Jump to content

Ustaše in Australia

Add links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Dippiljemmy (talk | contribs) at 04:02, 20 April 2024 (Undid revision 1218177279 by Gudad (talk) reverting edit, please see note section on article regarding this flag). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Ustaše in Australia
Local leadersFabijan Lovoković
Srećko Rover
Jure Marić
Ljubomir Vuina
Geza Pašti
Josip Senić
Rocque Romac
Tomislav Lesić
Ivica Kokić
Blaž Kraljević
Nikola Štedul
Stjepan Kardum
Founded~1950
BranchesCroatian Liberation Movement (HOP)
Croatian National Resistance (HNO)
Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood (HRB)
IdeologyCroatian irredentism[1][2]
Croatian ultranationalism[3]
Corporate statism[3]
Anti-Serb sentiment[4]
Political positionFar-right
ReligionRoman Catholicism[5]
Islam[5]
Cult of the leader[5]
Colours  Red   White   Blue   Black
Slogan"Za dom spremni"[6]
("For the Homeland-Ready!")
Flags utilised[nb 1]



At the end of World War II in 1945, members of the fascist Croatian ultranationalist and genocidal Ustaše regime from the collapsed Nazi puppet state of the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) fled from the Balkan region to avoid imprisonment and execution at the hands of the Yugoslav Partisans. With the help of Western authorities, who now viewed the fiercely anti-communist stance of the Ustaše favourably in the emerging Cold War, thousands of members of the regime were allowed to migrate to other countries, including Australia.[8][page needed]

Despite the post-war Menzies government having the knowledge that the Ustaše were responsible for carrying out genocide against Serbs, Jews and Romani, as well as murdering anti-fascist Croats, they were allowed to obtain citizenship and establish themselves during the 1950s and 60s to fund and organise various terrorist activities within Australia and abroad with the aim of destabilising the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.[8][page needed]

After a crack-down on Ustaše activities in Australia after 1972, their involvement in large-scale violent acts mostly ceased. However, the continued strong infiltration of Ustaša ideology into the Croatian-Australian community assisted significantly to the creation of neo-Ustaše para-military units which were actively utilised in the Yugoslav region during Croatian War of Independence of the early 1990s. These units were involved in mass killings of civilians during that conflict.[8][page needed]

Even with the achievement of Croatian independence in 1991, far-right Ustaše ideology has been able to persist as a significant part of Croatian-Australian public society well into the 21st Century. Portraits of the Nazi puppet Ustaše leader Ante Pavelić, known as the Poglavnik, continue to be displayed and the Ustaše slogan "Za dom spremni" (ZDS) continues to be chanted with fascist salutes at social and sporting clubs and events in Australia.[9]

Background

The Ustaše (pronounced [ûstaʃe]) (singular: Ustaša) were formed in 1929 as a fascist Croatian ultranationalist group led by Ante Pavelić. The ideology of the movement was a blend of fascism, terrorism and Croatian ultranationalism which called for the creation of a racially "pure" Croatian state and promoted genocide against Serbs, Jews and Roma.[10][5]

Adolf Hitler meeting Ante Pavelić

During World War II, Adolf Hitler invaded Yugoslavia and the Nazi puppet state of the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) was established. Pavelić was installed as the Poglavnik or Führer of this state and from 1941 to 1945, this Ustaše regime murdered hundreds of thousands of Serbs, Jews and Roma.[10]

With the German surrender, the end of World War II, and the establishment of socialist Yugoslavia in 1945, the Ustaše movement, along with their state, totally collapsed. Many members of the Ustaše either fled to Italy or were captured, executed or massacred by the Yugoslav Partisans led by Josip Broz Tito. Some of the Ustaše who made it to the Italian displaced persons camps or who were placed under the protection of the Vatican were assisted by Allied authorities in their ability to migrate out of Europe to countries where their vehement anti-Communist stance was deemed to be a potential asset in Cold War geo-politics. This process was dubbed the Ratlines, and Australia became the destination for some of the escaped Ustaše members.[10]

Beginnings of Ustaše in Australia

People with Croatian heritage had been migrating to Australia since the late 1800s, and when the Ustaše came to power as a Nazi puppet state in 1941, local Croatian-Australian leaders publicly condemned Ante Pavelić and his fascists.[11] However, as the Ustaše were permitted to enter Australia from the late 1940s, these voices were soon drowned out by the influx of these far-right Nazi collaborators, some of whom were responsible for war-time atrocities.[8][page needed][12]

In 1950, several notable Ustaše figures arrived in Australia as migrants. Amongst these were Djujo Krpan, Ljubomir Vuina, Fabijan Lovoković and Srećko Rover. Krpan was an Ustaša police investigator who was involved in the killing of hundreds of people in the Lika region. ASIO was aware of this but due to his anti-communist credentials, he was given a favourable assessment and given Australian citizenship in 1955.[8][page needed]

Ljubomir Vuina

Vuina was from Sarajevo where he became a pukovnik (colonel) in the Crna Legija (Black Legion), a notorious death squad infamous for their massacres of civilians and the mass deaths at concentration camps which were under their control. Vuina was a founder of the Adelaide Croatia Club in 1950 and Australian authorities estimated that by 1952, around 250 people that had been associated with the Ustaše were members at the club. ASIO later allowed Vuina to set up a newspaper and organise paramilitary training. Vuina obtained citizenship and moved to the Eastern Suburbs of Sydney were he died in 1999. He remained proud of his time in the Crna Legija and believed the unit should be represented at Anzac Day parades. Ironically, the Returned and Services League of Australia has for many years allowed representatives of the genocidal Serbian Nazi-collaborator militia, the Chetniks, to march in Anzac Day parades across the country.[8][page needed][13][14]

