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Balto

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This article is about the sled dog. For the 1995 animated film and the character based on the dog, see Balto (film).
Balto
Balto with Gunnar Kaasen, his musher in the 1925 Serum Run.
SpeciesCanis lupus familiaris
BreedAlaskan husky
SexMale
Born1919 (1919)
Nome, Territory of Alaska
DiedMarch 14, 1933(1933-03-14) (aged 13–14)
Cleveland, Ohio, United States
Resting placeCleveland Museum of Natural History
Nation fromUnited States of America (Territory of Alaska)
OccupationSled dog
Known for1925 serum run to Nome
OwnerLeonhard Seppala
AppearanceBlack with white "socks", "bib", and partial white markings on belly and tip of the muzzle, which advanced with age (including white markings around the eyes when he was old). Eyes were dark brown.
Named afterSamuel Balto

Balto (1919 – March 14, 1933) was an Alaskan husky and sled dog belonging to musher and breeder Leonhard Seppala.[1][2] He achieved fame when he led a team of sled dogs driven by Gunnar Kaasen on the final leg of the 1925 serum run to Nome, in which diphtheria antitoxin was transported from Anchorage, Alaska, to Nenana, Alaska, by train and then to Nome by dog sled to combat an outbreak of the disease.[3]

Balto lived in ease at the Cleveland Zoo until his death on March 14, 1933, at the age of 14. Following his death, his body was mounted and displayed in the Cleveland Museum of Natural History, where it remains to this day.[4]

History

1925 serum run

Main article: 1925 serum run to Nome

In January 1925, doctors realized that a potentially deadly diphtheria epidemic was poised to sweep through the young people of Nome, Alaska. The only serum that could stop the outbreak was in Anchorage, Alaska. The engine of the only aircraft that could quickly deliver the medicine was frozen and would not start. After considering all the alternatives, officials decided to move the treatment via multiple dog sled teams. The serum was transported by train from Anchorage to Nenana, where the first musher embarked as part of a relay aimed at delivering the serum to Nome. More than 20 mushers took part, facing a blizzard with −23 °F (−31 °C) temperatures and strong winds. News coverage of the event was worldwide.

On February 2, 1925, the Norwegian Gunnar Kaasen, a family friend of Leonhard Seppala driving a team of Seppala's dogs which he had left behind in case they would be needed, led by Fox and including Balto among others,[5] was handed off the serum package by Charlie Olson in Bluff. They arrived in Port Safety shortly thereafter, where the final leg of the relay was to begin.[6] The last team and its driver, Ed Rohn, had believed Kaasen and the relay were halted in nearby Solomon due to inclement weather, and so were asleep when Kaasen and Balto made it to this final relay point – Kaasen decided to continue on, in order to save time it would take to change sleds and hitch up a new team. He traveled the remaining 25 miles (40 km) to Nome and arrived at Front Street at 5:30 a.m. All ampules of the antitoxin were intact, and Kaasen handed them over to be thawed for use by mid-day.[7]

Aftermath

See also: Statue of Balto
Statue of Balto in Central Park, New York City

Considerable controversy surrounded Balto's use as a lead dog on Kaasen's team as well, including many mushers and others at the time doubting the claims that he truly led the team, based primarily on the dog's track record;[8] no records exist of Seppala ever having used him as a leader in runs or races prior to 1925, and Seppala himself stated Balto "was never in a winning team",[9] and was a "scrub dog".[10] Because the pictures and video of Kaasen and Balto taken in Nome were recreated hours after their arrival once the sun had risen, speculation still exists as to whether Balto's position as lead dog was genuine, or was staged or exaggerated for media purposes due to Balto being a more newsworthy name than Fox. While historians note that it is possible Balto led Kaasen's team, he at most likely ran co-lead with Fox, rather than running single-lead by himself as is commonly held by the media.[11][12] Many decorated mushers and others in the surrounding area also believed, including Rohn based on conversations the two men had before leaving Nome, that Kaasen's decision to not wake Rohn at Port Safety was motivated by a desire to grab the glory for himself.[13]

After the mission's success, Balto and Kaasen became celebrities to Seppala's great displeasure, as Togo had gone through by far the longest and most dangerous part of the serum run. Seppala stated:

I hope I shall never be the man to take away credit from any dog or driver who participated in that run. We all did our best. But when the country was roused to enthusiasm over the serum run driver, I resented the statue to Balto, for if any dog deserved special mention it was Togo. [...] At the time I left [for the run] I never dreamed that anyone could consider these dogs [the second string] fit to drive even in a short relay. [...] As to the leader, it was up to the driver who happened to be selected to choose any dog he liked, and he chose Balto.[10][14]

