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Battle of Baia

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Battle of Baia
Parts of Moldavian-Hungarian Wars
Localizare
Date December 15, 1467
Location Baia, Romania
Result Moldavian victory[1][2][3][4][5]
Combatants
Moldavia Kingdom of Hungary
Commanders

Stephen the Great
Matthias Corvinus
Strength
12,000[6] 40,000; 500 cannons[7]
Casualties
perhaps up to 7,000 (number probably highly exaggerated)[8] 10,000[7]

The Battle of Baia was fought on December 17, 1467 between the Moldavian (Romanian) Prince, Stephen the Great and Hungarian King, Matthias Corvinus. The battle was the last Hungarian attempt in subduing Moldavia, as previous attempts had ended in failure. Corvinus invaded Moldavia due to Stephen's annexation of Chilia — a fortress and harbour at the coast of the Black Sea — which at the time was controlled by Hungarian and Wallachian forces, though it had belonged to Moldavia centuries earlier. The conflict ended with a bitter defeat for the Hungarians that put an end to all Hungarian claims on Moldavia. Corvinus almost died after being injured thrice by arrows and barely made his escape back to Transylvania.

Background

In 1359, Bogdan I of Moldavia rebelled against Hungary and founded an independent Moldavia. The Hungarian ambition of seizing control over Moldavia did not end there, however, and in 1429, Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, the Holy Roman Emperor — and also King of Hungary — met with Władysław Jagiełło, King of Poland to try to persuade him to launch a common attack on Moldavia and divide the country between them two.[9] Sigismund argued that the Moldavian nation does not "owe allegiance to anyone, is accustomed to live by theft and brigandage and so is everyone's enemy." He also complained about not receiving any help against his struggle against the Turks.[9] In the Annals of Jan Długosz, the Polish chronicler wrote the following on Władysław’s reply to Sigmund:

Wladislaw replies that it would not be right to wage war on the Wallachians, who confess the Christian faith and have given him and his kingdom obedience and submission; indeed, to do this would be an act of savagery. Though some may live by brigandage, they cannot all be tarred with the same brush, nor can they be blamed for not helping King Sigismund against the Turks, because they had gone with the Poles to the given rendez-vous on the Danube and got there on time, yet had to waste two months waiting there, and then return home. Rather does the blame for this attach to King Sigismund, who failed to turn up at the appointed time. The squabbling continues for several days, at the end of which Wladyslaw stubbornness compels Sigismund to abandon the plan and seek other ventures.[9]

In 1442, Hungary again had to renounce its claims on Moldavia.[10] On October 17, 1451, Prince Bogdan II was assassinated by Petru Aron, a pretender to the Moldavian throne. The country was thrown into civil strife which lasted until 1457, when Stephen, son of Bogdan, gained the throne and ousted the boyars loyal to Aron. The latter fled to Poland, but were later forced to seek asylum in Transylvania, after Moldavia and Poland concluded a new treaty. Stephen’s objective was to regain the region of Budjak with the castle of Chilia and Cetatea Albă. The region had previously belonged to Wallachia, but had been incorporated into Moldavia since the late 14th century.[11] Due to a decline of Moldavia during the civil war, the region was reverted to Wallachia, with Chilia being co-ruled by Hungary and Wallachia.

See also: The Night Attack

In 1462, Stephen sent a letter to his cousin, Prince Vlad Dracula of Wallachia, asking him to return Chilia back to Moldavia — a demand that was most likely refused.[12] On June 22, when Dracula was fighting Sultan Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire, Stephen launched an attack on Chilia, with some Turkish assistance, with the objective to capture the fortress.[13] The Wallachians rushed to the scene with 7,000 men and together with the Hungarian garrison battled the Moldavians and the Turks for eight days, defeating them and wounding Stephen in his foot with a shrapnel[13]—an injury which would hasten his death. In 1465, when Dracula was imprisoned in Hungary, Stephen again advanced towards Chilia with a large force and siege weapons; but instead of besieging the fortress, he showed the garrison — who favoured the Polish King — a letter in which the King requires them to surrender the fortress. The garrison complied with the King's demand and Stephen enters the fortress where he finds “its two captains, rather tipsy, for they have been to a wedding.”[14] Mehmed was furious about the news and claimed Chilia for being a part of Wallachia — which now was a vassal to the Porte — and demanded Stephen to leave it over to him. However, the latter refused and recruited an army, forcing Mehmed — who was not yet ready to wage war — to accept the situation, if only for the time being.[14]