HOP meeting in Australia in the 1960s with Fabijan Lovoković and Ivica Kokić seated at the head of the table

Lovoković was an Ustaše Youth leader who migrated to Sydney in 1950 and re-established Spremnost, a major Ustaša newspaper of the NDH. He also established the Australian branch of the Croatian Liberation Movement (HOP). The HOP was the foremost post-WW2 Ustaše organisation, being founded by the Poglavnik, Ante Pavelić, in 1957. Lovoković regarded himself as the leader of the Ustaše in Australia but took no responsibility for any of its military training or violence. In 1967, Ivica Kokić, a former satnik (captain) in the Ustaša army who had obtained a prominent role in the Australian government service, was appointed as leader of the HOP in Australia.[15][16][17][18]

Srećko Rover was a member of the Gestapo-controlled Ustaše Surveillance Service (UNS) in Sarajevo and led a mobile killing unit that went from village to village arresting and murdering people they judged as enemies. By the end of the war he was in the personal security service of Ante Pavelić and a lieutenant in the Ustaša army. After the collapse of the NDH, he was captured by the Allies and utilised to lead and organise subversive attacks on the communist Partisans as part of the Križari. Most of these missions were a failure and in 1947 Rover was in displaced persons camps in Italy where he became a police officer for the International Refugee Organisation. In this role he was able to negotiate his migration to Australia and probably organised for other Ustaše to migrate to this country.[8][page needed]

Srećko Rover

Once in Australia, Rover established himself in Melbourne where he helped form the Melbourne Croatia football club in 1953 and obtained citizenship in 1956. He established the Australian branch of the Croatian National Resistance (HNO) in 1957 which was the more militant post-war wing of the Ustaše that was led from Spain by the notorious Ustaše concentration camp commander Vjekoslav "Maks" Luburić. Again the Australian authorities allowed the Ustaše to organise and openly promote their ideology, an Ustaša float was even permitted to participate in the 1962 Melbourne Moomba parade.[8][page needed][16][19]

Other significant Ustaše members who migrated to Australia during this early period were Slavko Truhli, Dragutin Sporish and Josip Babić. These men helped establish various front organisations for the Ustaše in Australia including the Croatian Welfare Association and the Australian Croatian Association. ASIO regarded these associations as extremely pro-Ustaša, being little more than recruitment and resource centres for the Ustaše.[20]

In 1961, the Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood (HRB) was established in Australia by Geza Pašti, Jure Marić and Josip Senić with the later involvement of Father Rocque Romac (aka Stjepan Osvaldi-Toth) and Srećko Rover. This group was an original Australian formation and was integral to the organisation of bombings and insurgencies that occurred both domestically and internationally in the years following.[16]

Organised terrorist activities in the 1960s

The anti-communist zeal of the naturalised Ustaše immigrants aligned neatly with the political stance of both the ruling Liberal Party government under Robert Menzies, and ASIO under Charles Spry. This gave the Ustaše a significant degree of freedom and protection to organise major national and international terrorist activities on Australian soil.[16] The extent of this freedom was made clear in April 1963 with the publication of photos of Ustaše training operations centred near Wodonga. The photos of Ustaše men in military fatigues and Ustaše uniforms, armed with Australian Army rifles and sitting on an Australian armoured vehicle, caused a furore which the Liberal Party brushed off as a "picnic". The Spremnost newspaper, however, described it as a 5-day paramilitary training exercise, praising it with an ode entitled "Poem for Terrorism". Ustaše training camps were also established at Dimbulah in Far North Queensland and at Tumbi Umbi, New South Wales. Deszol Saaghy, a former Hungarian member of the Nazi Brandenburger special forces unit and the French Foreign Legion, led the training at Tumbi Umbi.[16][12][21][22]

In July 1963, a group of nine Croatian-Australian men of the HRB were captured conducting covert operations in Yugoslavia with plans to assassinate local officials and raise a rebellion in the north of that country. They were dubbed the Croatian Nine and their assignment was code-named 'Operation Kangaroo'. Two of the men, Stanko Zdrilić and Mirko Fumić, were Australian citizens from Melbourne, while another, Josip Oblak, was the secretary of the Croatian society in Wollongong. All were found to have been trained at Ustaše camps in New South Wales run by the HOP, and all were found guilty in a Yugoslav court, being sentenced to prison terms ranging from 6 to 14 years. Oblak and another man, Ilija Tolić, are believed to have later died while incarcerated.[23][24][25][26]

The 1964 trial of the Croatian Nine, with six of the men involved pictured in the front row

Further violent Ustaše activities were also being conducted within Australia mostly targeting supporters of a federalist Yugoslavia. In May 1964, HRB member Tomislav Lesić attempted to deliver a suitcase bomb to the Yugoslav consulate in Sydney which prematurely exploded causing the loss of his lower legs and some of his sight. The Ustaše in Melbourne threatened to bomb police stations and shoot officers if they were investigated. In Sydney and Melbourne, houses of perceived communists were either bombed or broken into with occupants being injured and tortured. Various Yugoslav social gatherings were also bombed in places like Geelong and Fitzroy. Leading Ustaša figures in the bombings including Josip Senić and Ambroz Andrić were arrested. When Andrić was placed on trial for bashing a Yugoslav, Srećko Rover supported him in court wearing his Ustaše Gestapo badge.[16]

The bombings continued into 1967, with a large attack on the Sydney Yugoslav consulate, and several attacks on Yugoslav Association meetings, one involving a pen-bomb which resulted in the disfigurement of a boy's face. In 1968, the Ustaše tried to burn down the Sydney Yugoslav consulate, with the Liberal federal treasurer at the time, William MacMahon, siding with the arsonists, referring to them as a 'good bunch'.[16]

