISBN 978-3-205-79370-0 .
^ Joseph, Franz (July 29, 1914). "Kriegserklärung Österreichs an Serbien" [Austria declares war on Serbia]. Wiener Zeitung (in German). No. 175. Government of Austria-Hungary . p. 1. Retrieved March 16, 2024 .
^ a b "Declaration of War by Germany on Russia (Saturday, August 1, at7.10 P.M.); and on France (Monday, August 3, at 6.45 P.M.)" . The American Journal of International Law . 9 (2): 260–302. 1915. doi :10.2307/2212042 . ISSN 0002-9300 .
^ Otte, Thomas (2014). July Crisis: The World's Descent into War, Summer 1914 . Cambridge University . p. 487. ISBN 978-1-1070-6490-4 .
^ Skinner, Henry; Stacke, Harry (1922). "History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence". Principal Events 1914–1918 . Her Majesty's Stationery Office . OCLC 17673086 .
^ Churchill, Winston S. (1938). "X: The Mobiliization of the Navy". The World Crisis 1911-1918 . Vol. 1. Odhams Press . p. 186.
^ "Violation of Belgian Neutrality" . Government of the United Kingdom . August 4, 1914. Retrieved March 16, 2024 .
^ Rappaport, Alfred (1929). "Die Mobilmachung Montenegros im Sommer 1914" [The Mobilization of Montenegro in the Summer of 1914]. Berliner Monatshefte (in German). pp. 941–966.
^ 宣戦の詔書 [Imperial Rescript on Declaration of War] (PDF) (in Japanese). Library of Congress . August 23, 1914. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 1, 2018. Retrieved March 16, 2024 .
^ Mizokami, Kyle (July 26, 2014). "Japan's baptism of fire: World War I put country on a collision course with West" . The Japan Times . Retrieved March 16, 2024 .
^ Nicolle, David (2008). The Ottomans: Empire of Faith . Thalamus Publishing. p. 167. ISBN 978-1902886114 .
^ McMeekin, Sean (June 5, 2013). The Russian Origins of the First World War . Harvard University Press . ISBN 9780674072336 . Retrieved March 16, 2024 .
^ a b Vasquez, John A. (November 19, 2018). Contagion and War: Lessons from the First World War . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9781108417044 . {{cite book }}
: CS1 maint: date and year (link )
^ Lüdke, Tilman (December 17, 2018). "Jihad, Holy War (Ottoman Empire)" . 1914-1918-online . Retrieved March 16, 2024 .
^ "World Wars and Fascism in San Marino" . SanMarinoSite.com . April 10, 2014. Archived from the original on April 10, 2014. Retrieved 2024-03-16 .
^ "International law documents, neutrality, breaking of diplomatic relations, war, with notes 1917" . Naval War College . Archived from the original on August 5, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2024 .
^ "TINY SAN MARINO AT WAR WITH AUSTRIA; Republic Surrounded by Italian Territory Has are Army of About 1,000 Men" . The New York Times . June 4, 1915. p. 3. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved March 16, 2024 .
^ Lansing (September 21, 1917). "The Secretary of State to the Chargé in Costa Rica ( Johnson)" . Government of the United States . Retrieved March 16, 2024 .
^ "Ecuador Severs Relations with Germany" . The New Zealand Herald . New Zealand Media and Entertainment . December 11, 1917. p. 5. Retrieved March 16, 2024 .
^ Elsea, Jennifer (April 18, 2014). "Declarations of War and Authorizations for the Use of Military Force: Historical Background and Legal Implications" (PDF) . Federation of American Scientists . Congressional Research Service . p. 4. Retrieved March 16, 2024 .
^ Price (December 10, 1917). "The Minister in Panama ( Price ) to the Secretary of State" . Government of the United States . Retrieved March 16, 2024 .
^ "Nicaragua Declares War on Germany and Her Allies" . The New York Times . May 8, 1918. p. 1. Retrieved March 16, 2024 .
^ Cuatro, Pagina (May 24, 1918). "Se Proclama el Estado de Guerra Entre Costa Rica y el Imperio Aleman" [State of war Declared Between Costa Rica and the German Empire]. La Información (in Spanish). p. 4.
^ Ferro, Marc (2002). The Great War, 1914–1918 . Routledge . p. 121. ISBN 9780415267359 .