In 1446, Stephen regained Khotyn from Poland in a diplomatic victory, but in the same year, Corvinus comes on bad terms with King Casimir IV Jagiellon of Poland,[15] which frustrated the Hungarian king further, knowing that Moldavia was a Polish fief. One year later, in 1447, the locals of Transylvania started a terrible uprising in which Corvinus had a difficult time in putting an end to;[16] he later found out that Stephen had supported the rioters—probably to find and kill Aron. Długosz writes in his ‘’Annals’’ that in 1447, a certain ‘’’Berendeja’’’ went to the court of Corvinus and promised him to make Moldavia his vassal, if the King would in turn make him Prince of Moldavia.[17] This was denounced by Romanian historian Nicolae Iorga, who argued that Corvinus started recruiting troops and took Aron with him to put him on the Moldavian throne,[16] but Długosz adds in ‘’Historiae Polonicae’’ that Corvinus brought with him both Aron and Berendeja,[7] making it more confusing to know whom the king considered for the Moldavian throne.

Preparations for war

The Hungarians recruited an army of 40,000,[7] many drawn locally from Transylvania. Many knights and Hungarian aristocrats followed, one of them being Stefan Báthory.[18] With them, they brought 500 cannons[7] and other heavy siege equipment.[19] The Moldavians, being fewer in number and seeing that the Hungarians were determined to wage war, started to evacuate the population close to the Hungarian border and blockaded the passages by cutting down trees and placing them on the roads.[16]

Map of the battle, showing the Moldavian attack.

Battle

The Hungarians departed in the middle of October[7] and reached the realm of Moldavia at the beginning of November, using a passage near Bacău.[18] On November 19,[18] the Hungarians arrived at Trotuş where they met some Moldavian resistance, but Corvinus, to ensure the “loyalty of his troops, avoids a pitched battle and limits his efforts to surprise attacks and ambushes, yet is himself prevented from foraging or doing further damage.”[17] The town was destroyed and the Hungarians headed for Bacău, which they also burned down; then they continued to Roman and stayed there between November 29 and December 7. According to a chronicle, Stephen sent envoys to negotiate a peace treaty, but the two factions could not agree and the war continued.[20] Roman was put to flames and the Hungarians killed everyone they encountered, “without considering their sex, age, or looks.”[7] After three days of marching and more pillaging, they reached Baia where Corvinus met with a Hungarian by the name of Sythotus, who revealed to him the Moldavian position, their numbers (12,000), and their plan to attack before dusk.[21] The Moldavians were encamped further north, between the rivers of Moldau and Szamos. Corvinus ordered the city to be fortified with “ramparts, ditches and a ring of wagons,”[17] as the men were told to be prepared for battle and guards were sent to guard strategic points.

A peculiar report mentions that Stephen himself was captured by the Hungarians on December 14, but that he managed to trick them in releasing him.[22] On December 15, when dusk was approaching, Stephen sent smaller detachments that set the town on fire from three different places: —thereafter, noise and confusion set in[23] as Stephen ordered his men to dismount: then they launched their attack[7] and made battle until dawn. Descriptions of the battle say that the fire made the night equally light as the day and that many Hungarians were consumed by the flames.[24] The two armies started to butcher each other at the gate of the city; then the fighting continued onto the streets “with such a wrath, that nothing could be seen as more horrible than this.”[25] The Moldavians got the upper hand of the battle and launched another attack against the royal guard, which was made out of 200 heavily armed knights and the aristocrats and Corvinus. Many Moldavians were put to death in the tumult that followed, as Báthory and the rest of the knights tried to defend the entrance to the market.[26] Corvinus was wounded by three arrows in the back and had to be “carried from the battlefield on a stretcher, to avoid him falling into the hands of the enemy.”[17]

The retreating Hungarian army, on its way to Transylvania, was stopped by a blockade; there they decided to dig down the 500 cannons and other treasures, so the Moldavians could not lay their hands on them. According to Długosz, Corvinus escaped the Moldavians due to the assistance of another Vlach (Romanian), whom Stephen found and had executed because of treachery.[7] The Moldavian-German Chronicles say that a certain Isaia failed to launch the cavalry attack which would have blocked the path for the Hungarian retreat; for this, he and others were later executed.[22] Around 10,000 Hungarians were said to have been killed; most of the barons escaped with their king.[7] A Hungarian chronicle mentions 7,000 casualties for the Moldavians,[27] but the chronicle is given little credit due to being the only one mentioning the Moldavian casualites in numbers; and given that the Hungarians had no opportunity to calculate the numbers of their fallen enemy. The entire conflict, with the Hungarian invasion and retreat, took around forty days.[7]