The Yugoslav government, however, took a more proactive approach to the Ustaše in Australia by utilising their security service, the UDBA, to assassinate leading HRB members Geza Pašti and Josip Senić while they were visiting Europe in 1965 and 1972 respectively.[27]

Increased extremism 1969 to 1973

From 1969 to 1973, the operations of the Ustaše increased dramatically both in their number and in their violence. This coincided with the advent of the Croatian Spring, a widespread movement within Yugoslavia for Croatian autonomy. A total of around 60 attacks were attributed to the Ustaše movement in Australia during this time period and, as in the past, the authorities were still unable or unwilling to halt them. An additional reason for this upsurge was the 1969 assassination in Spain of the HRB's genocidal figurehead, Maks Luburić. More than 60 Luburić supporters demonstrated at the Yugoslav embassy in Canberra following his killing.[23][16][28]

Bombing targets were expanded to include the Yugoslav and USSR embassies in Canberra, Yugoslav travel agencies, cinemas displaying Yugoslav films, and also various Serbian orthodox churches. The bombing of the Yugoslav consulate in Melbourne in October 1970 did considerable damage to both the building and around 20 homes near to it. Racketeering and extortion were also applied by the Ustaše to both fund and create fear of their movement. In an apparent political execution, known anti-Ustaša Croatian Yago Despot and his friend Charles Hughes, were found dead in their Caulfield residence each with a single bullet wound to the head. This double-murder remains unsolved.[16][29][30]

Additionally at this time, new branches of the Ustaše were established in Australia, including the United Croats of West Germany (UHNj) and the Croatian Illegal Revolutionary Organisation (HIRO), with Jakov Suljak being the Australian head of the former group. Two militant youth organisations were also created: the Croatian Youth (HM) run in Australia by Ante Kovac and Jure Marić, and the World League of Croatian Youth (SHUMS) with Zdenko Marinčić being the local secretary.[17][31]

Two prominent Catholic priests from the Ustaše regime, Josip Kasić and Josip Bujanović also became leaders of the movement in Australia around this period. Kasić, who was part of Pavelić's student bodyguard during WW2, had been imprisoned in Yugoslavia for Ustaša activities. After coming to Australia, he spread pro-Ustaša propaganda from the pulpit of the St Nikola Tavelić Church in Clifton Hill.[8]

Josip Bujanović was high ranking Ustaša military chaplain and administrator from the Lika region. Also known as Pop Jole, Bujanović was a key organiser of the liquidation of the Serbian population in the Lika area during WW2. After the war, he was a leading figure in the Ratlines, working to achieve the escape of Ustaša officials, including himself, to South America. He moved to Australia in the 1960s where he became prominent in the Canberra Croatian community, managing the Croatian Club and leading the commemorations of Ante Pavelić on the anniversary of his death.[32][33][34]

In 1972, there were several major Ustaše activities which resulted in the Australian authorities finally taking a stand against the terrorist attacks.[16]

Srećko Rover attempts to become HNO world leader

In April 1972, Srećko Rover was invited to attend a HNO world conference in Canada where he was expected to be appointed the global leader of the militant Croatian fundamentalist group, a position that had remained vacant since the assassination of Vjekoslav Luburić in 1969. ASIO and Australian police authorities understood that if this were to happen, considerable danger and embarrassment to the nation would follow.[35]

A week before his departure overseas, a coordinated series of bombs were detonated across three sites in Melbourne targeting Yugoslav exhibitions and the apartment of Marjan Jurjević, who was a high profile anti-Ustaša Croatian-Australian. No-one was killed, but Rover was considered a person of interest in the organisation of the bombing with the Commonwealth police strongly advising the federal government to prevent Rover from travelling abroad. The McMahon government declined to do this but did cancel Rover's passport while he was in Canada. This caused substantial interference with the HNO world conference and Rover was deported back to Australia. The situation caused significant mainstream media attention on Rover, the Ustaša and their roles in terrorism.[35]

The Bugojno group

Main article: Bugojno group

In June 1972, it was revealed by Yugoslavian authorities that a band of 19 armed men from the HRB, dubbed the Bugojno group or Operation Fenix, had been intercepted in Yugoslavia trying to conduct violent subversive activities. Their plans were to blow up bridges and government buildings and try to incite a rebellion in Yugoslavia. Of the 19 men, six were Australian citizens and a further 3 had lived in Australia. Brothers, Adolf and Ambroz Andrić together with Filip Bešlić, Ilija Glavaš, Ilija Lovrić and Pavo Vegar were killed in action, while three, Djuro Horvat, Bejil Keškić and Mirko Vlasnović, were executed after a later trial. This incident created a significant controversy, especially after a HIRO training camp with a considerable explosives and ammunition cache was concurrently discovered in the Warburton Ranges. Commonwealth police raids conducted later on houses in Melbourne and elsewhere revealed that Srećko Rover was the main organiser of the Bugojno group and had fanciful plans to install himself as a minister if the incursion led to a successful overthrow of government in Croatia.[36][16][8][37][38]

Two other Croatian-Australian members of the HRB had been recruited for the Bugojno incursion but police action prevented their participation. Blaž Kraljević, who later became the commander of the HOS forces in the Croatian War of Independence, was arrested in Melbourne for liquor offences, while Zdenko Marinčic had been stopped at Frankfurt Airport with a firearm and four silencers hidden inside a toy koala. Marinčic, whose father was an Ustaša soldier that survived the Bleiburg repatriations, was sent back to Australia where he was jailed for six months. He avoided deportation to Yugoslavia and later became a prominent member of Croatian-Australian society.[17][39]

A quasi-fictional account of the Bugojno insurgency was written in 2017 by Australian journalist Tony Jones.[40]

George Street Bombings

Main article: Sydney Yugoslav General Trade and Tourist Agency bombing
Aftermath of September 1972 George Street bombings in Sydney
Victims of September 1972 George Street bombings being attended to by emergency services