Balto has remained more famous to the general public despite there being many misconceptions about his and Kaasen's fame. The contribution of Alaska Natives, whose teams "covered nearly two thirds of the run," is also heavily obscured.[8][10][14] According to The New York Times, "the overlooking of Togo still infuriates mushers".[15]

A statue of Balto, sculpted by Frederick Roth, was erected in New York City's Central Park on December 17, 1925, ten months after Balto's arrival in Nome. Balto himself was present for the monument's unveiling.[16] The statue is located on the main path leading north from the Tisch Children's Zoo.[17] In front of the statue, a low-relief slate plaque depicts Balto's sled team, and bears the following inscription:

Dedicated to the indomitable spirit of the sled dogs that relayed antitoxin six hundred miles over rough ice, across treacherous waters, through Arctic blizzards from Nenana to the relief of stricken Nome in the Winter of 1925.

Endurance · Fidelity · Intelligence

[17][18]

Balto could not be used for breeding because he was neutered at a young age, so he was relegated to the vaudeville circuit along with his team. When Kaasen wished to return home to Alaska, the dogs were sold to the highest bidder by the company who sponsored his tour. The dogs ended up chained in a small area in a novelty museum and freak show in Los Angeles. While visiting Los Angeles, George Kimble, a former prizefighter turned businessman from Cleveland, Ohio, was shocked to discover the dogs were unhealthy and badly treated. Kimble worked together with the Cleveland newspaper The Plain Dealer to bring Balto and his team to Cleveland. On March 19, 1927, Balto and six companions were brought to Cleveland and given a hero's welcome in a triumphant parade. The dogs were then taken to the Brookside Zoo (now the Cleveland Metroparks Zoo).

Balto's remains at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History

After Balto died in 1933, his body was mounted by a taxidermist and donated to the Cleveland Museum of Natural History.[19] In 1998, the Alaska Legislature passed HJR 62 - "Bring Back Balto" resolution. The Cleveland Museum of Natural History declined to return Balto; however, in October 1998, Balto left for a five-month stay at the Anchorage Museum of History and Art, which drew record crowds. Balto was part of another exhibit at the Anchorage Museum of History and Art in 2017.[20]

Genetic analysis

DNA testing on Balto's taxidermied remains found that his genome is more diverse with fewer unhealthy variants than modern purebred dogs and more similar to today's Alaskan huskies who are often outcrossed to promote better fitness and health.[21][22] Balto shared part of his ancestry with modern Siberian huskies (39%) as well as Greenland dogs (18%), Chinese village dogs (17%), Samoyeds (6%) and Alaskan malamutes (4%).[22][23] Balto had several DNA adaptations that promoted Arctic survival, including a thick double coat, the ability to digest starch, and bone and tissue development.[21][23]

Cultural references and film depictions

  • Alistair MacLean's 1959 novel Night Without End includes a sled dog named Balto, a fictional descendant and namesake of the original Balto.
  • In 1965, Carl Barks introduced a hero dog named "Barko" as a character in an Uncle Scrooge comic book, North of the Yukon, as an homage to Balto.
  • In January 1977, Margaret Davidson wrote Balto: The Dog Who Saved Nome, a children's book containing a telling of Balto's deeds.
  • Balto, an animated movie produced by Universal, was released in December 1995. The film's story is similar to the 1925 serum run, though with significant differences from actual historical events.[24] The film portrays the fictional version of Balto as a brown-and-gray wolfdog (voiced by Kevin Bacon). The film was followed by two sequels, Balto II: Wolf Quest and Balto III: Wings of Change.
  • Balto appears briefly in Togo, a 2019 Disney film depicting the 1925 serum run which focuses on Leonhard Seppala and his dog, Togo.[25] Unlike previous depictions, Balto and his contribution to the serum run are shown more accurately, and it is made clear that Balto got most of the credit, despite Togo having completed the longest and most perilous stretch.[26]
  • Another 2019 film, The Great Alaskan Race (from P12 Films), also depicts the heroics of both teams and shows both Balto and Togo (in this depiction Balto is represented by a large black-and-white Alaskan Malamute), but focuses primarily on Seppala. The film is accurate to an extent (and more so than some other depictions) but does still deviate from reality and also does not include a few major events, notably the sled tip and Ed Rohn falling asleep, which affected Gunnar and Balto's efforts.
  • Balto is mentioned in an episode of the PBS Kids TV series Molly of Denali, where protagonist Molly Mabray wants to make a statue of him in Nenana.