Aftermath

Upon his return to Braşov on Christmas day, Corvinus took revenge on the people who had rebelled against him by torturing them to death; thereafter he fined the Transylvanians a sum of 400,000 florins, which they had to pay immediately, in gold. With this money he raised an army of foreign mercenaries, which would prove more loyal to him.[7] In 1468, Stephen campaigned in Transylvania, found Aron and had him executed.[28] Stephen and Corvinus would later negotiate a peace treaty and become allies; in 1475, Corvinus sent 1,800 soldiers that assisted Stephen in his victory at the Battle of Vaslui.

Footnotes

  1. ^ Descrierea Călătoriei lui Ercole Dalmatul în Transilvania si în Moldova
  2. ^ Regni Hungarici Historia
  3. ^ Kronika Polska
  4. ^ Chronica Polonorum
  5. ^ Chronicorum […]Partem Posteriorem
  6. ^ Historia Pannonica ab Origine Gentis AD Annum 1495
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Historiae Polonicae
  8. ^ Historia Pannonica ab Origine Gentis AD Annum 1495
  9. ^ a b c The Annals of Jan Długosz, p. 449
  10. ^ The Annals of Jan Długosz, p. 487
  11. ^ ’’Moldavia in the 11th-14th Centuries’’, p. 218
  12. ^ Vlad Tepes si Stefan cel Mare - prieteni sau dusmani?
  13. ^ a b Dracula: Prince of many faces - His life and his times, p. 149
  14. ^ a b The Annals of Jan Długosz, p. 552
  15. ^ Istoria lui Ştefan cel Mare, p. 91
  16. ^ a b c Istoria lui Ştefan cel Mare, p. 94
  17. ^ a b c d The Annals of Jan Długosz, p. 566
  18. ^ a b c Istoria lui Ştefan cel Mare, p. 95
  19. ^ Sfântul Voievod Ştefan cel Mare, Letter of Stephen to Casimir, January 1, 1468
  20. ^ Historia Pannonica ab Origine Gentis AD Annum 1495
  21. ^ Historia Pannonica ab Origine Gentis AD Annum 1495
  22. ^ a b Moldavian-German Chronicle, The
  23. ^ Historia Pannonica ab Origine Gentis AD Annum 1495
  24. ^ Historia Pannonica ab Origine Gentis AD Annum 1495
  25. ^ Historia Pannonica ab Origine Gentis AD Annum 1495
  26. ^ Historia Pannonica ab Origine Gentis AD Annum 1495
  27. ^ Historia Pannonica ab Origine Gentis AD Annum 1495
  28. ^ Istoria lui Ştefan cel Mare, p. 99

References

  • Cârciumaru, Radu. Vlad Ţepeş şi Ştefan cel Mare - prieteni sau duşmani? Magazin Istoric, January 2004.
  • Długosz, Jan. The Annals of Jan Długosz ISBN 1-901019-00-4
  • Florescu, R. Radu; McNally, T. Raymond. Dracula: Prince of many faces - His life and his times ISBN 978-0-316-28656-5
  • Iorga, Nicolae. Istoria lui Ştefan cel Mare, 1904 (new edition 1966), Bucharest.
  • Sfântul Voievod Ştefan cel Mare, Chronicles. Template:Ro
    • Letter of Stephen to Casimir, January 1, 1468;
    • Bonfinius, Antonius. Historia Pannonica ab Origine Gentis AD Annum 1495
    • Descrierea Călătoriei lui Ercole Dalmatul în Transilvania si în Moldova
    • Długosz, Jan. Historiae Polonicae, Leipzig 1712
    • Isthuanffius (Istvánffy), Nicolaus. Regni Hungarici Historia
    • Stryjkowski, Maciej; Bielski. Kronika Polska
    • Miechowski, Maciej. Chronica Polonorum.
    • Wapowski, Bernard. Chronicorum […]Partem Posteriorem
    • Moldavian-German Chronicle, The
  • Spinei, Victor. Moldavia in the 11th-14th Centuries, 1986 Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România
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