On 16 September 1972, two Yugoslav travel agencies were bombed during the busy morning period in George Street in central Sydney. Two coordinated blasts injured 16 people, 3 seriously, most of whom were bystanders in the busy street outside the agencies. Tomislav Lesić, who was involved in previous operations, was found at the bomb site with his artificial legs damaged by the blasts. This bombing shocked the nation in the way that it was planned to inflict casualties on the general public. The NSW police established a special bomb squad after this incident and were certain that the Ustaše groups were responsible. The federal Liberal government, however, refused to acknowledge even the existence of such extremists. Ustaša activist, Ljubomir Vuina, was charged and remanded on bail with threatening to destroy other Yugoslav travel agencies.[16][41][42][43][44]

Killing of an American tourist in a car bomb

In December 1972, an American tourist, Thomas Patrick Enwright, was killed in a car bomb that was detonated outside a Serbian Orthodox church in Brisbane. An annual meeting was being conducted at the Serbian church at the time and it is believed Enwright was an accidental victim of the bomb intended to harm the members of the church. This coincided with other bombings in Queensland including that of the Dimbulah Bridge in October in the north of state. Interestingly, Enwright was the relative of a policeman and US police were at that time helping Queensland authorities in related investigations.[16][45][46]

Despite the magnitude of these and other attacks within only a number of months of each other, the Liberal Party government still continued to obfuscate making public the organisers of these terrorist activities, with Attorney-General Ivor Greenwood in particular, denying even the existence of the Ustaše.[16] Related to this was the fact that the Ustaše leader, Fabijan Lovoković, was by this stage a highly influential Liberal Party member in William MacMahon's electorate and was on the party's NSW Migrant Advisory Council which contained WW2 war criminals such as Ljenko Urbančič.[47][8][page needed]

Other associated violence

Increased violence relating to Croatian-Australian sporting clubs was also occurring in 1972. In particular, Melbourne Croatia Soccer Club received a life ban (later reduced to several years) from the Victorian state federation due to fans bashing players from the Footscray JUST team and invading the pitch during a game against a Jewish team. The club president for Melbourne Croatia at the time was Enver Begović who was a soldier in both the Ustaša army and the Nazi SS Handschar division during WW2.[48] Begović died in 2008 but remains an honoured life member of Football Victoria.[49][50][51][8][52]

The Ustaša led violence within Australia during this time was also occurring within the context of significant terrorist activities being performed by related groups overseas. This included the 1971 Yugoslav Embassy shooting, the 1972 bombing of the Yugoslav airliner JAT Flight 367, and the hijacking of Scandinavian Airlines System Flight 130 in September 1972. Strong support for these acts of terrorism was evident within the Croatian-Australian community and during this crisis Australia was seen as a possible haven for the terrorists involved.[23][53][54]

Crackdown on Ustaše under the Whitlam and Fraser governments

In late 1972, the Whitlam government came to power in Australia and immediately a large number of raids were conducted on known Ustaše organisers and sympathesisers. Major figures were arrested and a significant amount of bomb-making materials were confiscated. A major plan to train another 109 insurgents in Australia and send them into Yugoslavia was disrupted. This plan was organised by Srećko Rover in conjunction with the high level Ustaše leader Dinko Šakić who was exiled in Spain. Šakić was a close relation of "Maks" Luburić and was also a commander of the notorious Jasenovac concentration camps during WW2.[16][15]

Lionel Murphy, who led the crackdown on the Ustaše in Australia

Despite the success of these raids, ASIO still refused to co-operate in providing information and evidence to enable prosecution for the terrorist activities. In 1973, frustrated by ASIO's unwillingness to assist and concerned about the possible assassinations of Gough Whitlam and the visiting Yugoslav Prime Minister Džemal Bijedić by the Ustaše, the new Attorney-General, Lionel Murphy, took matters into his own hands and commandeered documents from the ASIO offices himself and made public the information accumulated by ASIO on the Ustaše in Australia. This incident was later named the Murphy raids and caused a major political fracas that harmed the Whitlam government's reputation on their ability to withhold confidential Cold War information.[55][16]

However, the raids were effective in that they caused a significant curtailment in Ustaše activity in Australia, with the HRB being forced to transfer their operational organisation from Australia to Europe. Other measures such as government threats to halt Yugoslav immigration and legislation being passed to criminalise fighting for foreign organisations, placed further pressure on limiting Ustaše activity.[16]

Police set up Operation Amber to conduct extensive surveillance on known Ustaša figures in Australia such as Srećko Rover. The pressure quickly caused Rover to crack, with him being hospitalised in early 1973 after a nervous breakdown. He subsequently resigned from all Ustaša leadership roles.[56]

Police investigations into the George Street bombings of 1972 also resulted in the arrest of Anjelko Marić who admitted to making the bombs but not placing them.[57] Marić was arrested at the Fremantle home of Stjepan Brbić, a wartime Ustaša member who had replaced Srećko Rover as HNO leader in Australia. Brbić had previously established a Vjekoslav Luburić Society in Sydney and was believed to be the main organiser for the George Street bombings.[58] In 1976, Anjelko Marić was convicted of the bombings and sentenced to 16 years jail.[59] This conviction though was soon quashed in the High Court two years later.[60]

The pressure was continued under the Fraser government where 19 HRB members led by Jure Marić were arrested at an Ustaše paramilitary training camp at Mount Imlay in NSW in 1978. Several members were jailed with Marić receiving a four-year sentence under the newly introduced Foreign Incursion and Recruitment section of the Commonwealth Crimes Act.[61][62] In the early 1980s another trial of six Croatian-Australians occurred. These men, members of a new group called the Croatian Republican Party (HRS), were arrested and convicted of crimes including attempting to bomb Sydney's water supply, destroy Yugoslav travel agencies and murder Lovoković whom they viewed as a traitor to the Ustaše movement. They were betrayed by a probable Yugoslav double agent and each sentenced to 15 years in prison. The men all spent 10 years in prison, and were released in 1991.[63][64]