See also

References

  1. ^ Thomas, Bob. (2015). Leonhard Seppala : the Siberian dog and the golden age of sleddog racing 1908-1941. Thomas, Pat. Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. ISBN 978-1-57510-170-5. OCLC 931927411.
  2. ^ Seppala, Leonhard. (2010). Seppala : Alaskan dog driver. Ricker, Elizabeth M. [Whitefish, Mont.]: [Kessinger Publishing]. p. 295. ISBN 978-1-4374-9088-6. OCLC 876188456.
  3. ^ Salisbury, Gay; Laney Salisbury (2003). The Cruelest Miles: The Heroic Story of Dogs and Men in a Race against an Epidemic. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. pp. 187. ISBN 0-393-01962-4.
  4. ^ Thomas, Bob. (2015). Leonhard Seppala : the Siberian dog and the golden age of sleddog racing 1908-1941. Thomas, Pat. Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. p. 73. ISBN 978-1-57510-170-5. OCLC 931927411.
  5. ^ "Balto Not Nome Hero Dog.; Seppala Says Husky Named Fox Was Leader of His Team". The New York Times. 9 March 1927. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
  6. ^ Thomas, Bob. (2015). Leonhard Seppala: the Siberian dog and the golden age of sleddog racing 1908-1941. Thomas, Pat. Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. p. 69. ISBN 978-1-57510-170-5. OCLC 931927411.
  7. ^ Thomas, Bob. (2015). Leonhard Seppala: the Siberian dog and the golden age of sleddog racing 1908-1941. Thomas, Pat. Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. p. 70. ISBN 978-1-57510-170-5. OCLC 931927411.
  8. ^ a b Ingram, Simon (19 May 2020). "When a deadly disease gripped an Alaskan town, a dog saved the day — but history hailed another". National Geographic. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
  9. ^ Seppala, Leonhard (2010). Seppala : Alaskan dog driver. Ricker, Elizabeth M. Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger Publishing. p. 295. ISBN 978-1-4374-9088-6. OCLC 876188456.
  10. ^ a b c Reamer, David (1 March 2020). "Togo was the true hero dog of the serum run; it's about time he got his due". Anchorage Daily News. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
  11. ^ Macivor, Ivor (February 6, 1954). "The dog honors that strayed". Saturday Evening Post. Vol. 226, no. 32. p. 93.
  12. ^ Thomas, Bob (2015). Leonhard Seppala : the Siberian dog and the golden age of sleddog racing 1908-1941. Thomas, Pat. Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. pp. 71–73. ISBN 978-1-57510-170-5. OCLC 931927411.
  13. ^ Thomas, Bob (2015). Leonhard Seppala : the Siberian dog and the golden age of sleddog racing 1908-1941. Thomas, Pat. Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-57510-170-5. OCLC 931927411.
  14. ^ a b Kim, Violet (24 February 2020). "What's Fact and What's Fiction in Togo". Slate. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
  15. ^ Clifford, Stephanie (12 February 2012). "Spirit of a Racer in a Dog's Blood". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
  16. ^ "Central Park Monuments - Balto". nycgovparks.org. New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
  17. ^ a b "Balto". centralparknyc.org. Central Park Conservancy. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
  18. ^ "Balto, (sculpture)". si.edu. Smithsonian American Art Museum. June 1993. Retrieved February 7, 2012.
  19. ^ "Balto". Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University. March 27, 1998. Retrieved June 26, 2008.
  20. ^ DeMarco, Laura (February 13, 2017). "Cleveland's most famous canine, Balto, to visit Alaska". The Plain Dealer. Cleveland. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
  21. ^ a b Young, Lauren J. (2023-04-27). "The Lifesaving Sled Dog Balto Had Genes unlike Those of Dog Breeds Today". Scientific American. Retrieved 2023-04-28.
  22. ^ a b Moon, Katherine; Huson, Heather; Morrill, Kathleen; Wang, Ming-Shan; Li, Xue; Srikanth, Krishnamoorthy; Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin; Svenson, Gavin; Karlsson, Elinor; Shapiro, Beth (2023-04-28). "Comparative genomics of Balto, a famous historic dog, captures lost diversity of 1920s sled dogs". Science. 380 (6643) – via Science.
  23. ^ a b Baisas, Laura (2023-04-27). "How different is Balto, the heroic sled dog, from today's Siberian huskies?". Popular Science. Retrieved 2023-04-29.
  24. ^ Wells, Simon (1995-12-22). "Balto". IMDb.com. Retrieved 2021-10-10.
  25. ^ Core, Ericson (2019-12-20). "Togo". IMDb.com. Retrieved 2022-02-07.
  26. ^ "The True Story of Togo: Siberian Husky Sled Dog Hero of 1925 Nome Serum Run". AKC.org. American Kennel Club. Retrieved 2022-02-07.
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