Ustaše sympathisers in Australia had to adapt to this new era and attempted to soften their appearance by creating new "moderate" neo-Ustaše organisations. In 1981, the HNO and the HRB merged to form a new group called the Croatian Movement for Statehood (HDP) led by Croatian-Australian Nikola Štedul.[65] Štedul's brother was an Ustaša war criminal who was executed soon after WW2 for his role in the motorised corps (brzi sklop) of Pavelić's Poglavnikov Tjelesni Sdrug brigade.[66] Štedul had his passport cancelled by Australian authorities and later survived an assassination attempt in Scotland in 1988 where he was shot six times by a Yugoslav agent.[67]

Role in the Croatian War of Independence

The collapse of the Socialist Republic of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s gave hope to many Croatian-Australians that a truly independent Croatian nation would be formed. It also gave the organisational ability of Ustaše ideologues in Australian society much increased impetus. Significant funding was raised by people such as Stjepan Kardum the leader of the Sydney Branch of the neo-Ustaše group called the Croatian Party of Rights (HSP). This money was funnelled into the formation of the HSP's ultra-nationalistic paramilitary units called the Croatian Defence Forces (Hrvatske obrambene snage or HOS) that fought in the Croatian War of Independence. These units operated separate from the control of the regular Armed Forces of Croatia and were involved in pillage, rape and mass killings of civilians at places like the Dretelj prison camp in southern Bosnia.[8][68]

Flag of the HOS

The HSP and HOS saw themselves as a continuation of the Ustaša regime and desired the recreation of a Greater Croatia based upon the borders of the Nazi puppet-state of the NDH which included all of Bosnia to the west of the Drina River.[69][68] Members of HOS openly labelled themselves as Ustaše, their black uniforms and insignia emulated the Crna Legija and their marching anthem glorified the NDH, the Poglavnik and other Ustaša leaders such as Jure Francetić and Rafael Boban.[68][70] Their slogan was the Ustaša salute Za dom spremni and even their name was derived from the military units of the NDH, the Hrvatske oružane snage.[68]

It is estimated that up to 200 Croatian-Australians fought in the HOS paramilitary units. The HOS forces in the Bosnian region were led by Croatian-Australian Blaž Kraljević who was previously a member of the HRB and other ultra-nationalist groups in Australia. Kraljević was given the rank of Major General and carried out systematic ethnic cleansing operations during the war.[8] The HOS and their goal of establishing an Ustaša state were considered dangerous to the aims and the stability of the newly created modern Croatia to the point where Kraljević was assassinated by Croatian forces in 1992 and the HOS were soon after forcibly disbanded.[69][68] Croatian-Australians also fought under Željko Glasnović and compared their unit with the 369th Ustaše Division who fought alongside the Nazis in the Battle of Stalingrad.[71]

Neo-Ustaše in 21st century Australian society

Within the modern state of Croatia (a progressive nation that has joined the Schengen Area and adopted the Euro currency),[72] the neo-Ustaša have been consigned to the far-right fringe. Their main political groups, the Croatian Party of Rights and the Domovinski Pokret are unpopular in Croatia. These and other Neo-Ustaša elements such as the HOS veterans groups are condemned in the Croatian media for the hateful violence they inspire,[73] such as the 2020 Zagreb shooting.[74]

Conversely, in Australia, Croatian social and sporting clubs continue to display busts and portraits of Ante Pavelić, Ustaše flags are flown proudly and support for HOS is also widely expressed.[9][75] Zoran Milanović, the first prime minister of an independent Croatia ever to come to Australia, was shunned by much of the Australian Croatian community on a visit in 2014 due to his anti-fascist policies such as making the Za dom spremni chant illegal.[76]

The 10th of April 1941 anniversary of the establishment of the Nazi puppet state of the NDH is also publicly celebrated in many Australian Croatian clubs.[77][78] Known as the Deseti Travanj, this ceremony often occurred with the involvement of members of the Liberal Party of Australia. Recent high-ranking Liberal Party identities such as Helen Coonan, Concetta Fierravanti-Wells and Craig Kelly have continued the Liberal Party tradition of helping the Ustaše celebrate the 10th of April that has seen past members such as William MacMahon, David Clarke, Bill Wentworth, Eric Willis and Peter Coleman also partaking in ceremonies glorifying Ante Pavelić.[79] The more recent episode involving Craig Kelly resulted in a diplomatic rift with the Croatian embassy which condemned the celebration of the anniversary of the Nazi puppet state.[80]

Involvement in football

Many current Croatian-Australian football (soccer) clubs have strong links to the Ustaše. For example, Melbourne Croatia was founded on deseti travanj (10 April) 1953 with the involvement of the Ustaše officer Srećko Rover who was involved in mass killings in the NDH and was a leader of the HNO in Australia.[81] Another example is Canberra Croatia FC, which for a number of years took the name Soccer Club HOPE, a title that was chosen to reflect the club's connection to the Croatian Liberation Movement (HOP).[82] Croatian-Australian football clubs in the modern age overtly continue to display Ustaše symbolism and use Ustaše flags.[9] For instance, the Gold Coast Knights F.C. celebrated their victory over fellow Croatian-Australian club the Brisbane Knights FC in the 2022 Mesić Cup by having their players pose around the Ustaša flag.[83]

The main logo for HNK Edensor Park football club is a map of Greater Croatia, which is a Croatian state advocated by the right-wing ultra-nationalist Dobroslav Paraga, the borders of which are extensions of those of the NDH. Attempts to create a Greater Croatia during the Croat-Bosniak War of the early 1990s led the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia to call it a joint criminal enterprise aimed at the ethnic cleansing of Bosnia and Herzegovina.[84][85]

In 2013, Croatian-Australian footballer Josip Šimunić was given a 10 match ban by FIFA and blocked from competing in the World Cup for leading the fascist Za dom spremni chant with Croatian football fans after a qualifying game.[86] Šimunić was also fined by Croatian legal authorities. Canberra Croatia FC president Marko Vrkić made the claim that Šimunić didn't intend to cause offense when using the chant, comparing it to "Australians using, Aussie, Aussie, Aussie, Oi, Oi, Oi". However, the very same chant is used by the Ustaša as their call-sign, making it synonymous with the genocidal Pavelić regime.[87] Šimunić was later appointed to assistant national coach and head youth coach for the Croatia national football team, where he has been accused of creating a culture where Ustaše ideology is normalised.[88]

2022 Australia Cup Final controversy

Sydney United 58 FC fans at the 2022 Australia Cup Final

During the 2022 Australia Cup Final that featured Sydney United 58 FC, the main Croatian-Australian team in NSW, footage showed hundreds of Sydney United fans participating in the Ustaša Za dom spremni (ZDS) chant while giving fascist salutes. Many Ustaše and HOS flags were proudly displayed and the Welcome to Country presented by a local Indigenous leader was interrupted and booed.[89][90]

While these actions were strongly condemned in the wider community, very little criticism came from Croatian-Australians. A well-known Croatian-Australian who made a public statement saying that the actions were "embarrassing" was quickly told on social media to be silent by another prominent Croatian-Australian in the football community. The main Sydney United fan group, Sydney United Supporters (SUS), stated that they "don't apologise to anyone, Za dom spremni". SUS members have also posted photos of themselves with neo-Nazi and Ustaša paraphernalia.[91][92][93]

In a response reminiscent of the pandering to the Ustaše in 1950s Australia, Football Australia chose not to mention the Ustaše when addressing the issue. The organisation banned two Sydney United fans, imposed suspended sanctions and fined the club $15,000. Amidst calls for the club to lose its licence, Football Australia advised the Sydney United club that they must do some education courses and volunteer work in the next few years. Football Australia CEO, James Johnson, later stated that the racist behaviour displayed by Sydney United fans will not prevent the club from being promoted to a new domestic football division, and on 20 November 2023 he announced Sydney United as being selected as one of the eight foundation clubs for the inaugural National Second Tier league.[94][95][96]

Notes

  1. ^ Although right-wing groups argue that flags depicting the šahovnica with a white square first instead of red are simply historical flags, they are and have been strongly associated with Croatian fascist and Ustaša ideology world-wide and are banned in Austria.[7]

References

  1. ^ Meier, Viktor (23 July 1999). Yugoslavia: a history of its demise. Psychology Press. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-415-18595-0. Retrieved 23 December 2011.
  2. ^ Lampe, John; Mazower, Mark (2006). Ideologies and National Identities. Central European University Press. ISBN 9789639241824.
  3. ^ a b Yeomans, Rory (2012). Visions of Annihilation: The Ustasha Regime and the Cultural Politics of Fascism, 1941–1945. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 978-0-82297-793-3.
  4. ^ Tomasevich, Jozo (2002). War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945: Occupation and Collaboration. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0804736152.
  5. ^ a b c d Bartulin, Nevenko (2006). The ideology of nation and race: the Croatian Ustasha regime and its policies toward minorities in the independent state of Croatia, 1941-1945. Sydney: UNSW.
  6. ^ 'Za dom spremni' je isto što i 'Sieg Heil'!, Danas.hr 09.01.2012.
  7. ^ Pavlakovic, Vjeran; Brentin, Dario; Paukovic, Davor (2018). "The Controversial Commemoration: Transnational approaches to remembering Bleiburg". Croatian Political Review. 55 (2): 7–32.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Aarons, Mark (2020). War Criminals Welcome: Australia, a sanctuary for fugitive war criminals since 1945. Melbourne: Black Inc. ISBN 9781743821633.
  9. ^ a b c Starcevic, Seb (10 September 2019). "In Australia, Some Croats Openly Celebrate Fascism". Balkan Insight. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
  10. ^ a b c McCormick, Robert (2014). Croatia Under Ante Pavelic. London: I.B Tauris. ISBN 9781788310871.
  11. ^ "Croatian Regime". The West Australian. Vol. 57, no. 17, 132. Western Australia. 4 June 1941. p. 5. Retrieved 13 November 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
  12. ^ a b Tokic, Mate (2020). Croatian Radical Separatism and Diaspora Terrorism During the Cold War. West Lafayette: Purdue University Press. ISBN 9781557538925.
  13. ^ "Ustasha: We love Greenwood". Tribune. No. 1804. New South Wales, Australia. 15 May 1973. p. 2. Retrieved 13 November 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
  14. ^ "Serbian patriots proudly participate in Anzac Day 2010 Commemoration in Australia". dijaspora. 21 May 2010. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
  15. ^ a b "Yugoslav Emigre Extremists" (PDF). Central Intelligence Agency Foreign Assessment Centre. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Campion, Kristy (2018). "The Ustaša in Australia: A Review of Right-Wing Ustaša Terrorism from 1963-1973, and Factors that Enable their Endurance" (PDF). Salus. 6 (2): 37–58. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
  17. ^ a b c "Croatian Terrorism 27 March 1973". Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
  18. ^ "Fascist post to govt. man". Tribune. No. 1532. New South Wales, Australia. 25 October 1967. p. 1. Retrieved 15 January 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
  19. ^ "Photograph, April 1962". Victorian Collections. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
  20. ^ "NAA: A6122, 313 Croatian Liberation Movement". National Archives of Australia. Retrieved 18 February 2023.
  21. ^ "Srecko Rover Volume 2 NAA: A6119, 2738". National Archives of Australia. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
  22. ^ "A touch of folklore". The Canberra Times. Vol. 48, no. 13, 822. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 1 August 1974. p. 3. Retrieved 7 March 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
  23. ^ a b c Cottle, Drew; Keys, Angela (2023). Histories of Fascism and Anti-Fascism in Australia, Chapter 7: Fascism in exile: Ustasha-linked organisations in Australia. New York: Routledge. pp. 115–139. ISBN 9780367638139.
  24. ^ "Terrorism Plans 'Admitted'". The Canberra Times. Vol. 38, no. 10, 634. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 6 September 1963. p. 5. Retrieved 19 November 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
  25. ^ "YUGOSLAV TRIAL REVEALS AIM OF USTASHI HERE". Tribune. No. 1356. New South Wales, Australia. 20 May 1964. p. 7. Retrieved 19 November 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
  26. ^ "Two believed dead". The Canberra Times. Vol. 47, no. 13, 413. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 19 April 1973. p. 3. Retrieved 19 November 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
  27. ^ "KOMISIJA ZA UTVRðIVANJE RATNIH I PORATNIH ŽRTAVA" (PDF). Wayback Machine internet archive. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-09-04. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
  28. ^ "Coffin is handed to embassy". The Canberra Times. Vol. 43, no. 12, 309. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 12 May 1969. p. 3. Retrieved 20 November 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
  29. ^ "THE Day of the Jugoslavist – 1969 Yugoslav assassination in Australia". Alternate Comms. Retrieved 20 November 2022.
  30. ^ "Ustashi hand in double murder?". Tribune. No. 1600. New South Wales, Australia. 26 March 1969. p. 3. Retrieved 20 November 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
  31. ^ "Police say Croats urged to kill". The Canberra Times. Vol. 47, no. 13, 399. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 3 April 1973. p. 1. Retrieved 13 November 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
  32. ^ Rivelli, Marco Aurelio (1999). L'arcivescovo del genocidio. Kaos. ISBN 9788879530798.
  33. ^ "J Bujanovic NAA: A6937, PP/99". National Archives of Australia. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  34. ^ "CROATS PROTEST Two arrests in scuffle with Sydney police". The Canberra Times. Vol. 46, no. 13, 004. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 29 December 1971. p. 9. Retrieved 18 March 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
  35. ^ a b "Srecko Rover Vol. 5 NAA: A6119, 3236". National Archives of Australia. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
  36. ^ "EXECUTIONS YUGOSLAVIA TO 'STAMP OUT' USTASHA". The Canberra Times. Vol. 47, no. 13, 409. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 14 April 1973. p. 5. Retrieved 13 November 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
  37. ^ "Bugojanska skupina - Akcija Feniks 72". YouTube. Retrieved 14 January 2023.
  38. ^ "Akcija Feniks:Bugojanska skupina 1972. godine". crodex. 20 June 2021. Retrieved 14 January 2023.
  39. ^ Salopek, Hrvoje (18 August 2016). "Ispovijest hrvatskog iseljenika: Proglasili su me teroristom broj jedan". Moja Hrvatska. Retrieved 14 January 2023.
  40. ^ Jones, Tony (2017). the twentieth man. Crows Nest: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 9781760295004.
  41. ^ "Yugoslav envoy to protest on bombs". The Canberra Times. Vol. 47, no. 13, 231. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 18 September 1972. p. 1. Retrieved 13 January 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
  42. ^ "Ustasha is blamed for much violence". The Canberra Times. Vol. 47, no. 13, 231. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 18 September 1972. p. 7. Retrieved 13 January 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
  43. ^ "Greenwood again denies existence of Ustasha". The Canberra Times. Vol. 47, no. 13, 231. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 18 September 1972. p. 7. Retrieved 13 January 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
  44. ^ "Srecko Rover Volume 7 NAA: A6119, 3238". National Archives of Australia. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
  45. ^ "'Wrong victim' theory". The Canberra Times. Vol. 47, no. 13, 303. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 11 December 1972. p. 3. Retrieved 13 January 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
  46. ^ "Explosion in car". The Canberra Times. Vol. 47, no. 13, 302. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 9 December 1972. p. 1. Retrieved 13 January 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
  47. ^ "Allegations Against Senator- Privilege- Mr Lyenko Urbanchich 4 March 1980". Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
  48. ^ "Enver Begovic NAA: A6937, PP/98". National Archives of Australia. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
  49. ^ "SS and soccer". Tribune. No. 1745. New South Wales, Australia. 9 March 1972. p. 2. Retrieved 29 January 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
  50. ^ "Disqualified for life". The Canberra Times. Vol. 46, no. 13, 194. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 4 August 1972. p. 16. Retrieved 29 January 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
  51. ^ "Club Presidents". Melbourne Knights FC. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
  52. ^ "Life Members - Enver Begovic". Football Victoria. 18 October 2021. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
  53. ^ "Croats stage hunger strike at embassy". The Canberra Times. Vol. 55, no. 16, 422. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 11 September 1980. p. 3. Retrieved 19 February 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
  54. ^ "Terrorists, Australia, NZ may be destination". The Canberra Times. Vol. 48, no. 13, 792. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 26 June 1974. p. 5. Retrieved 19 February 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
  55. ^ "Parliament". The Canberra Times. Vol. 47, no. 13, 394. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 28 March 1973. p. 14. Retrieved 13 November 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
  56. ^ "Srecko Rover Volume 8 NAA: A6119, 3584". National Archives of Australia. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
  57. ^ "Bombing charges". The Canberra Times. Vol. 48, no. 13, 761. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 21 May 1974. p. 8. Retrieved 5 March 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
  58. ^ "Stefan Brbic NAA: A6980, S203444". National Archives of Australia. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
  59. ^ "16 years' jail for bombing offences". The Canberra Times. Vol. 51, no. 14, 549. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 4 December 1976. p. 16. Retrieved 5 March 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
  60. ^ "Conviction on bomb counts set aside". The Canberra Times. Vol. 52, no. 15, 662. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 9 August 1978. p. 9. Retrieved 5 March 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
  61. ^ "Court Reports". The Canberra Times. Vol. 56, no. 16,815. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 10 October 1981. p. 14. Retrieved 11 November 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
  62. ^ "Croats 'making film'". The Canberra Times. Vol. 53, no. 16,024. 8 August 1979. p. 10. Retrieved 11 November 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
  63. ^ "Yugoslavs convicted of making explosives". The Canberra Times. Vol. 55, no. 16,573. 10 February 1981. p. 3. Retrieved 11 November 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
  64. ^ McDonald, Hamish (2012-02-10). "Framed: the untold story about the Croatian Six". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
  65. ^ "FASCISTS". Tribune. No. 2421. New South Wales, Australia. 30 April 1986. p. 16. Retrieved 11 November 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
  66. ^ "USTASHA Questions for coming visit". Tribune. No. 2289. New South Wales, Australia. 29 June 1983. p. 8. Retrieved 5 March 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
  67. ^ "Thirty years, six bullets, two countries and one home". Sydney Morning Herald. 25 November 2005. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
  68. ^ a b c d e Pavlakovic, Vjeran (2008). Flirting with Fascism: The Ustaša Legacy and Croatian Politics in the 1990s. Grafo.
  69. ^ a b Veselinović, Velimir (2014). "Obnavljanje i djelovanje Hrvatske stranke prava, 1990-1992" [Renewal and political activism of the Croatian Party of Rights (HSP), 1990-1992]. Croatian Political Science Review. 51 (2). Zagreb, Croatia: Fakultet političkih znanosti Sveučilišta u Zagrebu: 55–87. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
  70. ^ "Himna HOS-a". YouTube. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
  71. ^ Sabljak, Zoran (3 November 2021). "Interview with Australia's Krešimir Malić recently elected President of the Association of Foreign Volunteers of the Homeland War". Croatia Week. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
  72. ^ Williams, Nathan (2 January 2023). "Croatia begins new euro and Schengen zone era". bbc.com. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
  73. ^ Simicevic, Hrvoje (23 October 2020). "Odgoj dječaka u Kutini". Novosti. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
  74. ^ Pusic, Mario (18 October 2020). "Već sa 13 godina objavljivao statuse o likvidaciji Srba, slušao priče o 'izdajničkoj vlasti'". Jutarnji List. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
  75. ^ "Ja kad napokon postanem XI. izborna jedinica i zaboravim padeze". twitter.com. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
  76. ^ "Croatian community passions inflamed by PM's visit". SBS News. 17 March 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
  77. ^ "10 travanj Brisbane". YouTube. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
  78. ^ "Deseti Travanj Melbourne 2012". YouTube. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
  79. ^ "Minister attends gala for 'brutal' wartime regime". The Australian Jewish News. Vol. 114, no. 30. New South Wales, Australia. 27 April 2007. p. 1. Retrieved 11 February 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
  80. ^ Kukolja, Kristina (22 April 2014). "Croatia summons Australian ambassador over MP's speech". SBS News. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
  81. ^ "On the 10th of April 1953". facebook. Melbourne Knights. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
  82. ^ "History". www.canberrafootballclub.com.au. Archived from the original on 12 December 2017. Retrieved 2017-12-10.
  83. ^ "Brisbane Knights FC". facebook.com. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  84. ^ "HNK Edensor Park". facebook.com. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
  85. ^ "Judgement Summary" (PDF). www.icty.org. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  86. ^ "Croatia's Josip Simunic hit with 10-match ban and will miss World Cup". The Guardian Australia. 17 December 2013. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
  87. ^ Gaskin, Lee (23 November 2013). "Josip Simunic 'thanking fans' with pro-Nazi chant". Canberra Times. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
  88. ^ Klauski, Tomislav (21 December 2022). "Od Josipa Šimunića do Dejana Lovrena: Zar doista nismo mogli proći bez ustaškog pozdrava?" [From Josip Šimunić to Dejan Lovren: Couldn't we really do without the Ustasha greeting?]. 24 Sata. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
  89. ^ "CROATIAN Sydney United 58 FC On Fire "Za Dom, Spremni" during Australian Cup FINAL!". YouTube. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
  90. ^ "Australian soccer club fined after fans make Nazi salutes at match". Times of Israel. 4 November 2022. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
  91. ^ Young, Chris (3 October 2022). "Lucy Zelic speaks out over 'embarrassing' scenes at Australia Cup final". Yahoo Sport Australia. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
  92. ^ "Sydney United Supporters". Facebook. Retrieved 11 February 2023.
  93. ^ "Sydney United Supporters / Cheeky Terrace Youth, who are mAdly in love w Mister Adolf Hitler & Mister Ante Pavelić". twitter.com. Retrieved 11 February 2023.
  94. ^ "Football Australia announces foundation clubs for National Second Tier". Football Australia. 20 November 2023.
  95. ^ "Sydney United sanctioned by Football Australia for 'deeply offensive' fan behaviour". The Guardian Australia. Australian Associated Press. 4 November 2022. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
  96. ^ "Racist fan behaviour in past won't exclude Sydney United 58 from new competition, say Football Australia". The Guardian Australia. 7 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ustaše_in_Australia&oldid=1219837397"